HIV-1感染者CD4~+CD127~-T细胞减少与PD-1高表达相关

目的通过检测HIV-1感染者CD4+CD127~-T细胞上PD-1、HLA-DR和CD38的表达水平,探究HIV-1感染者CD4+CD127~-T细胞的免疫状态。方法募集慢性HIV-1感染者70例,根据CD4~+T细胞计数绝对值,将慢性HIV-1感染者分为高CD4+计数组(CD4~+T细胞≥500 cells/μl)、中CD4+计数组(350 cells/μl≤CD4~+T细胞500 cells/μl)和低CD4+计数组(CD4~+T细胞350 cells/μl);同时设立健康对照组12例。利用流式细胞术检测HIV-1感染者和健康对照者外周血中CD4+CD127~-T细胞PD-1、CD38和HLA-DR的表达情况,并分析不同指标表达的相关性。结果在HIV-1慢性感染期间,外周血CD4+CD127~-T细胞百分比与CD4计数绝对值负相关(P0.05);CD4+计数350 cells/μl的HIV-1感染者CD4+CD127~-T细胞上HLA-DR与CD38表达水平显著升高,并且与CD4计数存在负相关关系(P0.05)。HIV-1感染者PBMCs中CD4+CD127~-T细胞上高表达PD-1,并且PD-1与CD4计数存在负相关关系,与HLA-DR的表达存在正相关关系。结论在慢性HIV-1感染过程中,CD4~+T细胞数量的减少可能与CD4+CD127~-T细胞PD-1的表达相关。     

无症状期HIV感染者CD4+和CD8+T细胞计数与病毒载量的关系

艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染所导致的以免疫系统功能缺陷为特征的慢性高致死率传染病.CD4+T细胞是HIV损害的主要靶细胞,HIV可引起CD4+T淋巴细胞进行性丢失与功能受限[1-2].在HIV感染早期,CD8+T细胞增多并通过分泌各种细胞因子杀死被病毒感染的靶细胞,其高表达与病毒量载量呈正相关[3],而随着疾病进展,CD8+T细胞会消耗性减少.CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞计数与病毒载量的相关性一直为研究者关注[4-6].本研究检测了无症状期感染者,外周血CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞计数与病毒载量并分析它们的相关性.     

HIV 感染者调节性T 细胞表面B、T 淋巴细胞衰减因子的表达研究

目的:对HIV 感染者调节性T 细胞(Regulatory T cell,Treg)上B 、T 淋巴细胞衰减因子(B and T lymphocyte at-tenuator,BTLA)的表达水平进行检测,并探讨其在HIV 感染进程中的作用。方法:选取24 例感染在一年之内的HIV 早期感染者(Early HIV infected patients,EHI 组)、14 例感染超过一年的HIV 慢性感染者(CD4+ T 计数>200 cells/ μl,HIV 组)、6 例AIDS患者(CD4+ T 计数<200 cells/ μl,AIDS 组)和9 例健康人作为对照,应用流式细胞仪检测不同时期感染者及健康对照者Treg 细胞BTLA 的表达水平,分析其与疾病进展及免疫活化的相关性。结果:随着HIV 疾病进展,EHI 组、HIV 组及AIDS 组Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平依次升高,其中HIV 组与AIDS 组Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平显著高于EHI 组(P<0.05 及P<0.01),AIDS 组Treg 细胞BTLA 的表达水平高于健康对照(P<0.05);Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平与CD4+ T 淋巴细胞计数呈负相关(P<0.001),与病毒载量呈正相关(P<0.01);Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平与活化CD4+ CD38+ T 淋巴细胞及CD4+ HLA-DR+ T 淋巴细胞呈正相关(P<0.001,P<0.001)。结论:HIV 感染者Treg 细胞BTLA 表达升高,与疾病进展显著相关,提示其可能通过加强Treg 细胞的抑制功能加速疾病进展,并为未来HIV 感染的干预提供信息。     

HIV-1感染者外周血单核细胞miR-155及miR-29表达及其与疾病进展的相关性研究

目的探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒-1(HIV-1)感染者外周血单核细胞(PBMC)miR-155及miR-29表达水平,分析其与疾病进展的相关性。方法募集82名HIV-1感染者和30名HIV-1阴性体检健康者(对照组),HIV-1感染者中37人接受高效抗逆转录病毒(HAART)治疗(治疗组),45人未接受HAART治疗(未治疗组)。检测病毒载量和CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测PBMC中miR-155及miR-29表达水平,分析其与病毒载量和CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数的相关性。结果未治疗组平均CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数明显低于治疗组和对照组(224±107 vs 360±118和826±135)(t=6.825、12.317,P0.01)。未治疗组PBMC中miR-155及miR-29表达水平明显高于治疗组和对照组(4.28±1.36 vs 1.15±0.43和0.86±0.14以及2.37±0.81 vs 0.61±0.12和0.42±0.05)(t=8.916、10.752、7.824、8.235,P0.01)。随着CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数的下降,HIV-1感染者PBMC中miR-155及miR-29表达水平明显升高(P0.01)。相关分析显示,未治疗HIV-1感染者PBMC中miR-155、miR-29与病毒载量均呈正相关(r=0.693、0.627,P0.01),miR-155、miR-29与CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数均呈负相关(r=-0.805、-0.748,P0.01),miR-155与miR-29呈正相关(r=0.706,P0.01)。结论 HIV-1感染者PBMC中miR-155及miR-29表达水平明显上调,且与疾病进展呈正相关,有望作为HIV-1感染病程进展的生物标志物。     

HIV早期和慢性感染者不同亚群T细胞BTLA的表达

目的:对中国HIV早期和慢性感染者不同亚群T细胞BTLA表达水平及与疾病进展相关性进行研究,探讨BTLA表达在HIV感染中的作用。方法:选取21例HIV早期感染者、29例HIV慢性感染者及23例正常对照,应用流式细胞仪检测CD4+CD45RA+、CD4+CD45RA-、CD8+CD45RA+、CD8+CD45RA-及总CD4+、CD8+T细胞BTLA表达水平,同时分析CD4+HLA-DR+、CD4+CD38+、CD8+HLA-DR+、CD8+CD38+T细胞表达水平,分析不同亚群T细胞BTLA表达水平与疾病进展及免疫活化的相关性。结果:HIV早期感染组各亚群T细胞BTLA表达水平高于正常对照,其中CD4+CD45RA-、CD8+CD45RA-、总CD4+T细胞BTLA表达水平在两组之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);HIV早期感染组各亚群T细胞BTLA表达水平高于慢性感染者,除CD8+CD45RA-T细胞外,其它亚群T细胞BTLA表达水平在两组之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);慢性HIV感染者CD8+CD45RA+T细胞BTLA表达水平低于正常对照,差异显著(P<0.01),其余T细胞亚群BTLA表达水平在两组之间无明显差异。HIV感染者T细胞亚群BTLA表达水平与T细胞活化水平负相关:除CD8+CD45RA-T细胞外,各亚群T细胞BTLA表达百分率与T细胞活化(CD4+HLA-DR+T细胞表达)水平明显负相关(P<0.01);各亚群T细胞BTLA表达水平与CD4+CD38+、CD8+CD38+T细胞表达水平无明显相关性。HIV感染者总CD8+T细胞BTLA表达水平与CD4+T细胞数量明显正相关(P<0.01)。结论:中国HIV感染者T细胞BTLA表达与疾病进展及免疫活化状况显著相关,早期感染阶段BTLA表达升高,慢性感染期表达下降,为明确HIV的致病机制及免疫治疗提供线索。     

急性HIV感染者外周血T淋巴细胞CD57抗原动态表达及临床意义分析

目的 研究CD57在HIV急性感染者外周血T淋巴细胞的动态表达情况及临床意义.方法 随机选取2006年11月-2009年12月期间确诊为HIV-1急性感染的17位患者为研究对象,15例健康体检者为对照组,收集HIV感染者1、3、6个月时间点及对照组外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),以流式细胞仪双色、三色分析法分别分析CD3+ CD57+T淋巴细胞、CD3+ CD4+ CD57+T淋巴细胞、CD3+CD8+CD57+T淋巴细胞的比例,并分析其与病毒载量、CD4+T细胞计数间的相关性.结果 在感染1、3、6个月外周血淋巴细胞中,CD57+T淋巴细胞比例分别为15.24％±1.49％、13.51％±2.45％及14.65％ ±1.83％,正常对照组CD57+T淋巴细胞比例为3.72％±0.56％,HIV感染1、3、6个月CD57+T淋巴细胞比例较正常对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.0001).在感染的1个月、3个月外周血中CD8+CD57+在淋巴细胞中的比例分别为7.79％ +2.10％、9.88％±2.36％,与对应时间点的病毒载量成正相关关系,R2分别为0.3700、0.3768,P值分别为0.0096、0.0088;与对应时间点CD4+T细胞计数成负相关关系,R2分别为0.3768、0.4235,P值分别为0.0215、0.0017.急性HIV感染1个月时间点,6例病情快速进展患者与11例病情非快速进展患者,CD8+ CD57+T细胞比例分别为11.20％±2.21％、6.16％±1.09％,CD4+ CD57+T淋巴细胞比例分别为2.79％ ±0.31％、1.40％±0.30％,病情快速进展患者CD8+CD57+T、CD4+CD57+T淋巴细胞比例均高于病情非快速进展组,P值分别为0.0338、0.0106.结论 HIV感染急性期CD57+T淋巴细胞比例增加,其中CD8+ CD57+T淋巴细胞百分比可反映HIV病毒载量变化及CD4+T淋巴细胞的计数情况,HIV急性感染早期CD57在淋巴细胞高表达提示病情进展迅速.     

HIV-1感染过程中CD8~+T细胞PD-1水平增高与其活化状态正相关

目的分析人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)感染者CD8+T细胞程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)、CD38、人白细胞抗原DR(HLA-DR)及KI-67抗原(ki67)的表达水平,探讨HIV-1感染过程中CD8~+T细胞PD-1表达水平与免疫活化和免疫耗竭的关系及意义。方法收集HIV-1感染者87例,健康志愿者22例,密度梯度法分离外周血单个核细胞;采用流式细胞术分析其CD8+T细胞PD-1、CD38、HLA-DR、ki67的表达水平;观察用抗PD-L1 m Ab阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路后CD8~+T细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的水平变化。结果 HIV-1感染者CD8~+T细胞PD-1表达水平显著高于健康对照组;CD8~+T细胞PD-1水平与病毒载量呈正相关,与CD4~+T细胞数呈负相关;CD8~+T细胞PD-1与CD38、HLA-DR表达呈正相关,与ki67表达无相关性;体外阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路后TNF-α、IFN-γ的表达量增加。结论 HIV-1感染者外周血CD8~+T细胞PD-1表达增加;PD-1过表达与HIV感染过程中CD8~+T细胞功能受抑、免疫耗竭及疾病进程相关;体外阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路可恢复CD8~+T细胞功能。     

婴儿肠道不同部位T细胞亚群及其表面分子检测——婴儿肠道HIV-感染和复制的可能性分析

通过对婴儿外周血(PB)、肠系膜淋巴结(MLN)和肠上皮内(IE)来源淋巴细胞的比较性研究,以分析婴儿肠道HIV-1感染容许性和HIV-1复制支持性的细胞与分子基础。分离婴儿外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),肠系膜淋巴结淋巴细胞(MLNL)和肠上皮间淋巴细胞(iIEL),制备单细胞悬液,运用流式细胞术结合荧光抗体染色技术:(1)检测不同部位的CD3+T细胞中CD4+辅助性T细胞和CD8+杀伤性T细胞比例;(2)检测不同部位的CD4+T细胞CCR5和CXCR4以及CD69和HLA-DR的表达水平。结果发现:(1)iIEL中的CD4+辅助性T细胞占CD3+T细胞的比例明显低于PBMC和MLNL,而CD8+杀伤性T细胞占CD3+T细胞的比例明显高于PBMC和MLNL;(2)iIEL中CD4+T细胞CCR5和CXCR4以及CD69和HLA-DR的表达水平均明显高于PBMC和MLNL。结果表明:婴儿iIEL中CD4+T淋巴细胞与PBMC和MLNL的CD4+T淋巴细胞相比较,高表达HIV-1入胞共受体CCR5和CXCR4,提示iIEL更易被HIV-1感染;iIEL中CD4+T淋巴细胞高表达细胞活化标记分子CD69和HLA-DR,说明其更有利于HIV-1复制,这种高基础活化率可能与其不断接触小肠来源的食物和共生菌抗原有关。由此可见,婴儿肠道具有了HIV-1感染容许性和HIV-1复制支持性的细胞和分子基础,因此成了HIV-1最易感的解剖部位,这可能是围产期HIV感染的婴儿病毒载量明显高于成年人,且病情进展也比成年人快的原因。     

HIV-1感染疾病缓慢进展者CD8+T淋巴细胞非细胞毒性免疫应答作用的研究

目的 探讨HIV-1感染疾病缓慢进展者CD8+T淋巴细胞非细胞毒性抗病毒应答功能(CNAR)的变化.方法 应用密度梯度离心法、免疫磁珠法纯化健康人CD4+T淋巴细胞和HIV感染者CD8+T淋巴细胞,用HIV毒株SF-33感染健康人CD4+T淋巴细胞,并加入不同疾病进程HIV感染者CD8+T淋巴细胞共培养,收集培养上清,应用ELISA方法测定上清中HIV-1 p24含量.结果 我们研究发现缓慢进展组(slow progressors,SP)、HIV典型进展组(typical progressors,TP)、健康对照组及AIDS组中CNAR功能依次下降(89%>77%>73%>61%),各组间的下降差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在HIV感染者中,CNAR功能与CD4+T细胞绝对计数呈显著正相关;与病毒载量无显著相关性.结论 CNAR功能对HIV感染疾病不进展可能具有保护作用.     

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体基因多态性与艾滋病疾病进程关系

目的本实验通过检测HIV-1感染者KIR等位基因和HLA-B等位基因,研究它们与疾病进程的关系。方法采用PCR-SSP方法对HIV-1感染者等位基因进行检测。结果 KIR3DS1的基因频率在低病毒载量和CD4+T细胞计数高组中明显高于高病毒载量组和CD4+T细胞计数低组(P=0.013,P=0.01)。KIR2DS5的基因频率在低病毒载量和CD4+T细胞计数高组中明显高于高病毒载量组和CD4+T细胞计数低组(P=0.01,P=0.001);KIR3DS1和BW4-80I对病毒载量的影响在联合表达时作用更加显著(P=0.02);KIR3DL1和BW4-80I共同表达可导致病毒水平降低(P<0.001)。结论 KIR3DS1和KIR2DS5基因可能减慢HIV-1感染者疾病进程。KIR3DS1基因和BW4-80I联合表达对疾病进程的影响作用更加显著。     

Improved bronchodilation with levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol in patients with asthma

Background: Racemic albuterol is an equal mixture of (R)-albuterol (levalbuterol), which is responsible for the bronchodilator effect, and (S)-albuterol, which provides no benefit and may be detrimental. Objective: We sought to compare 2 doses of a single enantiomer, levalbuterol (0.63 mg and 1.25 mg), and equivalent amounts of levalbuterol administered as racemic albuterol with placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Three hundred sixty-two patients 12 years of age or older were treated with study drug administered by means of nebulization 3 times daily for 28 days. The primary endpoint was peak change in FEV₁ after 4 weeks. Results: The change in peak FEV₁ response to the first dose in the combined levalbuterol group was significantly greater compared with the combined racemic albuterol group (0.92 and 0.82 L, respectively; P = .03), with similar but nonsignificant results after 4 weeks (0.84 and 0.74 L, respectively). Improvement in FEV₁ was similar for levalbuterol 0.63 mg and racemic albuterol 2.5 mg and greatest for levalbuterol 1.25 mg. Racemic albuterol 1.25 mg demonstrated the weakest bronchodilator effect, particularly after chronic dosing. The greatest increase in FEV₁ was seen after levalbuterol 1.25 mg, especially in subjects with severe asthma. All active treatments were well tolerated, and β-adrenergic side effects after administration of levalbuterol 0.63 mg were reduced relative to levalbuterol 1.25 mg or racemic albuterol 2.5 mg. At week 4, the predose FEV₁ value was greatest in patients who received levalbuterol or placebo when compared with those who received racemic albuterol. The difference was more evident and was statistically significant in patients who were not receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Conclusion: Levalbuterol appears to provide a better therapeutic index than the standard dose of racemic albuterol. These results support the concept that (S)-albuterol may have detrimental effects on pulmonary function. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:943-52.)     

Infectious diseases and immunological markers associated with patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with rituximab

Background: The use of rituximab (RTX) is increasing, even in developing countries. It has become the first-line therapy or adjuvant to chemotherapy (CHOP; cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin and prednisone) for various diseases, including B cell lymphoma and autoimmune diseases.

Aim: We describe the infectious diseases and immunological markers associated with RTX treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

Methods: Serum immunoglobulins were determined before and after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) administration. Pneumo-23IgG-specific anti-pneumococcal antibodies were evaluated before and after vaccination. Immunophenotyping and lymphocyte proliferation were determined in the course of the treatment.

Results: Seven patients were followed and median age was 56.0?±?5.0?years (range, 41.9–71.6?years). At baseline, the mean level of IgG was 333.7?±?40.8?and IgM 40.9?±?11.3?mg/dL, respectively; immunoglobulin A and E (IgA and IgE) were under the limit of detection. Two patients had reduced or absent B cells and T cell subsets were at normal levels in five patients. All patients failed to mount an efficient post-vaccination immune response against hepatitis B virus, tetanus, diphtheria and against the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. During RTX/CHOP treatment, human-IgG-immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy was introduced in six patients after recurrent infections, including community-acquired pneumonia (85.7%), chronic sinusitis (85.7%) and gastroenteritis (42.9%).

Conclusion: Poor response against pneumococcal vaccines increases the susceptibility of respiratory diseases in these patients. In patients with NHL treated with RTX, the benefits achieved with IVIg replacement for the control of recurrent infectious diseases is of paramount importance. Clinicians dealing with monoclonal antibodies against cancer therapy, especially RTX, should be aware of the increasing risks for symptomatic induced hypogammaglobulinemia and respiratory infections.     

Establishing Safety with Patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder

Abstract

The incidence of self-mutilation and suicidality among patients with dissociative disorders is quite high. It is necessary for clinicians working with this population to be adept at dealing with safety problems. This article presents a sequence of basic steps that can be used when helping dissociative patients establish safety, a discussion of the functions of self-destructiveness, and an overview of specific experiences and thinking patterns that contribute to self-destructiveness among dissociative patients.     

Gynecomastia with marked cellular atypia associated with chemotherapy

Gynecomastia is a common benign male breast disease, which may exhibit mild cellular atypia in cytology specimens. However, marked cytologic atypia can be seen in gynecomastia superimposed by chemotherapy. The case described in this report demonstrated severe cytologic atypia of gynecomastia mimicking carcinoma in a patient treated with chemotherapy for acute leukemia. A distinct cytologic feature helpful in avoiding the diagnostic error is described, namely, atypical cells admixed with bland ductal cells and appearing at a different plane. The importance of applying strict diagnostic criteria in breast cytology and clinical correlation is also emphasized.     

Intervention with epinephrine in hypotension associated with mastocytosis

The occurrence of the episodes of vasodilatory hypotension can be a life-threatening manifestation of systemic mastocytosis. This article describes the reversal by epinephrine of episodes of severe hypotension in two hospitalized patients with mastocytosis. Recognition of the efficacy of epinephrine in hypotension associated with mastocytosis can be important when other methods fail to restore hemodynamic stability.