尿道狭窄3种术式手术前后勃起功能状态的临床研究

目的:对3种术式治疗尿道狭窄患者手术前后勃起功能状态进行研究。方法:分别采用3种术式对126例尿道狭窄男性患者进行治疗。35例患者接受尿道狭窄部位阴茎皮瓣重建术,52例患者接受尿道端端吻合术,39例患者接受内窥镜下尿道内切开术。通过电话随访、面访方式,采用国际勃起功能指数问卷(IIEF-5)评分对每组患者术前、术后勃起功能的总体情况进行评价,同时利用夜间阴茎胀大实验(NPT)对患者进行诊断。结果:行尿道狭窄部位阴茎皮瓣重建术组IIEF-5评分术前与术后分别为(17.1±2.6)分和(13.5±4.5)分;行尿道端端吻合术组IIEF-5评分术前与术后分别为(17.1±3.0)分和(11.1±4.8)分;行尿道内切开术组IIEF-5评分术前与术后分别为(17.6±2.2)分和(14.5±4.4)分。与术前相比,3组患者术后IIEF-5评分均显著下降,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。上述3种术式术后勃起功能障碍发生率分别为8.57%(3/35)、26.92%(14/52)、10.26%(4/39),尿道端端吻合术显著高于其他2种术式(P均0.05)。结论:3种术式治疗尿道狭窄术后IIEF-5评分均有所下降,与尿道端端吻合术相比,尿道狭窄部位阴茎皮瓣重建术与尿道内切开术术后勃起功能障碍的发生率较低,应注重对适宜术式的选择以确保对患者性功能的有效保护。     

保留尿道板一期尿道成形治疗尿道下裂

目的：探讨尿道板在尿道成形术中的应用价值。方法：对31例尿道下裂患儿施行保留尿道板一期尿道成形术。术式主要有Mathieu术(14例)、Onlay island flap术(7例)和Snodgrass术(10例)。31例均为阴茎体型尿道下裂。表现为阴茎轻度下弯,其中7例为第一次尿道成形术失败者。结果：总成功率为90．3％。术后2例出现尿漏,1例出现尿道狭窄。全部病例随访3～12个月,阴茎外观均接近正常,无下弯。尿道开口于阴茎头部,排尿通畅。结论：保留尿道板成形手术操作相对简单,易掌握,成功率高,适用于阴茎体型及阴茎下弯较轻的尿道下裂患者,对于尿道成形失败者也是一种非常有效的治疗方法。     

TIP术式在伴有解剖不良因素的尿道下裂Ⅰ期成形术中的应用

目的:探讨保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP术)在伴有解剖不良因素的尿道下裂Ⅰ期成形术中的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析尿道下裂TIP术式Ⅰ期成形191例,将尿道开口位置、阴茎头及尿道板发育状况、阴茎下曲程度视为易导致TIP术后并发症及影响外观的解剖不良因素,采用SPSS 10.0统计数据,对其临床效果进行相关性分析。结果:①TIP术后并发症发生率与尿道开口位置密切相关,尿道开口越近,并发症发生率越高(χ2=24.291,P<0.01);②TIP术后并发症发生率与阴茎头及尿道板发育状况、阴茎下曲程度密切相关。伴有解剖不良因素的尿道下裂如小阴茎头型、尿道板发育不良型及伴有重度阴茎下曲型,采用TIP术后并发症发生率高于阴茎挺直、阴茎头及尿道板发育良好的尿道下裂(χ2=25.419,P<0.01)。结论:TIP术式的选择应根据尿道下裂类型、阴茎头及尿道板发育状况、阴茎下曲程度并结合术者经验来应用,以期达到成功率高并外形美观的效果。     

切开尿道板管状成形术治疗尿道下裂35例报告

目的 :探讨切开尿道板管状成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂的临床效果。　方法 :尿道下裂患者 35例 ,年龄 1～12岁 ,均属阴茎型尿道下裂 ,其中 ,阴茎头型 5例、阴茎体型 2 7例、阴茎阴囊型 3例。采用正中切开尿道板 ,应用手术放大镜进行显微外科技术缝合 ,管状尿道成形术一期修复尿道下裂。　结果 :本组 35例患者 ,一次性治愈 30例 ,术后出现尿瘘 2例 ,尿道口狭窄 3例 ;随访 1～ 5年 ,32例无排尿异常。　结论 :尿道板接近正常尿道粘膜 ,血运丰富、伸延性好 ,切开尿道板管状成形术是一期修复阴茎型尿道下裂比较理想的术式。     

切断尿道口保留并加长尿道板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的初步研究

目的:探讨用切断尿道口保留并加长尿道板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的可行性。方法:选择尿道下裂患者48例,其中冠状沟下型18例,阴茎体型21例,阴囊阴茎交界型8例,阴囊型1例,采用切断尿道口保留并加长尿道板尿道成形术治疗,并观察其术后效果。结果:术后随访6～27个月,一期手术成功44例,2例出现尿瘘,2例出现尿道狭窄,尿瘘以及尿道狭窄均再次治疗而治愈。阴囊阴茎外观满意,阴茎伸展自如。结论:切断尿道口保留并加长尿道板尿道成形术是操作简单,安全有效的术式,可广泛应用于治疗尿道下裂。     

尿道下裂手术方式的选择

尿道下裂手术以达到：阴茎下曲完全纠正、阴茎头呈圆锥状、尿道外口位于或接近阴茎头、外观满意，能站立排尿，能进行正常性生活为目的。力求下曲矫直和尿道成形一次完成。尽管手术方式多达300余种，但各种尿道成形效果都不尽满意。保留尿道板能提高尿道成形成功率、减少并发症。尿道成形可取材自身移植物，而更多取材于阴茎包皮，要不烦于精细，提高手术技巧。作者推荐远端尿道下裂首选TIP术式，近端尿道下裂应当选择Duckett术式或OIF术式。     

纵行阴茎腹外侧肉膜瓣在远端尿道下裂Ⅰ期修复术中的应用

目的:探讨阴茎纵行腹外侧肉膜瓣在远端尿道下裂Ⅰ期修复术中的应用价值。方法:对55例阴茎远端型尿道下裂患者先行尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)修复尿道,然后采用阴茎纵行腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣对修复新尿道进行覆盖。结果:55例患者均获得类似包皮环切术后样外观,尿道外口开口于阴茎头顶端呈裂隙状;仅4例(7.3%)于冠状沟处发生尿道瘘。结论:在远端尿道下裂Ⅰ期修复术中,以阴茎纵行腹外侧肉膜瓣对新尿道加以覆盖,能有效降低尿道瘘的发生率,且修复后阴茎获得类似包皮环切术后样外观。     

舌黏膜尿道成形术治疗复杂性尿道下裂

目的 总结21例舌黏膜尿道成形术治疗复杂性尿道下裂的经验与体会.方法 根据阴茎局部尿道皮肤和尿道缺损的程度,以及阴茎腹侧既往手术后瘢痕、阴茎皮肤张力情况,切取口腔舌黏膜游离皮瓣,宽1.5～2.0 cm、长2～9 cm,2010年11月至2011年10月临床应用21例,其中舌黏膜嵌入式即Dorsal inlay术式16例,舌黏膜管状法即Tube术式5例(其中Tube+ Duply术式2例),术后定期进行随访并进行尿流率检测观察排尿情况.结果 术后随访3～12个月,21例患者的舌黏膜游离皮瓣均存活,术后排尿通畅、尿线粗、无尿瘘、外形良好及尿流率测定正常者13例,占61.9％ (13/21)；并发症为尿瘘3例、尿道狭窄5例,占38.1％(8/21).舌供皮区均一期愈合,且未出现出血、麻木、舌活动受限、发声异常及味觉改变等.结论 舌黏膜尿道成形术是治疗复杂性尿道下裂较理想的术式,但Tube术式易发生尿道狭窄,应早期发现及定期尿道扩张；Dorsal inlay术式术后并发症发生率较低且效果良好,可优先考虑此术式.     

尿道下裂术后阴茎部尿道瘘修补术式的比较

对１９７５～１９９５年间４３例尿道下裂术后阴茎部尿道瘘修补术的三种手术方式进行比较。初期１７例的术式为三层缝合法，失败率为３５．２９％，１９８９年后采用瘘口周围皮瓣横形ＹＶ成形法２１例，成功率达９５．２４％，另５例采用带蒂阴囊皮瓣转移法全部成功。认为瘘口周围皮瓣横形ＹＶ成形法成功率高，手术简便，特别适用于阴茎部尿道瘘。     

尿道板卷管尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的探索一种新的尿道下裂的手术方法。方法212例4月龄～9岁尿道下裂男性患儿,其中阴茎头冠状沟型8例、阴茎体型181例、阴茎阴囊型23例,采用单纯尿道板卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass术)治疗。结果随访2～34个月,188例尿道下裂患者术后阴茎完全伸直,尿道开口于龟头正位,排尿通畅,尿线粗,无尿道憩室,阴茎外观满意;22例有尿瘘,其中16例2次手术修补后成功,6例待手术;2例成形尿道全长裂开,1年后再次行Snodgrass手术治愈。结论尿道板卷管尿道成形术是一种方法简便、术后并发症少、手术效果确切、术后外形美观的新型尿道下裂矫形术,尤其适合不伴有严重阴茎下弯的尿道下裂患者。     

Secondary epispadias repair with rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap

Genital defects in patients with epispadias cause functional, aesthetic, and psychological problems. Successful reconstruction of epispadias should improve the body image and enable the patient to perform sexually. Although various operative techniques have been defined for reconstruction of epispadias--predominantly using local tissue flaps--classic reconstructive methods are sometimes not sufficient in severe cases. Secondary reconstruction is inevitable after failed reconstructive attempts with classic techniques. The authors used the rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for severe secondary epispadias repair. The urethra, dorsal chordee, osteo-escutcheon contour defect, and the tissue defect created after dissection of the dorsal surface of the penis were reconstructed successfully using the rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap. The neourethra was constructed using the skin island of the flap, and the muscle segment was used to reconstruct the dorsal defects. A straightened and lengthened penis and a new urethra without stricture were created during one operative procedure using this method.     

睾丸鞘膜瓣在尿道修复中的应用

目的探讨睾丸鞘膜瓣覆盖技术在尿道畸形和尿道瘘修复中的效果。方法2002年起对38例尿道下裂手术和术后尿道瘘,采用睾丸鞘膜下组织蒂鞘膜瓣覆盖修复。结果术后随访半年至1年,除1例尿道上裂术后瘘修复后再次发生尿道瘘外,其余均获成功,未再出现尿道瘘或尿道狭窄,阴茎外观满意,勃起正常。结论采用该方法可有效防止尿瘘再发生,提高手术成功率且易于获取,对睾丸无不良影响。     

A ventral rotational skin flap to improve cosmesis and avoid chordee recurrence in epispadias repair

OBJECTIVE: To describe a technical modification that facilitates dorsal skin closure, improves cosmesis and eliminates chordee recurrence secondary to contracture of the dorsal penile skin in the repair of epispadias. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with penopubic epispadias (mean age 1.8 years) had the epispadias repaired using a modified ventral penile skin flap. Four patients had isolated epispadias and seven had had a previous primary closure of bladder exstrophy. Nine patients underwent the Cantwell-Ransley technique, leaving the meatus in a glanular position. Two patients were repaired using the penile disassembly technique of Mitchell and B?gli, because they had a short urethral plate. A ventral island skin flap was fashioned, starting at the base of the penis. Dissection was carried ventrally into the scrotum to allow for adequate dorsal flap transposition. The flap was rotated laterally to shift the suture line from the midline and to cover the dorsal aspect of the penis with untouched penile shaft skin. Redundant ventral foreskin was discarded. RESULTS: All patients had an uneventful course after surgery. Dorsal penile skin was viable in every case and no patient developed recurrence of chordee or a urethrocutaneous fistula. The cosmetic result was excellent in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal skin closure using lateral rotation of ventral penile skin flap improves cosmesis after epispadias repair and eliminates the recurrence of chordee secondary to midline dorsal scarring.     

A novel approach to skin coverage for epispadias repair

PURPOSE: Current techniques for epispadias repair have resulted in significant improvement in the reconstruction of the urethra, corpora and glans. The final challenging step is to enhance the cosmetic result by accomplishing skin coverage for the penis and subpubic area, creating a penopubic and penoscrotal angle without dorsal suture lines, and avoiding future dorsal tethering of the penis as a result of scar contraction. We report a novel technique for penile skin coverage in the patient with epispadias that results in a superior cosmetic outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The technique involves creation of 2 flaps-a ventral preputial transverse island flap rotated dorsally to cover the dorsal aspect of the penile shaft, and an advancement flap from the patch of skin present between the penis and scrotum in epispadias, which is advanced distally to cover the ventral aspect of the penis. The 2 flaps are sewn to each other with 2 lateral suture lines. Thus, the dorsal and ventral aspects of the penis are covered with intact skin devoid of suture lines. RESULTS: This technique was used in 8 males 2 days to 15 years old. The epispadias was part of exstrophy in 5 patients and an isolated defect in 3. Both flaps healed well in 7 of 8 patients. In 1 exstrophy case a segment of the transverse island flap became ischemic and was discarded intraoperatively. Dorsal skin coverage in this patient was achieved using a laterally based flap from the inguinal area, which healed without problem. Followup was 6 to 33 months. No patient had development of skin tethering, curvature or recurrence of the dorsal chordee. The cosmetic appearance of the penis was subjectively superior to that of boys who underwent skin closure using reverse Byars flaps. CONCLUSIONS: The cosmetic appearance of the penis using this novel technique is superior because of the absence of the dorsal scar that may cause chordee, the development of penopubic and penoscrotal angles, which gives the penis a more normal appearance, and the absence of the redundant patch of skin between the shaft of the penis and the scrotum.     

Ventral preputial island flap technique for the repair of epispadias with or without exstrophy

The preputial island flap technique introduced by Duckett for repair of severe hypospadias has met with much clinical popularity. We report the use of a modification of this technique for repair of epispadias in 3 boys with exstrophy of the bladder and in 1 with penile epispadias. The results have been excellent in 3 cases and good in 1. Minimum followup has been 18 months.     

A supero-medial thigh flap for urethral reconstruction in epispadias and hypospadias

A reliable axial flap from the adductor region has been used for many years to repair a series of urethral defects formerly regarded as difficult problems. In particular the flap has proved invaluable in the treatment of epispadias "cripples". Suggestions are also made for correcting the reverse chordee deformity due to the shortage of skin on the dorsum which, if untreated, spoils the functional result. The use of a supero-medial thigh flap was reported by Hirshowitz et al. (1980, 1982) for repair of the scrotum and vulva. The same flap had been discovered independently in 1978 in this department and used for the repair of epispadias and hypospadias "cripples". Its reliability was soon recognised and the presence of axial vessels from the medial femoral circumflex artery and vein were demonstrated by transillumination at the time of surgery and by study in the post-mortem room. Some patients with epispadias are referred at puberty with an unrepaired scarred penis and a reverse chordee deformity. The defect cannot be repaired with local tissue alone and the same difficulty is encountered with some hypospadias "cripples". Occasionally untreated cases of perineal hypospadias are seen with a marked shortage of local tissue. In our experience scrotal flaps may fail to heal and orthodox groin flaps may have difficulty in reaching the target. Although the superomedial thigh flap will require at least two stages it is a reliable technique and it provides a generous amount of tissue with which to solve what may at first sight seem to be an insuperable problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Results of complete penile disassembly for epispadias repair in 42 patients

PURPOSE: We evaluated the Mitchell complete penile disassembly technique for epispadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 42 males 1 month to 22 years old presented for repair of epispadias between 1998 and 2002. Cases were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 29 cases of complete epispadias as a component of bladder exstrophy, 8 with previous continent urinary diversion. Group 2 included 13 cases of epispadias alone (10 primary and 3 secondary). Of the 29 patients in group 1, 21 underwent complete penile disassembly as part of 1-stage primary closure of bladder exstrophy. RESULTS: Mean followup was 37.5 months (range 6 to 52). Ischemic changes at the glans penis were observed in 5 cases during our initial experience. Ventral orthotopic meatus was observed in all 42 patients, conical glans in 40 (95.2%), straight shaft in 34 (81%) and urethral fistula in 1 (2.4%). There were no cases of dehiscence, meatal stenosis or urethral stricture. Erectile function was preserved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Complete penile disassembly is a safe procedure that can provide normalization of the urethra and penis together with satisfactory cosmetic and functional outcome.     

Epispadias surgery--Belgrade experience.

From 1987 to 1991, 46 patients underwent surgical treatment for epispadias. Of these, 14 had isolated epispadias and 22 had epispadias within the exstrophy/epispadias complex. The patients ranged in age from 6 months to 20 years. To correct the genital aspect of the anomaly the basic principles of Ransley's technique were used. In addition, the island flap technique was used for the most severe, so-called "cripple" form. In patients with exstrophy/epispadias complex, only elongation of the penis was performed during primary reconstruction, while the correction of epispadias, using the above techniques, was performed in the second-stage operation. Complications occurred in 6 patients.     

MULTICENTER EXPERIENCE WITH THE MITCHELL TECHNIQUE FOR EPISPADIAS REPAIR

Purpose

We present a multicenter experience using the Mitchell epispadias technique to determine if satisfactory results could be obtained by various pediatric urologists at multiple centers using the same technique to repair epispadias. This particular technique involves complete disassembly of the penis into 2 separate hemicorporeal glandular bodies and a separate urethral plate, and relies on the unique blood supply to the epispadiac phallus.

Materials and Methods

A total of 17 boys 11 months to 21 years old underwent the Mitchell procedure for epispadias at 4 institutions by 6 different surgeons between 1994 and 1996. One patient in this group had undergone prior epispadias repair, which had failed.

Results

At followup (mean 13.5 months) 3 boys had pinpoint penopubic fistulas, which resolved spontaneously in 2. The 21-year-old patient had a complete wound dehiscence. All boys with intact repairs have straight erections, orthotopic meatus and satisfactory appearances. There were 15 boys with a conical glans appearance and 1 exhibiting glandular disproportion. There was 1 episode of postoperative pyelonephritis.

Conclusions

The Mitchell technique for repair of epispadias is reproducible and successful in the hands of pediatric urologists from different centers. Chordee is reliably corrected, erectile function preserved, the urethra ventrally situated in an anatomically precise fashion and satisfactory cosmesis achieved.     

Urethroplasty using the pedicled island flap technique in complicated urethral strictures

Many techniques have been described for the repair of recurrent urethral strictures. Experience with 1-stage correction of hypospadias and epispadias, using a vascularized island flap technique, has led to its increased application for complicated adult urethral strictures. The advantage of the vascularized island flap technique is that reconstruction can be completed with only 1 operation, and it provides good subjective and objective results. Analysis of 50 consecutive cases treated by this approach has proved its validity. Of the 50 cases fistulas occurred in 20%, of which 12% required surgical correction, and stricture recurred in 32%. The largest proportion of recurrence was noted in patients who were primarily treated with 3 or more urethrotomies within a short time. Therefore, we recommend open surgical repair when 1 or 2 internal urethrotomies fail to produce a good result.