包容型领导对护士心理授权及建言行为的影响

目的探讨包容型领导对护士建言行为的影响,并检验心理授权的中介作用。方法采用包容型领导量表、心理授权量表、建言行为量表对2所大型公立医院251名护士进行调查。采用Pearson相关性分析及多元阶层线性回归分析法检验变量之间的关系及中介效应。结果包容型领导均值为(5.28±1.18)分,心理授权和建言行为得分分别为(5.28±1.09)分和(5.53±1.14)分。包容型领导与护士心理授权(r=0.766,P0.01)、建言行为(r=0.643,P0.01)呈显著正向相关性。心理授权和建言行为呈显著正向相关性(r=0.724,P0.01)。包容型领导对护士心理授权(β=0.749,P0.01)和建言行为(β=0.635,P0.01)具有积极显著的正向预测,心理授权在二者之间起部分中介作用(中介效应=0.537,P0.01)。结论包容型护士长可以有效促进下属护士心理授权感知,进而利于护士积极地向组织建言献策。护理管理者应适当地接纳护士的建议,在必要时给予下属支持与帮助,从而激励下属积极地为护理工作与组织建设贡献自己的智慧与力量。     

领导者和谐人际管理对护士心理授权与隐性知识共享的影响

目的探讨护理管理人员领导者和谐人际管理能力对护士心理授权和隐性知识共享的影响,为护理管理实践提供参考。方法采用人口学资料问卷及成熟的组织行为学问卷(领导者和谐人际管理、心理授权、隐性知识共享问卷)对哈尔滨市2所三级甲等医院护士227人进行横断面问卷调查,采用阶层回归分析法检验变量之间的相互关系。结果护理管理人员领导者和谐人际管理得分5.00±1.01,护士心理授权得分5.16±1.04,隐性知识共享得分5.29±1.20;领导者和谐人际管理对护士心理授权(β=0.733,P0.01)和隐性知识共享(β=0.582,P0.01)具有积极显著的预测作用,心理授权在二者关系中扮演部分中介效应(β=0.427,P0.01)。结论擅长和谐人际关系管理的护理管理者可以显著提升护士心理授权,进而直接和间接促进护理团队成员的隐性知识共享。     

差错反感文化在护士内部人身份认知与道德勇气间的中介作用

目的 探讨差错反感文化对护士内部人身份认知与道德勇气的影响及机制,为提高其道德勇气提供依据.方法 抽取湖南省湘西自治州7所二级医院的693名护士,采用一般资料调查表、差错反感文化量表、内部人身份认知量表及道德勇气量表进行调查.结果 护士的差错反感文化、内部人身份认知、道德勇气总分分别为(26.05±4.92)分、(27.99±3.15)分、(84.28±9.48)分.差错反感文化与道德勇气呈负相关,内部人身份认知与道德勇气呈正相关(均P＜0.01),差错反感文化在内部人身份认知与道德勇气间发挥部分中介作用,间接效应占总效应的15.74％.结论 护士的道德勇气总体水平较高,可以通过合理管理差错反感文化、增强内部人身份认知来提高护士道德勇气.     

公仆型领导特质对护理人员组织认同影响的研究

目的检验公仆型护理管理者对下属护士组织认同的影响。方法采用横断面问卷调查,方便式抽样法抽取了267名护士进行研究,数据分析采用结构方程模型。结果公仆型领导得分为5.23±1.11,组织认同得分5.60±1.09;构建的模型拟合结果良好,公仆型护理管理者对下属护士的组织认同具有积极显著的正向影响(β=0.649,P0.01)。结论公仆型领导特质通过对个体和组织的影响,可以显著提升下属护士对护理组织的认同感。     

护士工作投入与辱虐管理及心理授权关系模型的研究

目的探寻护士感知到的辱虐管理、心理授权和工作投入的现状,明确三者的关系模型。方法采用辱虐管理问卷、心理授权量表及工作投入量表对哈尔滨市2所三级甲等医院的242名临床注册护士进行调查。结果辱虐管理、心理授权与工作投入具有显著相关性(均P0.01);辱虐管理既能直接预测护士的工作投入(β=-0.21,P0.01),还能通过心理授权的中介作用间接预测工作投入(β=-0.27,P0.01)。结论医院及护理管理者应该采取有效的措施预防、控制护士长辱虐管理领导行为,同时通过加强护士心理授权的感知来增强护士的工作投入水平。     

护士幸福感现状及与职场精神力和情绪劳动的关系研究

目的 了解护士幸福感、职场精神力和情绪劳动现状，探讨职场精神力、情绪劳动与幸福感之间的关系，为提升护士幸福感提供参考。方法 采用一般资料调查表、职场精神力量表、护士情绪劳动量表和主观真实-持续幸福感量表对747名在职护士进行调查。结果 护士职场精神力得分(110.49±13.66)分，情绪劳动得分(62.81±7.26)分，幸福感得分(54.88±12.04)分。护士幸福感与职场精神力、情绪劳动呈正相关(均P<0.01);职场精神力在情绪劳动与幸福感之间起部分中介效应，中介效应占总效应的83.858%。结论 护士幸福感处于中等水平，情绪劳动通过职场精神力影响护士的幸福感。护理管理者应注重调节护士的情绪劳动及职场精神力水平，从而提升护士的幸福感。     

护士职业认同在职业获益感与工作投入的中介效应分析

目的探讨护士职业认同在职业获益感与工作投入的中介效应,为临床护理管理提供参考。方法方便选取498名护士,采用护士职业认同评定量表、护士职业获益感问卷及工作投入量表进行问卷调查。结果护士职业认同、职业获益感、工作投入总分分别为(100.95±15.21)分、(129.86±16.40)分、(63.88±22.94)分;三者之间均存在显著正相关(均P0.01);职业认同在职业获益感与工作投入之间起部分中介效应,中介效应对总效应的贡献率为54.56%。结论提高护士的职业认同感,能够增强其职业获益感,进而提高工作投入水平。     

领导者和谐人际管理与护士组织认同、团队凝聚力的相关性

目的探讨领导者和谐人际管理与护士组织认同、团队凝聚力的相关性,检验护理管理者人际管理能力对下属及团队的影响。方法采用和谐人际管理量表、组织认同量表和团队凝聚力量表对252名护士进行横断面调查,采用阶层线性回归分析法对各变量间的关系进行检验。结果和谐人际管理得分5.11±1.01,组织认同得分5.66±1.14,团队凝聚力得分5.62±1.15;领导者和谐人际管理对下属护士的组织认同(β=0.584)和团队凝聚力(β=0.562)都具有正向的积极影响。结论领导者和谐人际管理呈中等偏上水平,领导者和谐人际管理可以提升下属团队组织认同和凝聚力,其中组织认同扮演部分中介角色。     

领导者和谐人际管理对护士组织信任与建言行为的影响

目的探讨护理职场领导者和谐人际管理能力对下属护士组织信任以及建言行为的影响与机制。方法采用横断面问卷调查法收集数据,采用多元线性阶层回归分析法检验变量之间的相互关系。结果领导者和谐人际管理对下属护士组织信任和建言行为具有显著的正向影响(均P0.01),组织信任扮演了部分中介效应。结论擅长于和谐人际关系管理的护理管理者可以显著提升下属团队护士间组织信任,进而直接和间接促进护理团队内积极的建言行为。     

正念对护士职业倦怠与主观幸福感的中介及调节作用

目的探讨正念在护士职业倦怠与主观幸福感之间的作用机制。方法采用正念注意觉知量表、主观幸福感指数量表、护士职业倦怠量表对471名护士进行调查。结果正念与职业倦怠呈负相关,与主观幸福感呈正相关(均P0.01);职业倦怠总分与主观幸福感总分及2个分量表得分呈负相关(均P0.01);正念在护士职业倦怠与主观幸福感之间有部分中介作用,中介效应为-0.096,占总效应比例为34.2%;正念对护士职业倦怠与主观幸福感关系有调节作用(△R2=0.033,P0.01)。结论职业倦怠既可以直接又可通过正念间接影响护士的主观幸福感,正念能够缓冲职业倦怠对主观幸福感的负面影响,是护士主观幸福感的保护因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.