罗哌卡因含或不含肾上腺素硬膜外麻醉的药效学和药代动力学

目的观察肾上腺素对１％罗哌卡因硬膜外阻滞的药效学和药动学影响。方法选择ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级行下腹部手术病人１６例,随机分为两组,每组８例。分别用１％罗哌卡因２ｍｇ· ｋｇ~－１（Ｒ组）和加入１： ２００ ０００肾上腺素的 １％罗哌卡因 ２ｍｇ· ｋｇ~－１（ＲＥ组）行硬膜外阻滞,对比两组药效学和药代动力学指标。结果两组药效学指标、Ｃｍａｘ和ＡＵＣ间均无显著性差异。与Ｒ组相比,ＲＥ组的Ｔｍａｘ明显后延（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｋ值明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论 １：２００ ０００肾上腺素对１％罗派卡因硬膜外阻滞的药效学没有影响,但可以减缓罗哌卡因的吸收和清除。     

罗哌卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对急性心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨罗哌卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 健康杂种犬１８条,随机分为罗哌卡因组（Ⅰ组）、布比卡因组（Ⅱａ组）和生理盐水组（Ⅱｂ组）,表解雇洽麻后控制呼吸,Ｔ６－７间隙穿刺置入硬膜外导管,按分组分别硬膜外注射０．５％罗哌卡因、０．５％布比卡因或生理盐水１２ｍｌ、１５ｍｉｎ后,阻断左冠状动脉４５ｍｉｎ。分别在给药前和开放后６ｈ抽取右心房血。轻Ｃａｒｄｉａｃ试剂条测定血浆心肌肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ｃＴｎＴ）浓度,并取左心室梗塞区心肌组织作透射电镜观察。结果 阻断前血浆ｃＴｎＴ浓度三组均〈０．０５ｎｇ／Ｌ。开放６ｈ三组各有４例升高、２例无变化,其中Ⅰ组４例均〈０．１ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ⅱａ组２例〈０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ、２例介于０．１～３ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ⅱｂ组４例均介于０．１～３ｎｇ／Ｌ。Ⅰ组与Ⅱｂ组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ     

低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的 对比低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的效果。方法 ５２例单胎初产妇随机分为０．１％罗哌卡因－芬太尼组和０．０７５％布比卡因－芬太尼组。采取双盲法进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（ＶＡＳ）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（ＭＢＳ）。记录产程时间、生产方式、胎儿心率（ＦＨＲ）及新生儿ＳｐＯ２。结果 两组产妇分娩镇痛效果良好且无显著性差别（Ｐ〉０．０５）。罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组中无运动神经阻滞者分     

罂粟碱对臂丛神经阻滞作用的临床研究

目的 用不同浓度罂粟碱配伍布比卡因作臂丛麻醉,研究其对痛觉和运动的阻滞作用。方法 对１７５例无上肢神经、肌腱和掌指关节损伤的住院病人,采用双盲法随机分为５组：（１）对照组：用擀量分数为０．０５的布比卡因（１．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１）行臂丛麻醉。（２～５）观察组：在同量布比卡因中,分别加入０．２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ罂粟碱、０．１２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ罂粟碱、０．０６２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ罂粟碱和０．０３１２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ罂杰碱和     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因对豚鼠心室乳头肌动作电位的影响

目的 观察罗哌卡因和布比卡因对习心室乳头肌纤维动作电位的影响。方法 用含罗哌卡因和布比卡因１、３、５μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１的台氏液分别灌流豚鼠心室乳头肌,记录用药前、用药后及药物洗脱后动作电位各参数的改变：动作电位同值（ＰＡＰ）、动作电位０时相最大上升速度（Ｖｍａｘ）、动作电位５０％复极时程（ＡＰＤ５０）及动作电位９０％复极时程（ＡＰＤ９０）。结果 各浓度局麻药均抑制Ｖｍａｘ,罗哌卡因５μｇ．ｍｌ抑制程     

罗哌卡因用于腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞的临床观察

目的 研究罗哌卡因用于腰麻－硬膜外联合阻滞的安全性和有效性。方法 择期行下肢或会阴部病人６０例,１８～７５岁,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分成三组。用１％罗哌卡因,０．７５％布比卡因和１％地卡因各１ｍｌ,分别加入１０％葡萄糖１ｍｌ和３％麻黄素１ｍｌ配成重比重溶液。用ＤｕｒａｓａｆｅＴＭ型联合阻滞配套针于Ｌ３－４间隙穿刺。以０．１ｍｌ／秒的速率蛛网膜下腔给药１．５－２ｍｌ,术中酌情于硬膜外型联合阻滞配套针于     

硬膜外注射芬太尼与丁哌卡因镇痛对孕兔宫血流量及胎兔心电…

探讨硬膜外注射阿片制剂与局麻制剂镇痛对胎兔是否具有抑制作用。方法；将妊娠末期兔５０只随机分成Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ，Ｄ，Ｅ五组，前四组硬膜外分别注入０．５μｇ／ｋｇ，１μｇ／ｋｇ，２μｇ／ｋｇ，３μｇ／ｋｇ芬太尼与０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ丁哌卡因混合液，Ｅ组注射单纯丁哌卡因０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，注射容积为２ｍｌ。     

0.75%罗哌卡因和0.5%布比卡因用于硬膜外阻滞剖宫产手术的比较

目的 比较０．７５％罗哌卡因和０．５％布比卡因对剖宫产手术硬膜外麻醉的临床效果。为罗哌卡因临床应用提供客观依据。方法 ２０例剖宫产术患者（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级）随机分为二组，Ｉ组：０．７５％罗派卡因（ｎ＝１０例），ＩＩ组：０．５％布比卡因（ｎ＝１０例）取Ｌ２－３行硬膜外穿刺，向上置管３ｃｍ，注入１．０％利多卡因５ｍｌ试验量，５分钟后注入首次剂量罗哌卡因或布比卡因８～１５ｍｌ总量不超过２０ｍｌ，结果：两组     

鞘内注射罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因后运动阻滞效能的比较

目的测定罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因鞘内注射后运动阻滞的半数有效量（ED50）及其运动阻滞的相对效能。方法104例在腰麻、硬膜外联合麻醉下行择期剖宫产的产妇随机分为3组，分别鞘内注射0．5％（质量／体积）的罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因，起始剂量是4mg，试验递增剂量为1mg.有效的定义是：鞘内注药5分钟内任一下肢出现运动阻滞（改良的Bromage评分和臀部运动功能评分）。结果鞘内注射罗哌卡因运动阻滞的ED50值为5．79mg（95％CI：4．62～6．96）；左旋布比卡因的ED50为4．83mg（95％CI：4．35～5．32）；布比卡因的ED50为3．44mg（95％CI：2．55～4．34）（P〈0．0007）。运动阻滞效能的相对比例：罗哌卡因／布比卡因为0．59（95％CI：0．42—0．82）；罗哌卡因／左旋布比卡因为0．83（95％CI：0．64～1．09）；左旋布比卡因／布比卡因为0．71（95％CI：0．51～0．98）。结论3种酰胺类局麻药鞘内注射后运动阻滞效能由低到高分别是：罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因。     

肾上腺素对丁哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的药效学与药代动…

目的：了解肾上腺素对丁哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的药效学及药动学影响，方法：选择ＡＳＡＩ～Ⅱ级肩部或上肢择期手术患１６例，随机分成两组，试验组与对照组各８例，分别用含或不含肾上腺素的０．７５％丁哌卡因２ｍｇ／ｋｇ行肌间沟臂丛阻滞，对比观察两组的临床效果及药代动力学。结果，与对照组比较，试验组阻滞完善时间及镇痛时间延长（Ｐ〈０．０５或０．０１），试验组与对照组Ｃｍａｘ分别为０．８２９５±０．２８９３     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较研究

目的：比较异丙酚全麻复合硬膜外和单纯异丙酚全麻用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）对BP、HR、血儿茶酚胺、皮质醇和血气等的影响。方法：44例行LC患者随机分成异丙酚全麻组（A组,22例）和异丙酚全麻复合硬膜外组（B组,22例）。术中连续监测HR、BP和和SpO2,分别分时段测定血气及血肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）及皮质醇（COS）浓度。结果：（1）气腹时A组HR和BP均明显增加（P＜0.05）;B组各指标无明显变化（P＞0.05）。（2）气腹时两组PaO2、HCO3均明显增高（P＜0.05）,但两组间各指标无明显差异（P＞0.05）。（3）E、NE及COS浓度,气腹时A组有明显差异（P＜0.05）;B组无明显变化（P＞0.05）。结论：异丙酚全麻复合硬膜外用于LC时机体应激反应轻,是较理想的麻醉方法。     

新生儿腹腔镜麻醉中呼吸循环功能的变化

目的：观察新生儿腹腔镜中，CO2气腹对呼吸循环系统功能的影响。方法：50例腹腔镜幽门环肌切开术的新生儿均行硬膜外麻醉辅以浅全麻，术中VT10ml/kg，调整呼吸频率使PETCO2在30－40mmHg范围内，注气前、气腹中、注气毕记录各时点的呼吸循环动力学指标。结果：气腹后，心率、MAP、PETCO2、最大吸气压（PIP）、PaCO2与注气前基础值相比均明显增高，pH值明显下降，SaO2值没有显著性变化。PETCO2在术毕10分钟内转为基础值。结论：新生儿气腹可引起呼吸循环功能的改变，使用硬膜外麻醉行腹腔镜幽门环肌切开术安全可行。     

硬外复合静脉麻与气管全麻在小儿腹腔镜疝手术的比较

目的对比分析研究硬膜外复合丙泊酚静脉全麻与气管内全麻在小儿腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎手术中的优缺点。方法ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期行腹腔镜疝手术患儿40例，年龄在1～12岁，随机分为硬膜外复合丙泊酚静脉全麻组（E组）和气管内插管全麻组（G组）。观察气腹前，气腹后5min，10min，15min，放气后5min的MAP，HR，SpO2，PH，PaCO2，和术毕恢复时间，比较两者麻醉的费用。结果与气腹前比较，E组MAP，HR变化无显著性差异（P〉0．05），G组显著升高（P〈0．05）。两组患儿气腹15min后PaCO2均显著升高（P〈0．05）。停气腹后恢复至气腹前水平。E组麻醉苏醒时间明显快于G组，术后恶心呕吐发生率差异无显著性。E组麻醉费用比G组明显减少。结论硬外复合丙泊酚静脉全麻在小儿腹腔镜疝手术中，可有效抑制应激反应且经济安全，术毕苏醒时间快，苏醒质量好。     

三种麻醉方法用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的 :探讨静脉全身麻醉、连续硬膜外麻醉和两者结合应用等 3种麻醉方法用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)的麻醉管理对循环、呼吸及围手术期清醒质量的影响。方法 :将LC 6 0例分为 3组。静脉全麻组(GA组 ) ,连续硬膜外麻醉组 (CEA组 )和全麻复合硬膜外麻醉组 (GA +CEA) ,于麻醉前、麻醉后、气腹后5min、术毕纪录MAP、HR、Peek、PetCO2 、SpO2 、SEF ,以及呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间、术后恶心呕吐 (PONV)发生例数及术后 8h内的平均VAS评分、GA组和GA/CEA组异丙酚的平均用量。结果 :CEA组麻醉后MAP下降明显 ,GA和CEA组CO2 人工气腹后Peek、HR、MAP、PetCO2 明显增加 (p <0 0 5 ) ,CEA组SpO2 下降。术中GA/CEA组SEF大于GA组、且围手术期清醒质量较好。结论 :在腹腔镜胆囊切除术麻醉中 ,全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对循环和呼吸干扰小 ,清醒质量高且经济安全     

腹腔镜子宫切除术中不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响

目的观察在硬膜外麻醉和全麻下腹腔镜子宫切除术中血浆肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）的变化。方法将40例拟行腹腔镜子宫切除术患者随机分成全麻（GA）组和硬膜外（EA）组,每组20例,监测麻醉前、气腹前10min、气腹后及放气后5min各时点血浆NE、E浓度。结果EA组术中各时点NE浓度无明显变化,气腹前及气腹后E明显增高（P〈0．05）,术毕基本恢复（P〉0．05）;GA组气腹后NE和E均明显增高（P〈0．05）,术毕E仍未恢复（P〈0．05）。结论两种麻醉方法术中均存在明显应激反应,硬膜外麻醉下施行腹腔镜子宫切除术中应激反应较全麻轻。     

Effects of epidural-and-general anesthesia combined versus general anesthesia during laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Laparoscopic approach is increasingly performed for functional adrenal tumor resections. The aim of this study was to compare general anesthesia and general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. In our study, we planned to examine hemodynamic changes (heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures) and quantity of adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone in laparoscopic adrenalectomies under general anesthesia with or without epidural anesthesia. All patients were operated by the same surgical team. With increased experience of the surgical team, the duration of surgery decreased. In parallel with decreased duration of surgery, pneumoperitoneum and undesirable effects also decreased. Nine patients with Conn syndrome, 21 patients with Cushing syndrome, and 2 patients with pheochromocytoma were included in both groups. Thirty-two laparoscopic adrenalectomies for functional adrenal tumors were performed. Sixteen patients who received general anesthesia without epidural anesthesia were compared with 16 patients who received general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia. Hemodynamic data, arterial blood gases, and adrenal gland hormones were recorded. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were recorded before anesthesia induction, after insufflation, before adrenalectomy, and after adrenalectomy. Arterial blood gases, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline and aldosterone were recorded before anesthesia induction, after adrenalectomy, and after surgery. Heart rate varied between 68.5 and 84 bpm in general anesthesia group and between 63.5 and 87 bpm in general+epidural anesthesia group. Blood pressure measurements were 154 to 122.5/88.5 to 75 mm Hg in general anesthesia and 149 to 100/86 to 70 mm Hg in general+epidural anesthesia. ACTH was 10.3 to 106.25 in general anesthesia and 17.6 to 104.5 in general+epidural anesthesia. Cortisol was 16.1 to 23.2 μg/dL in general anesthesia and 16.4 to 24.3 μg/dL in general+epidural anesthesia. Aldosterone was 163.3 to 285.2 ng/dL in general anesthesia and 215 to 440 ng/dL in general+epidural anesthesia. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters, ACTH, cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline levels between the 2 groups. Aldosterone levels were higher in general+epidural anesthesia group. The results of our study suggest that epidural anesthesia in addition to general anesthesia in patients with functional adrenal tumors undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy might be an effective and safe method to prevent the fluctuations in hormone levels.     

Systemic, but not pulmonary, hemodynamics are depressed during combined high thoraco-cervical epidural and general anesthesia in dogs

PURPOSE: An epidural block is frequently combined with general anesthesia. Both systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics may be affected by high epidural anesthesia and the combined general anesthetic. These effects were investigated in a canine model. METHODS: Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics during a combined high thoraco-cervical epidural and general anesthesia were studied in dogs; the animals were anesthetized with propofol, 10 mg.kg(-1).hr(-1), or 2% sevoflurane, and then 1% mepivacaine, 5 mL, was injected epidurally between T1 and T2. Cardiac output (CO), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), electrocardiogram, and arterial and mixed venous gases were monitored for over 90 min after epidural mepivacaine. The interval between sevoflurane and propofol studies was two hours. RESULTS: Baseline measurement of MAP with sevoflurane anesthesia was significantly lower (P < 0.05-0.01) at every time point than with propofol anesthesia. After epidural mepivacaine (C1)-T7/8 blockade), MAP (P < 0.05-0.01), CO (P < 0.05-0.01), and heart rate (P < 0.05-0.01) decreased significantly during both propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia. In the sevoflurane group, stroke volume decreased significantly (P < 0.05-0.01) but recovered; however, MAP (P < 0.01) and CO (P < 0.05) did not recover 90 min after the injection. Mean CVP and systemic vascular resistance were not altered. There were no changes in mean PAP, mean PCWP, and pulmonary vascular resistance. CONCLUSION: A combined high thoracic/general anesthesia depressed systemic hemodynamics, whereas the pulmonary circulation was not affected. The extent of the depression varied with the general anesthetics used, sevoflurane and propofol.     

欧普乐喉罩对腹腔镜胆囊切除术全麻患者应激反应的影响

目的评价全麻欧普乐喉罩(OPLAC-LMA)通气对患者应激反应的影响。方法选择40例全麻腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机均分为全麻欧普乐喉罩组(Ⅰ组)和气管插管组(Ⅱ组)。监测BP、HR、ECG、SpO2、PETCO2,并于诱导前(T0)和诱导后3min(T1)、6min(T2)、10min(T3)抽血查血浆肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度。结果Ⅱ组T1、T2时的HR、SBP、DBP及血浆E、NE水平明显高于T0时和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论全麻欧普乐喉罩通气用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,应激反应明显轻于气管插管。     

不同麻醉方式对儿童腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术应激反应的影响

目的探讨两种麻醉方法对儿童腹腔镜疝高位结扎术（lapamscopic hernia sac high ligation）应激反应的影响。方法ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期行腹股疝疝囊高位结扎术患儿60例，年龄6—12岁，随机分为硬膜外麻醉组（E组）和单纯气管内全麻组（G组）各30例。检测术中不同时点血浆皮质醇（Cor）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）浓度并观察平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）的变化。结果E组各时点Cor、NE、E、ACHT浓度无明显变化（P〉0．05），G组气腹后上述各指标较气腹前明显增高（P〈0．05）且显著高于E组同时点（P〈0．05）（见表2）；E组气腹后平均动脉压及心率变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而G组的则显著升高（P〈0．05）；两组患儿气腹10min后PaC02均显著增加（P〈0．05），停气腹后渐恢复至正常，血PH值则变化不明显。结论硬膜外麻醉复合基础麻醉相对于单纯气管内全麻更能有效抑制儿童腹股疝疝囊高位结扎术的应激反应。     

不同麻醉方法对上腹部手术围术期儿茶酚胺的影响

３０例胃手术病人，随机分为全麻、硬膜外、全麻加硬膜外三组，每组１０例，对围术期血浆儿茶酚胺进行了观察。结果表明，在全麻组和硬膜外组麻醉后、术中及术后均有不同程度的血肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素水平升高，与入室时相比差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）；而混合组虽有增高，但与入室时相比无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。多巴胺无论在组内还是在组间比较均无差异。作者认为单纯全麻和／或硬膜外麻醉均不能有效地抑制上腹部手术引起的应