球囊扩张治疗先天性食管闭锁术后食管狭窄的时机选择

目的 探讨新生儿先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄采用球囊扩张治疗的时机.方法 回顾性分析15例先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄患儿的临床资料,均在纤维胃镜或电子胃镜下实施球囊扩张术.结果 球囊扩张后直径为0.3～1.2 cm.单个患儿扩张次数为2～6次不等.以呼吸道症状逐渐减轻、消失,饮食由流体状态向固态改善,体重逐渐增加为治疗有效.48次球囊扩张术有43次扩张完成,完成率为89.6%.有效14例,1例扩张术后无好转行胃造瘘术.结论 食管闭锁术后1～3个月是食管狭窄治疗的最佳时机,早期发现并通过球囊扩张治疗新生儿先天性食管闭锁术后食管狭窄是有效而安全的治疗手段.     

胃镜直视下球囊扩张术治疗小儿食管狭窄

目的 探讨胃镜直视下球囊扩张治疗小儿食管狭窄的安全性和有效性.方法 12例食管狭窄患儿,其中食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄7例、先天性食管狭窄3例、腐蚀性炎性狭窄2例,年龄5～59个月,在静脉复合麻醉和气管插管下,通过胃镜直视用控制辐射状扩张(CRE)三级扩张球囊行食管狭窄扩张.观察术后腹痛、黑便、呕吐的发生,同时随访术后3～12个月恢复饮食种类,狭窄口大小、营养情况.结果 12例共进行22次扩张,19次成功,3次术后出现并发症,扩张成功率为86%.12例中,3例扩张失败,9例扩张成功、症状改善,有效率为75%.扩张前狭窄口直径2～8 nun,3～12个月后复查胃镜和随访,狭窄口直径9～13mm,8例可进食固体食物、营养状况改善.结论 CRE三级食管球囊行食管狭窄扩张治疗,操作简单、效果确切,食道闭锁术后吻合口狭窄的扩张效果较好.     

胃镜辅助下探条扩张在小儿食道狭窄中的应用

目的总结胃镜辅助下探条扩张技术在小儿食道狭窄性疾病中的应用,探讨影响探条扩张效果的因素。方法对2003年12月～2005年5月收治的11例食道狭窄患儿采用探条扩张法进行治疗,按扩张次数将患儿分为3组,分析各组间病因、食道狭窄长度和狭窄食管直径对扩张效果的影响。结果11例患儿共接受了36次扩张,平均每例扩张3.3次(1～10次),无1例发生并发症。1例患儿已进行手术治疗,1例等待手术,总有效率为81.8%(9/11)。A组4例,均为先天性食道闭锁术后吻合口狭窄患儿;B组4例,主要为先天性食道狭窄和胃食管返流术后仍合并返流患儿;C组3例,以食道化学性烧灼伤为主。A、B、C三组患儿食道扩张前狭窄段平均直径分别为4.8mm(3.0～6.0mm)、5.0mm(4.0～6.0mm)、4.3mm(4.0～5.0mm);平均狭窄段长度分别为1.8cm(1.5～2.0cm)、2.4cm(2.0～3.0cm)和6.8cm(4.5cm～10.0cm)。扩张有效率分别为100%(4/4)、100%(4/4)和33.3%(1/3)。三组间病因不同,C组患儿食道狭窄段平均直径虽小于其他两组,但不具有显著性差异;其食道狭窄段长度显著大于其他两组,P<0.05。C组患儿扩张有效率显著低于A、B组(P<0.05)。结论胃镜辅助下食道探条扩张方法安全、有效。食道术后吻合口狭窄患儿扩张有效率高;化学性烧灼伤患儿存在反复多次扩张和再手术问题。食道狭窄段长度比狭窄段直径更能影响扩张的效果。     

胃镜下球囊扩张治疗小儿溃疡性幽门狭窄

目的探讨溃疡性幽门狭窄形成持久性(外科性)幽门梗阻的新的治疗方法。方法对10例幽门口(管)溃疡并狭窄患儿,在静脉复合麻醉下,通过胃镜直视用CRE三级扩张食管球囊行幽门扩张,观察术后腹痛、黑便、呕吐的发生,同时随访术后3、6、9、12个月恢复饮食种类、幽门大小、体重、身高情况。结果总有效率达100%,6～9个月复查胃镜和随访,幽门直径≥12mm,5例可进食普食,4例可进食软饭;8例患儿生长发育赶上同龄儿,占80%。结论CRE三级食管球囊行幽门扩张治疗溃疡性幽门性狭窄,该方法操作简单、效果确切、安全性好。     

弥漫性食管痉挛并食管失弛缓1例报告

患儿男性 ,12岁。因吞咽困难伴胸骨后疼痛 4年 ,于 1997年 9月 17日入院。患儿于 8岁开始进流食或固体食物后感到食管梗噎及吞咽困难 ,伴胸骨后疼痛。曾按胃炎治疗 ,间断服用治胃灵、胃复安等药 ,无明显好转。近半年因畏惧进食 ,体重明显下降。　　体检 :消瘦 ,剑突下有轻度压痛 ,余无其他阳性体征。食管吞钡 :食管下端呈鸟嘴样狭窄 ,狭窄上端食管明显扩张。随着钡剂吞入 ,食管下 1/ 3～ 2 / 3处呈串珠样痉挛性改变。胃镜 :食管上端轻度扩张 ,齿状线距门齿 40ｃｍ贲门口不开 ,进镜阻力较大 ;镜下可见食管中下端局部呈痉挛性蠕动 ;胃窦部见散…     

先天性食管闭锁术后食管狭窄的诊治

目的 探讨本院9年先天性食管闭锁(esophageal atresia,EA)术后食管狭窄的诊治,期待提高EA患儿治愈率及生存质量.方法 随访1999年1月至2007年12月本院收治并手术的53例EA病例,总结术后食管狭窄的诊治情况.结果 手术的53例中29例(34.9%)全部经食管造影检查或胃镜直视下确诊为食管狭窄,其中27例(93.1%)扩张后症状缓解.1例(3.5%)放置镍钛合金自膨胀支架2周后治愈.1例(3.5%)出现食管穿孔.结论 球囊扩张是治疗EA术后食管狭窄的有效方法;早期诊断、积极有效地治疗食管狭窄能减少患病率,提高生存质量.     

儿童贲门失弛缓症13例诊治分析

目的探讨儿童贲门失弛缓症的诊断与治疗特点。方法分析1993年5月至2005年10月间被确诊为贲门失弛缓症且在院治疗的13例患儿临床表现、食管测压、内镜检查及治疗情况。结果男女性别（女7例,男6例）发病无明显差异,确诊时平均年龄为10.3岁。3例患儿存在家族史,其中2例是姐妹,3例都有吞咽困难、无泪和促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）缺乏的3A表现。吞咽困难是最多见的症状,其次为呕吐、胸骨后疼痛、生长发育不良和呼吸系统症状。13例中11例行食管测压检查显示食管下端括约肌压力（LESP）增高和食管体蠕动异常。食管钡餐显示食管体扩张、食管贲门交接处鸟嘴样改变。13例患儿中共有9例（69.23%）接受Heller＇s食管肌层切开术治疗;另4例中,3例接受内镜气囊扩张,1例以降压药Nifedipine维持,失访1例。12例随访患儿中痊愈8例,良好3例,改善1例。结论食管测压结合X线检查是明确诊断的主要手段,也是评价治疗效果的好方法;Heller食管肌层切开术安全性强、术后效果显著且持续时间长,是贲门失弛缓症较好的治疗方法;内镜下气囊扩张术价格低廉,操作方便,有一定疗效,可作为国内治疗儿童贲门失弛缓症的首选方法。     

先天性食管狭窄4例报告及诊治经验分析

目的探讨先天性食管狭窄的诊断及治疗方式。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2015年6月至2018年12月收治的4例先天性食管狭窄患儿的临床资料。4例患儿均为男性,入院年龄分别为5岁1个月、4岁2个月、10个月和3岁7个月。结果1例入院后诊断为贲门失迟缓症,在腹腔镜食管肌层切开过程中发现食管下段软骨异位,切除异位软骨后保留完整食管黏膜,随访1年进食顺利。1例先天性食管闭锁合并食管下段狭窄,多次影像学检查漏诊食管下段狭窄,胸腔镜下完成狭窄段切除再吻合,随访8个月进食顺利。1例球囊扩张食管4次,随访4个月进食顺利。1例先天性食管狭窄合并十二指肠梗阻,腹腔镜解除十二指肠梗阻7个月后行胸腔镜食管切除再吻合手术,随访2个月进食顺利。结论先天性食管狭窄常合并其它消化道畸形,容易漏诊,其治疗方式尚存在争议,腔镜手术具有较高可行性。     

儿童食管腐蚀伤后狭窄的扩张治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀伤后食管狭窄的治疗。方法使用沙氏扩张器,在钢丝的引导下进行食管扩张。结果31例患儿,29例经3～14次间断扩张治疗,全部通过相应扩张探条,经治疗后能进普食,随访钡餐检查,效果良好。结论食管腐蚀伤后食管狭窄,扩张术是一种简单、安全、有效、并发症少的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜联合食管支架治疗合并食管下端狭窄的小儿胃食管反流

目的探讨腹腔镜胃底折叠联合食管支架治疗合并食管下段狭窄的小儿胃食管反流的初步疗效。方法对6例胃食管反流并食管下段狭窄患儿采取腹腔镜胃镜下联合手术治疗，总结其手术情况及术后短期随访情况。结果除1例二次手术者中转开腹手术外，其余均顺利完成手术。术后1例出现轻度吞咽困难，1例支架异位。随访中3例取出支架，3例仍保留支架者未出现术后狭窄。结论腹腔镜胃底折叠联合食管支架置入治疗合并食管下段狭窄的小儿胃食管反流短期疗效良好。     

Management of esophagogastric corrosive injuries in children.

There has been an increase in the number of patients admitted to our hospital with caustic esophageal injuries during the last five years. The aim of this study was to analyze the complications and results of the treatment of corrosive esophagogastric injury. Between 1990 and 2000, 120 caustic ingestion accidents were admitted to our unit. The mean age was 4 years, with a 2 : 1 male to female ratio. The average time between the caustic ingestion and admission to hospital was 14.9 days. The ingested substances were alkali in 80.9 % and acid in 19.1 % of the cases. Stenosis of the esophagus developed in 31 (25.8 %) and gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) in 6 (5 %) patients. Management of the esophageal stricture consisted of dilatation in 28 patients. Three children underwent colonic interposition without a dilatation attempt. Six children were lost to follow-up; 4 patients were successfully treated; 13 patients were still in the dilatation program at the time of writing with 6 improving and 2 patients waiting for interposition surgery; 4 patients underwent colonic interposition and 1 patient underwent resection of the stenotic part of the esophagus. Among the patients in the dilation program, we observed 4 esophageal perforations. Three of them were treated medically and further dilatations were carried out, while one was managed by colonic interposition. The treatment modalities for GOO cases consisted of pyloroplasty in 3, Billroth I in 2 and balloon dilation of the pylorus in 1 child. Although balloon dilatation of the esophagus carries the risk of perforation, it should be the first line of treatment in suitable cases. GOO cases may require surgical therapy following a detailed endoscopic evaluation.     

Esophageal replacement in children by an isoperistaltic gastric tube: a 12-year experience

The colonic segment is the most frequently used material for replacing the esophagus in children; however, the use of a gastric tube has become a reliable alternative operation. Since 1987, we have used an isoperistaltic gastric tube to replace the esophagus in children, and we present a series of 21 patients. Indications for operation included caustic injury (nine), esophageal atresia (eight), peptic stricture (two), congenital stricture (one), and esophageal duplication (one). There was no death or necrosis of the graft during the early postoperative period. The esophagogastric anastomosis leaked in two cases, but both of them closed spontaneously. A temporary dumping syndrome was encountered in two children. Two patients had strictures of their upper anastomosis responding to dilatations. The two patients who had a pharyngogastric anastomosis developed either intractable stricture or nonfunctioning anastomosis. One of them died 9 months later from aspiration pneumonitis. At follow-up, 16 of 21 patients could accept a normal diet (13 were entirely asymptomatic, and three suffered occasional mild dysphagia). Two patients suffered significant dysphagia (one had a durable dilation of his gastric tube), and three needed a feeding jejunostomy. Acid secretion of the gastric tube was proved in nine cases. Two patients were shown to have cervical Barrett's esophagus above the anastomosis. These findings indicate the need for lifelong endoscopic follow-up for these patients.     

Congenital esophageal stenosis associated with esophageal atresia: new concepts

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is suspected by a fixed intrinsic narrowing of the esophagus that affects the normal swallowing mechanism. The diagnosis is only confirmed by histopathologic picture, which may show fibromuscular disease (FMD) or tracheobronchial remnants (TBR). The latter involves ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium, seromucous glands or cartilage each alone or in combination. The aim of this study is to document the usefulness of histologic picture of surgical specimens obtained from the lower esophageal pouch (LEP) during primary repair in detecting cases of CES associated with esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Over an 8-year period, 57 consecutive cases operated upon for EA with or without TEF were subjected for histologic examination of surgical specimens obtained from the tip of the LEP. Cases that histologically showed FMD or TBR were included. The usefulness of this histologic picture as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid is assessed. Methods of treatment and outcome were also reviewed. Eight patients out of 57 (14%) had a histologic picture suggestive of CES, two with FMD, four with TBR without cartilage and two with cartilage. Out of 57 patients, 23 developed strictures, six of them had positive biopsies suggestive of CES. One patient with TBR without cartilage did not have stricture. Another case of pure atresia had LEP resection and gastric pull up showed cartilage involving the whole lower esophagus. Excluding the case of pure EA with gastric pull up, all patients suffered from feeding problems and recurrent aspiration. Fluoroscopic barium studies showed late onset minor dysmotility in five patients and late onset major dysmotility in two. All cases studied showed significant gastro-esophageal reflux (GER). Stricture was seen at the anastomotic site extending distally in the two fibromuscular cases and one case with cartilage, at the anastomotic site in three cases with TBR without cartilage. Anti reflux surgical procedures were performed in four patients without benefit in two patients with major dysmotility. Dilatation was successful in the three patients with TBR without cartilage. One patient with cartilage had resection of the anastomotic site and required frequent dilatations and is now doing well. A case of FMD did not improve after frequent dilatations and myotomy together with Nissen’s fundoplication and required resection while the other case of FMD responded partially to dilatations. Cartilage in cases of CES requires surgical resection. Those with TBR without cartilage may not develop stricture. If stricture develops, it responds well to dilatation and patients have good clinical outcomes. Unlike isolated CES, GER is a significant feature in CES with EA. Anti reflux procedures should be avoided before definitive surgery for the stricture and if necessary a partial wrap with gastrostomy is recommended. CES should be considered in the etiology of anastomotic stricture. Taking a surgical specimen routinely from the tip of the LEP during primary esophageal repair for histologic studies is highly recommended.     

Esophageal stricture in children: fiber-optic endoscopy and dilatation under fluoroscopic control.

We made a retrospective analysis of the efficacy and complication rate of 268 esophageal dilatation procedures performed under fluoroscopic control using the fiber-optic endoscope in 45 children with esophageal stricture. Antegrade and retrograde stricture dilatation was performed under general anesthetic, mainly as an outpatient procedure. Thirty-six children had an esophageal stricture following tracheoesophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia repair, and nine children had severe corrosive stricture of the esophagus following lye ingestion. The procedure was well tolerated and effective.     

Management of caustic burns of the esophagus in children]

The authors describe their therapeutic approach to caustic burns of the esophagus in pediatric patients. Initially, early endoscopic evaluation is carried out under general anesthesia using a stiff tube then a fiberoptic endoscope. During this procedure, severity of esophageal damage is determined: stage I: mild burn requiring no treatment; stages II and III: severe burn with a risk of subsequent esophageal stricture requiring insertion of a nasogastric stent. A repeat endoscopy is performed after approximately 25 days to evaluate healing. If healing has occurred, the nasogastric tube is removed and dynamic esophagography is performed 2 to 7 days later. Patients with strictures should be treated with repeated endoscopic dilatation at gradually increasing intervals. Surgery is indicated only in patients with complications or multiple strictures after failure of dilatation; trans-mediastinal colon esophagoplasty with removal of the burned esophagus is the method of choice.     

胸腔镜食管吻合治疗小儿先天性气管软骨食管异位症

目的 探讨小儿先天性气管软骨食管异位症的临床表现、诊断特点及胸腔镜食管端端吻合术治疗气管软骨食管异位症的方法、疗效.方法 收集2008年3月至2010年5月收治的5例先天性气管软骨食管异位症患儿,术前进行影像学检查及胃镜检查,术中经胸腔镜行食管狭窄段切除,食管端端吻合术,男3例,女2例,年龄1.1～4岁,无中转开胸.结...     

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??Childhood esophageal stenosis is mainly benign stenosis. According to the cause of the stenosis??the nature of the lesion and the morphological structure of the lesion??formulating appropriate endoscopic treatment strategy is the key to successful treatment. Endoscopic treatment for esophageal stricture includes endoscopic balloon dilatation??endoscopic radial incision??medical treatement??endoscopic stenting??magnetic compression anastomosis and so on. All of these methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The treatment for benign stenosis needs to be repeated multiple times with certain risks. According to the characteristics of lesions??different treatment methods should be combined to achieve the best therapeutic effect. Therefore??preoperative evaluation of esophageal stenosis and selection of appropriate treatment methods are important for reducing the incidence of complications??reducing costs??and ensuring the basic nutritional supply of children.     

儿童食管狭窄的内镜治疗

儿童食管狭窄主要是良性狭窄。明确狭窄部位病因、病变性质及病变部位的形态结构,制定适宜的内镜下治疗策略是保证成功治疗的关键。食管狭窄内镜治疗包括内镜下球囊扩张术、内镜下放射状切开术、药物注射、内镜下支架置入术、磁性压榨吻合等方法。所有这些方法各有其优缺点。良性狭窄的治疗需要重复多次,存在一定风险。应根据病变特点综合运用各种治疗方法从而达到最佳治疗效果。因此,术前做好食管狭窄评估,选择适宜的治疗方式,对减少并发症的发生,降低成本,保证患儿基本营养供给有重要意义。     

Clinical and nutritional outcome of pediatric esophageal stenosis with endoscopic balloon dilatation

Aim

The present study evaluates the long-term clinical and nutritional effect to endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) in pediatric esophageal stricture.

High doses of steroids in the management of caustic esophageal burns in children]

Esophageal burns are frequent in some countries. Esophageal stricture is a severe complication after caustic ingestion. Its frequency is estimated to 5% and reaches 47% in severe esophagitis. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the influence of management of severe esophageal burns with high doses of steroids in the occurrence of esophageal stricture through the experience of an endoscopic unit. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six children with a mean age of 3.5 years (15 months-8 years) with a second b- (N =22) or a third-degree (N =4) esophageal burns due to accidental ingestion of a caustic substance were included between 1993 and 1999. Corrosive substances ingested were sodium hydroxide (N =17), bleach (N =4), alkali (N =3), others (N =2). Upper GI endoscopy was performed in 17 children within the 24 hours of caustic ingestion and within the first 48 hours in all cases. All patients received methylprednisolone (1 g/1.73 m2/day) plus cimetidine and ampicillin plus early oral feeding resumption. RESULTS: Three children (2 grade II et one grade I) were not controlled on day 30 of the protocol and have then been excluded. The remaining 23 children were divided in two groups depending on the upper GI endoscopic results: group I of 12 patients completely or partially healed and group II of 11 patients who developed an esophageal stricture. No difference was observed between the two groups with regard to the delay between caustic ingestion and the start of treatment and the number of shots of methylprednisolone. Second b- degree esophagitis complicated with an esophageal stricture underwent a median of five esophageal dilations (1-12). After a median follow-up of three years, four of them have a normal esophagus. All children with a third-degree esophagitis developed an esophageal stricture. One had a surgical replacement of the esophagus with a segment of colon with good outcome. The three others underwent a median of seven esophageal dilations (5-10). One of them has a normal esophagus after a follow-up of five years while the two others were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: High dose of corticosteroids seems to improve second b-degree esophagitis prognosis and may prevent from esophageal stricture.