胆汁淤积性肝病的诊断

胆汁淤积(cholestasis)是指胆汁生成和(或)胆汁流动障碍所致的临床和生化异常综合征,临床表现主要为黄疸、瘙痒和疲劳[1],生化异常主要是血总胆红素(TB)及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)升高。胆汁淤积可因病理损伤分为肝内及肝外两大类,肝内胆汁淤积也可称为胆汁淤积性肝病,由于其病因复杂,临床诊断常较困难。胆汁淤积性肝病的病因一、炎症各种炎症过程可干扰肝细胞摄取胆红素、排泌胆汁的功能,也常损毁肝内小胆管,是胆汁淤积性肝病常见的一大类原因。1.病毒性肝炎:甲型病毒性肝炎(甲肝)、乙型病毒性肝     

肝内胆汁淤积的继发性肝损害及其治疗策略

肝内胆汁淤积(intrahepatic cholestasis,IHC)是由多种原因引起的肝细胞和/或毛细胆管结构与功能异常,导致胆汁的生成和/或流动障碍,使原经胆汁排泌的物质积存于肝脏和血液内,引起以黄疸、皮肤瘙痒,伴血清胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、总胆汁酸升高为主要特征的临床综合征.肝内胆汁淤积的常见病因有药物性、病毒性、自身免疫性、妊娠相关性,较少见的病因有进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积、良性复发性肝内胆汁淤积、霍奇金病等.     

胆汁淤积的病因及发病机制

胆汁淤积系指胆汁流流入十二指肠减少或消失。胆汁淤积可由肝外胆管梗阻、肝内胆管梗阻 ,或肝细胞分泌胆汁方式的改变所引起。前者 (肝外型胆汁淤积 )系胆总管或肝内大的胆管机械性阻塞 ,通过手术或其它措施解除梗阻后 ,胆汁淤积随之消失 ;后两种类型在解剖上看不到梗阻存在 ,系肝细胞 /毛细胆管病变而致胆汁排泌障碍 ,常统称为肝内型胆汁淤积。一、胆汁淤积的病因(一 )肝细胞性胆汁淤积病因1.遗传性疾病(1)α1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症(2 )良性复发性肝内胆汁淤积(3)进行性肝内胆汁淤积 (Ｂｙｌｅｒ病 )(4)妊娠性胆汁淤积(5 )卟啉症2 .获得性疾病(1)单纯性胆汁淤积 :药物性(2 )胆汁淤积性肝炎 :病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝炎、药物性(3)细菌感染(4)全胃肠外营养(5 )手术后胆汁淤积(二 )肝内胆管梗阻病因1.原发性胆汁性肝硬化2 .原发性或继发性肝癌3.胆管缺失综合征4 .囊性纤维化二、胆汁淤积的发病机制(一 )肝细胞性胆汁淤积1.血液动力改变　胆管最大压力 (或胆汁分泌压 )比肝窦灌注压 (3～ 5ｍｍＨｇ)约高 2 0ｍｍＨｇ ,因此 ,当肝窦灌注压或肝血流发生较大改变时 ,临床上通常并不出现胆汁淤积。动物实...     

胆汁淤积性肝病的治疗

正胆汁淤积性肝病是以胆汁淤积为主要表现的肝胆疾病总称,各种肝内外因素所致的胆汁流形成、分泌和排泄障碍均可导致胆汁淤积。根据病因,可将胆汁淤积性肝病分为肝细胞性胆汁淤积、胆管性胆汁淤积和混合性胆汁淤积,包括原发性胆汁性胆管炎(primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasis of     

肝内胆汁淤积症的诊断和治疗

肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasis,IC),又称内科黄疸,是因各种原因导致肝细胞排泌胆汁障碍,引起肝内胆汁淤滞和血中胆汁成分增多,但患者胆道无明显阻塞.其临床表现与肝外阻塞性黄疸类似,二者均表现为重度黄疸、皮肤瘙痒、大便颜色变浅、血胆红素升高,以直接胆红素升高为主.如不认真分析,可将其误诊为外科黄疸,进而误行手术.因此,深入探讨肝内胆汁淤积症的临床表现特征及发生机制,对其诊断和治疗具有重要意义.本文就肝内胆汁淤积症的临床表现特征、发生机制及诊断与治疗简述如下.     

ATP8B1缺陷病

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症( progressive familial intrahepatie cholestasis,PFIC)是一组常染色体隐性遗传病,以肝内胆汁淤积为主要表现,通常在婴儿或儿童期起病,最终进展至肝功能衰竭.根据致病基因不同,PFIC主要分为3型,即PFIC1、PFIC2、PFIC3.其中PFIC1由ATP8B1基因突变引起,以持续性肝内胆汁淤积、黄疸伴瘙痒为特征,通常在1岁之前发病,随着病情的进展,最终发展为肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝功能衰竭.此外,ATP8B1基因突变还可导致良性再发型肝内胆汁淤积症(benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis,BRIC)1型和妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积1型(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,ICP)1型.因此,PFIC1、BRIC1及ICP1共同构成了ATP8B1缺陷病的临床疾病谱.     

胆汁淤积的治疗

正胆汁淤积是指肝内外各种原因造成胆汁形成、分泌或排泄障碍,胆汁流减少所导致的一种临床综合征,以瘙痒、乏力、黄疸、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)升高为特征。胆汁淤积可分为肝内胆汁淤积和肝外胆汁淤积,其中肝内胆汁淤积又可分为肝细胞性胆汁淤积、胆管性胆汁淤积及混合性胆汁淤积。其原因少部分为先天性遗传异     

以肝硬化腹腔积液为特征表现的Citrin蛋白缺陷所致新生儿肝内胆汁淤积症1例报告

<正>Citrin蛋白缺陷引起的新生儿肝内胆汁淤积症(neonatal intrehepatic cholestasis caused by Cirtin deficiency,NICCD)是编码Citrin蛋白SLC25A13基因突变引起的常染色体隐性遗传病[1-2],其主要临床表现为婴儿(包括新生儿)肝内胆汁淤积。以肝细胞黄疸、肝功能异常、肝肿大和肝脂肪变性、肝细胞及毛细胆管淤胆为特征,部分NICCD患儿在肝内胆汁淤积消失后可     

胆汁淤积性肝病的诊断和治疗进展

胆汁淤积是指胆汁流的形成和排泌障碍,可由肝细胞或胆管上皮的胆汁分泌障碍或胆汁流的阻断所致.区分这两种胆汁淤积对于治疗有一定指导意义,因为主要用于促进胆汁分泌的药物并不适用于胆管阻塞的病例.但无论何种原因引起的胆汁淤积均可导致胆汁酸等毒性物质的潴留,引起肝细胞损伤和胆汁淤积性肝病.肝内胆汁淤积包括原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)、妊娠期胆汁淤积、全胃肠外营养导致的胆汁淤积和药物诱导性胆汁淤积等.遗传性疾病如囊性纤维化和进展性家族性肝内胆汁淤积临床相对较为少见.     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型一家系2例报告

正进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis,PFIC)是一组婴儿或儿童期起病,以严重肝内胆汁淤积及皮肤瘙痒为主要特征,在儿童期或者青春期可因肝衰竭而导致死亡的罕见常染色体隐性遗传性疾病。目前确切发病率尚无报道,估计为1/50 000～1/100 000[1]。PFIC共分6型,是我国儿童慢性胆汁淤积的重要原因之一。其中,1、2、4、5、6型的血清Y-GGT特征性降低或正常,而由ABCB4基因突     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.