增生性糖尿病视网膜病变合并白内障的联合手术治疗

目的探讨玻璃体手术联合晶状体超声乳化治疗增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变（PDR）合并白内障的临床疗效。方法分析19例（20只限）增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变合并不同程度白内障患者行白内障超声乳化联合玻璃体手术同时进行人工晶状体囊袋内植入的临床资料，观察术后视力改善程度及术中术后并发症。结果随访2—16个月，所有术眼人工晶状体位置良好，手术后20只限中有16只限（80％）视力有不同程度的提高，其中视力提高二行以上13只限（65％）；视力较术前无改善4只限（20％）。术后视力恢复不佳的原因主要与不同程度的糖尿病黄斑病变、视网膜广泛缺血有关。术后并发症包括高眼压、虹膜后粘连、玻璃体腔再出血、视网膜再脱离、晶状体后囊混浊及新生血管性青光眼等。结论玻璃体手术联合白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术治疗增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变合并白内障是安全和有效的，可使大多数患者视力改善，且无明显并发症。     

Combined surgery, phacoemulsification, implantation of intraocular lens and pars plana vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness, technical feasibility and incidence of complications after combining pars plana vitrectomy, phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of combined vitreoretinal and cataract surgery in 100 eyes of 96 patients were retrospectively and prospectively analyzed. The mean follow-up period was 8.4 months. All patients had clinically significant lens opacities and vitreoretinal pathology requiring pars plana vitrectomy. Indications for vitreoretinal surgery included: persistent vitreous haemorrhage (28 eyes), vitreous hemorrhage combined with tractional retinal detachment (50 eyes), tractional retinal detachment without vitreous haemorrhage caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (7 eyes), rheumatogenous retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (10 eyes) and dislocated crystalline lens in the vitreous (5 eyes). RESULTS: Postoperatively, best corrected visual acuity improved in 81 eyes (81%)- by two lines or more in 31 eyes (31%) - by less than two lines in 50 eyes (50%). In 14 eyes (14%) visual acuity was unchanged and was worse in 5 cases (5%). Postoperative complications included fibrin reaction, posterior synechias of the iris, vitreous hemorrhage, neovascular glaucoma, posterior capsule opacification, redetachment of retina. CONCLUSIONS: Our cases confirm previous study, that performing phacoemulsification, IOL implantation and vitrectomy in one operation is safe and allows visual recovery with good technical results.     

睫状体平坦部青光眼阀植入联合玻璃体切除全视网膜光凝治疗新生血管性青光眼的临床观察

目的:评估平坦部青光眼阀植入联合玻璃体切除全视网膜光凝术治疗继发性闭角型新生血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma,NVG)的临床效果。方法:对2007-05/2008-08在我科治疗的连续伴玻璃体积血的继发性闭角型NVG患者14例16眼行玻璃体切除视网膜光凝联合平坦部青光眼阀植入术并随访观察。结果:术后追踪随访3～13(平均7.3)mo。16只术眼中,除3眼外视力均不同程度提高。经秩和检验术前和术后两组相差显著。眼压由术前用降压药后的38～67(平均48.5±9.3)mmHg降至15.6～25.3(平均16.5±6.9)mmHg,两组相差有统计学意义。4眼出现术后并发症。其中2眼角膜水肿、前房炎症。1眼脉络膜脱离。经药物对症治疗后缓解。1眼出现医源性白内障。结论:玻璃体切除全视网膜光凝联合平坦部青光眼阀植入术是有效和安全的。特别是对于伴浅前房的NVG患者是一种新的治疗选择。     

Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation during diabetic pars plana vitrectomy

Combined cataract removal, posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation, and pars plana vitrectomy were performed in 15 diabetic patients who presented with coexisting cataract and vitreoretinal complications from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Posterior chamber IOLs were placed anterior to the anterior lens capsule after pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy in nine eyes, whereas extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with PC IOL placement was performed before vitrectomy in six eyes. Panretinal laser endophotocoagulation was applied in 13 of the 15 eyes as an important part of the operative procedure. Because of inactive diabetic retinopathy or satisfactory preoperative panretinal photocoagulation, 2 of the 15 eyes did not receive laser endophotocoagulation. Visual acuity was improved in 12 eyes and was similar to preoperative vision in 3 eyes. After a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 28 months of follow-up, the visual results are the following: 20/40 or better (4 eyes), 20/50 to 20/200 (5 eyes), 20/400 to 5/200 (5 eyes), and hand motions (1 eye). Although 5 of the 15 eyes required secondary vitreoretinal procedures, neovascular glaucoma and complications attributable to the IOL did not occur. A recurrent postoperative retinal detachment (RD) developed with subsequent hypotony and rubeosis iridis in 1 of the 15 eyes.     

保留晶体前囊的晶体玻璃体切除手术的临床观察

目的评估白内障合并玻璃体病变的联合手术治疗效果。方法对２０只眼白内障合并玻璃体混浊或炎症或异物病变,采用经平坦部保留晶体前囊晶体玻璃体切除手术治疗。术中１６只眼一期植入睫状沟部位人工晶体。结果经１２～３６个月随访,２０只眼中１８只眼视力得到提高,其中０．３～０．５者７只眼,０．５以上者１１只眼,最高者为１．２。１９只眼前囊保持透明,１只眼术后６个月发生混浊。结论该术式保留晶体前囊利于植入人工晶体,手术对眼前段组织损伤轻,术后晶体囊混浊发生率低,是治疗白内障合并玻璃体病变的一种较理想的手术。     

Pars plana Ahmed valve implant and vitrectomy in the management of neovascular glaucoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the pars plana Ahmed glaucoma valve (New World Medical, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA) implant combined with pars plana vitrectomy and panretinal photocoagulation for the management of neovascular glaucoma in patients with vitreous hemorrhage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 18 eyes of 17 consecutive patients with neovascular glaucoma who had undergone pars plana vitrectomy and pars plana Ahmed valve implant were evaluated. The patients were observed for a mean time of 14.2 months (range, 6 to 28 months). RESULTS: Mean preoperative intraocular pressure with oral and two or three topical antiglaucoma medications was 53.3 +/- 10 mm Hg, and mean postoperative intraocular pressure without oral antiglaucoma medications was 16.3 +/- 7.1 mm Hg (P < .0001) at the final visit. Overall success rate was 72.2%, defined as an intraocular pressure of 5 to 21 mm Hg with or without antiglaucoma medication. A postoperative hypertensive phase occurred in 7 patients (38.8%), of which all but one responded to medical therapy. Visual acuity was stabilized or improved in 77.7% of the eyes. There was one case of each of the following adverse events: mild vitreous cavity hemorrhage, hypotony, choroidal effusion, epiretinal membrane, corneal edema, and corneal ulcer. Two cases developed phthisis bulbi and lost light perception. CONCLUSIONS: Pars plana vitrectomy and Ahmed valve implantation seems to be a viable surgical modality in the management of neovascular glaucoma and coexisting posterior segment pathology with a relatively low rate of serious permanent postoperative complications.     

玻璃体切割联合引流阀植入治疗伴玻璃体积血的新生血管性青光眼

目的:评价玻璃体切割联合引流阀植入治疗伴玻璃体积血的新生血管性青光眼的效果。方法:对30例(30眼)伴玻璃体积血的新生血管性青光眼患者采用玻璃体切割联合Ahmed青光眼引流阀植入术治疗,术后随访10~20(平均12)mo。结果:术后眼压控制在6.0~21.0mmHg25眼(其中3例需加用一种降眼压药物),3例眼压>21.0mmHg,2例长期低眼压,成功率83%。结论:玻璃体切割联合引流阀植入治疗伴玻璃体积血的新生血管性青光眼,术后成功率高,视力有所提高,并发症少。     

Combined cataract surgery and vitrectomy for breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage from age-related macular degeneration

PURPOSE: To report combined cataract extraction (CE), posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) implantation, and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for concurrent cataract and breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage from age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Retrospective case series. RESULTS: Six eyes were included in the study. The postoperative follow-up interval ranged from 3 to 22 months (mean 8 months). Preoperative visual acuity (VA) ranged from 20/400 to hand motion. Postoperatively, 5/6 eyes had 2 or more lines of visual improvement. Three eyes were better than 20/200. CONCLUSIONS: Combined CE, PCIOL insertion, and PPV in selected patients with cataract and breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage from AMD was successful in improving VA in the majority of patients.     

Combined clear corneal phacoemulsification, vitreoretinal surgery, and intraocular lens implantation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the technical feasibility, outcome, and incidence of complications after combined clear corneal phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and vitreoretinal surgery. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Giessen, Germany. METHODS: The results of combined cataract and vitreoretinal surgery in 38 eyes (36 patients) were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had clinically significant lens opacities and vitreoretinal pathology requiring pars plana vitrectomy. Thirty-seven IOLs were implanted in the capsular bag, and 1 was sulcus fixated. RESULTS: Postoperatively, visual acuity improved in 20 eyes (52.6%), was unchanged in 16 (42.1%), and was worse in 2 (5.3%). Postoperative complications consisted of anterior chamber fibrin exudation (3 eyes), hyphema (2 eyes), vitreous hemorrhage (1 eye), posterior capsule opacification (16 eyes), neovascular glaucoma (2 eyes), proliferative vitreoretinopathy and redetachment (1 eye), and retinal redetachment after silicone oil removal (1 eye). CONCLUSION: Compared with 2 separate operations in patients with significant lens opacities and vitreoretinal pathology, combined cataract and vitreoretinal surgery provided more rapid visual rehabilitation. The visual outcome and complications depended primarily on underlying posterior segment pathology and were not related to the combined procedure technique.     

Videoendoscope-guided fluorescein-assisted vitrectomy for phakic malignant glaucoma

Malignant glaucoma is a rare secondary glaucoma classically occurring after intraocular surgery in eyes with primary angle closure. Pars plana vitrectomy is reserved for the treatment of malignant glaucoma when medical and laser treatment fail. The primary aim of surgery is the removal of the anterior vitreous to reduce resistance to aqueous flow into the anterior chamber. In phakic eyes, conventional pars plana vitrectomy without lens extraction is frequently unsuccessful because of difficulty visualizing the normally transparent anterior vitreous, combined with the technical challenge of removing the anterior vitreous without damaging the crystalline lens. We describe a technique of intraocular, videoendoscope-guided, fluorescein-assisted pars plana vitrectomy that enables direct visualization and thorough removal of the anterior vitreous without the need for lens extraction in prepresbyopic patients without cataract.     

Long-term results of vitreous surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

In order to study long-term anatomical and functional results the authors evaluated the data from 260 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Indications for surgery were: vitreous hemorrhage, 68 eyes (26.2%); vitreous hemorrhage & tractional retinal detachment, 84 eyes (32.3%); tractional retinal detachment, 82 eyes (31.5%); and combined tractional-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 26 eyes (10%). In 118 eyes vitreoretinal surgery was combined with silicone-oil tamponade.The retina was completely attached posterior to a scleral buckle in 251 eyes (96%) at the time of the last examination. After a follow-up period of at least 12 months in a group of patients with vitreous hemorrhage, visual acuity improved in 88% of the eyes. Visual acuity was better than 0.5 in 31% of eyes. In group of eyes with nonresorbing vitreous hemorrhage & tractional retinal detachment visual acuity improved in 52% of eyes. Visual acuity improved in 76% of eyes with tractional retinal detachment and in 81% of eyes with combined tractional & rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. When comparing the latest postoperative visual acuity to visual acuity after three months postoperatively, visual acuity was unchanged in 88%, in 10% it became worse and in 3 cases (1%) became better. In the postoperative period, recurrent vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 33 (13%) eyes, reproliferation in 12 eyes.Cataract developed in 45 of 168 phakic eyes. If postoperative visual acuity before cataract formation was good, extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was performed. Otherwise simple intra or extracapsular cataract extraction was performed. In 19 cases cataract operation was performed together with silicone oil extraction. Neovascular glaucoma developed postoperatively in 15 eyes (6%). Retinal detachment occurred postoperatively in 21 eyes (8%). In 15 eyes the retina was successfully reattached after additional operations.     

Combined lensectomy, vitrectomy and scleral fixation of intraocular lens implant after closed-globe injury.

PURPOSE: To describe our experience in the surgical management of cataracts in patients with complications of closed-globe injury using pars plana lensectomy (PPL), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed charts of all patients with closed-globe injury who underwent PPL, PPV and scleral fixation of PCIOL at our institution between January 1991 and July 1997. We identified 28 eyes; because of less than 2 weeks follow-up, 4 eyes were excluded from the current study. All eyes had lens subluxation/dislocation and visually significant cataract. Additional indications for surgery included secondary glaucoma (10 eyes), vitreous hemorrhage (3 eyes) and retinal detachment (1 eye). RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up interval ranged from 6 to 61 months (mean 18.5 months). Preoperative visual acuity (VA) ranged from 20/60 to hand motion and was 20/100 or better in 6 eyes (25%). Postoperatively, 19 eyes (79%) improved to 20/100 or better. Five eyes had subsequent surgery for the following indications: retinal detachment (2 eyes), poorly controlled glaucoma (2 eyes), and epiretinal membrane formation (1 eye). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing PPL, PPV and scleral fixation of PCIOL for cataract after a closed-globe injury, a substantial visual improvement occurred in a majority of the involved eyes.     

The evaluation of incidence of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage n the material of the Department of Ophthalmology,Medical Academy in Bialystok from 1990 to 2000

PURPOSE: Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a well-known, possibly serious complication of many surgical procedures, including cataract extraction, glaucoma-filtering procedures, penetrating keratoplasty, retinal detachment surgery and pars plana vitrectomy. The aim of our study is evaluation of the incidence of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage among patients operated in Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy in Bia?ystok from 1990 to 2000. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1990 to 2000, 6225 intraocular operations, including 5541 cataract extractions, 195 glaucoma-filtering surgeries, 438 retinal detachment surgeries and 51 multiprocedure surgeries were performed. The criteria for diagnosis were the intraoperative signs of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (shallowing of the anterior chamber, increasing of the intraocular pressure, iris prolapse, expulsion of the lens and vitreous, retinal and choroidal elevation and loss of the red reflex) and postoperative ultrasonic examination. RESULTS: 18 eyes were identified with massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage, including 16 eyes during cataract extraction and 2 eyes during filtering procedures. The incidence of suprachoroidal hemorrhage for all intraoperative surgeries was 0.29%. It occurred in 0.28% of cataract surgeries and 1.02% of glaucoma filtering procedures. There were no incidence of suprachoroidal hemorrhage during retinal detachment surgeries. CONCLUSION: A massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a relatively rare complication of intraocular operations. Most frequently it is associated with glaucoma filtering surgery.     

25-G玻璃体手术系统在儿童白内障手术中的应用

目的 探讨儿童白内障手术中在无灌注状态下应用25-G玻璃体切除头切除视轴区晶状体后囊膜和玻璃体前皮质的安全性和有效性.方法 为前瞻性系列病例研究.对连续30例(40只眼)儿童白内障在全身麻醉下进行晶状体前囊环形撕开、白内障吸出和囊袋内折叠式人工晶状体(IOL)植入后,在前房保留黏弹剂的状态下,经扁平部应用25-G玻璃体切除头行视轴区晶状体后囊膜切开和前玻璃体皮质切除.观察记录手术切除时间、眼压变化、穿刺口愈合情况、手术并发症和手术疗效.结果 所有手术均顺利进行,术中无前房塌陷、晶状体后囊膜撕裂和其他并发症,IOL均位于囊袋内.视轴区后囊膜切开和玻璃体前皮质切除的时间为20～60 s,平均(38.8±11.2)s.有2只眼术后发生短暂低眼压,均在3 d内恢复正常,其余患儿术后眼压在正常范围.术后2只眼前房出现轻度纤维性渗出,在术后37～d完全吸收.超声活体显微镜显示巩膜穿刺口在术后1个月左右痊愈.随访时间4～30个月,平均8个月.所有患儿瞳孔均圆而居中,无虹膜后粘连、后囊膜切开区混浊、IOL偏位或夹持、玻璃体脱出、视网膜脉络膜脱离及增生性玻璃体视网膜病变发生.结论 在儿童白内障手术中利用25-G玻璃体切除头在无灌注状态下行视轴区晶状体后囊膜切开和玻璃体前皮质切除术安全有效,手术创伤小,操作容易控制,术后炎症反应轻.长期疗效及与其他手术方式疗效的比较还需进一步观察.     

Combined surgery and sequential surgery comprising phacoemulsification,pars plana vitrectomy,and intraocular lens implantation: comparison of clinical outcomes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combined phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in diabetic and nondiabetic patients and compare the clinical results with those of sequential surgery. SETTING: Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. METHODS: The results of combined phacoemulsification, PPV, and IOL implantation in 52 patients (52 eyes) were retrospectively analyzed. The main outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), postoperative BCVA of 20/40 or better, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Combined surgery and sequential surgery were also compared using the same outcome measures. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the BCVA was better in 44 eyes (84.6%); 12 eyes (23.1%) achieved a BCVA of 20/40 or better. Postoperative complications consisted of a transient intraocular pressure increase in 29 eyes (55.8%), hyphema in 10 (19.2%), neovascular glaucoma in 8 (15.4%), anterior chamber fibrin exudation in 7 (13.5%), vitreous hemorrhage in 7 (13.5%), retinal detachment in 3 (5.8%), and posterior capsule opacification in 1 (1.9%). In the diabetic patients, postoperative visual outcomes between the combined-surgery group and the sequential-surgery group were not significantly different; however, neovascular glaucoma occurred only in the combined-surgery group. Other complications were not different between the combined-surgery group and the sequential-surgery group. In the nondiabetic patients, the postoperative visual outcomes and complications between the 2 groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification, PPV, and IOL implantation was safe and effective in selected patients, with the clinical outcomes comparable to those of sequential surgery.     

后发性白内障后囊切除术

目的探讨外伤性和并发性白内障后囊混浊的治疗方法。方法后发性白内障30例（33眼），经平坦部施行后囊切除及前段中轴玻璃体切除术。结果术后随访3－32月，32眼后囊中央形成直径3mm圆孔，切囊成功率达97％，矫正视≥0．5者占84．8％；未发现瞳孔区玻璃体疝、囊样黄斑水肿或视网膜脱离等并发症。结论该手术是一种安全可靠的后发性白内障治疗方法，特别适用于外伤性和并发性白内障，尤其是儿童人工晶体前膜形成者。     

Postoperative anterior chamber inflammation after posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation concurrent with pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy]

The authors compared postoperative anterior chamber inflammation of triple procedure; diabetic pars plana vitrectomy, lensectomy with anterior capsule left intact and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation anterior to anterior capsule, to those of various cataract surgeries with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and vitrectomies in diabetic retinopathy eyes. The inflammation was evaluated in terms of the incidence of inflammatory complications (fibrin reaction and posterior synechia of iris), and by periodical measurement of flare counts for postoperative 6 months using a laser flare-cell meter. The inflammation was more intense than those after the following 3 surgeries; phacoemulsification and in the bag intraocular lens implantation after continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, extracapsular extraction and in the bag intraocular lens implantation after can opener capsulotomy, and vitrectomy alone. The inflammation, however, was less intense compared with that of another method of triple procedure; pars plana vitrectomy, phacoemulsification and in the bag intraocular lens implantation after continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis or can opener capsulotomy, and development of posterior synechia was rarely observed.     

Surgical vitrectomy for pseudophakic malignant glaucoma

Four eyes that had undergone cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation developed malignant glaucoma. Three eyes had posterior chamber lenses and one eye had an anterior chamber lens. Medical therapy was unsuccessful in each case. One eye was treated with Nd-YAG laser disruption of the anterior hyaloid face, but this did not reverse the glaucoma. In all four eyes pars plana vitrectomy reversed the glaucoma process. In the eyes with posterior chamber lenses, the vitrectomy included excision of a localized area of lens capsule and zonules. A pathway for the anterior flow of aqueous was created without dislocating the intraocular lens.     

Combined phacoemulsification and pars plana vitrectomy for macular hole treatment

PURPOSE: To assess the outcome of simultaneous phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes with macular hole. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 38 eyes (36 patients) after combined phacoemulsification, insertion of a posterior capsule IOL and pars plana vitrectomy. RESULTS: The macular hole was successfully closed in 32 of the 38 eyes (84%). In six eyes (16%) the hole failed to close and one eye underwent a second operation. Vision improved by two or more Snellen lines in 29 eyes (73%), there was no change in seven eyes (18%), and visual acuity decreased in two eyes (5%). Intraoperative and postoperative complications included retinal tears in nine eyes (24%), posterior capsule rupture in two eyes (5%), transient postoperative increase of intraocular pressure in eight eyes (21%), and posterior capsule opacification in five eyes (13%). CONCLUSION: Combining phacoemulsification, IOL insertion and pars plana vitrectomy for macular hole repair can reduce the need for cataract surgery in the future, decrease costs, shorten postoperative recovery time and allow for clearer intraoperative visualization, making the procedure safer and more effective.     

晶状体玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术中晶状体囊的处理

目的探讨晶状体玻璃体切除联合眼内硅油填充术中保留前囊或后囊的作用。方法用晶状体玻璃体切除联合硅油填充治疗30例30眼伴增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的视网膜脱离患者，根据白内障手术方式不同分2组。保留后囊组：13眼术前检查为非外伤性白内障行超声乳化吸出保留后囊；保留前囊组：17眼采用经睫状体平坦部晶状体切除，并保留前囊。8眼行二期后房型人工晶状体植入。结果保留后囊组：13眼均保留了完整的晶状体后囊；保留前囊组：17眼中除3眼原有晶状体前囊小破口外，14眼保留了完整的晶状体前囊。术后随访6～24月，平均9月，无1眼发生角膜变性，近期一过性高眼压3眼，8眼二期后房型人工晶状体植入位置良好。结论晶状体玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术中保留前囊或后囊可减少角膜变性、继发青光眼的发生率，并有利于二期后房型人工晶状体植入。[眼科新进展2005；25（5）：442—443]