经腹壁超声在膀胱肿瘤诊断与分期中的意义

行经腹Ｂ超检查临床疑诊为膀胱肿瘤患者２９９例，经与膀胱镜检和术后病理结果对照，２７１例证实为膀胱肿瘤，１０例为非膀胱肿瘤，１８例经腹Ｂ超漏诊。本组经腹Ｂ超诊断准确率为９０．６％（２７１／２９９），误诊率为３．３％（１０／２９９），漏诊率为６．０％（１８／２９９）。经腹壁超声判断膀胱肿瘤分期总的正确率为８８．６％（Ｔ_１期肿瘤８９．１％，Ｔ_２期为８６．８％，Ｔ３期为８７．５％，Ｔ_４期为１００．０％）。经腹壁超声方法简单，患者无痛苦，对膀胱肿瘤诊断与分期的准确性较高，应作为膀胱肿瘤的常规检查方法。     

BCG加IL—2膀胱灌注免疫功能动态观察

１９９３年５月～１９９４年１２月，对１１例膀胱患者术后灌注ＢＣＧ加ＩＬ－２预防复发，随访１２～１８个月（平均１４．６个月），复发２例，复发率１８．１８％，治疗期间通过对患者外周血Ｔ细胞亚群变化的动态观察，显示膀胱肿瘤患者免疫功能低下，手术切除肿瘤后并不自主恢复，提示术后免疫增强疗法很有必要，同时，外周血Ｔ细胞亚群的动态观察是监测预后一个重要指标。     

BCG加IL－2膀胱灌注免疫功能动态观察

１９９３年５月～１９９４年１２月，对１１例膀胱癌患者术后灌注ＢＣＧ加ＩＬ－２预防复发，随访１２～１８个月（平均１４．６个月），复发２例，复发率１８．１８％。治疗期间通过对患者外周血Ｔ细胞亚群变化的动态观察，显示膀胱肿瘤患者免疫功能低下，手术切除肿瘤后并不自主恢复，提示术后免疫增强疗法很有必要，同时，外周血Ｔ细胞亚群的动态观察是监测预后的一个重要指标。     

131Ⅰ标记单克隆抗体CL3瘤内注射对荷人结肠癌裸鼠的放射免疫治疗

我们采用１３１Ⅰ标记单克隆抗体ＣＬ３瘤内注射治疗荷人结肠癌裸鼠移植瘤，与腹腔注射比较：大剂量组每鼠给药１８．５ＭＢｑ，观察３４天，１６天后前者的肿瘤生长抑制率高于后者，分别为５７．９％±１０．２％和４７．２％±１６．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５），肿瘤完全抑制率分别为６／１６和１／８；小剂量组每例５．３６ＭＢｑ，观察１７天，６天后，前者的肿瘤生长抑制率明显高于后者，分别为４９．６％±１７．５％和２６．１％±３．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）．计算小剂量给药后五天的肿瘤累积吸收剂量，瘤内注射是腹腔注射组的３．３倍，分别为１８．７Ｇｙ和５．７Ｇｙ．结果提示在肿瘤放射免疫治疗中采用瘤内注射法给药，具有低毒高效的治疗作用，临床实用价值较高。     

影响阑尾腺癌预后的因素

作者收集国内１１０例阑尾腺癌，７２．５％有急性、慢性阑尾炎及其周围脓肿，其中急性者占全组５２％。由于缺少特异性临床表现，术前正确诊断率仅为２．９％。影响阑尾腺癌预后的因素：（１）老年人死亡率（３５％）高于青年人（２８．３％）；女性（３４．５％）高于男性（２７．３％），但女性术后存活时间比男性长４倍；（２）穿孔、腹水和右下腹包块占全组５９．８％，死亡率分别为７５％、５０％、３１．３％，高于无并发症者２１．６％；（３）粘液和分化性腺癌共占９２．５％，其死亡率分别为２８％、３６．１％；（４）临床分期Ⅰ～Ⅳ期分别为５．６％、１３．９％、３１．９％、４８．６％。中晚期占８０．６％，死亡率随临床分期增加而增多；（５）剖腹探查未切除阑尾者死亡率１００％，高于单纯阑尾切除４８．１％。２次手术和Ⅰ期右半结肠切除者２１．４％。考虑到本病两次手术机率高，适于单纯阑尾切除者少，作者认为除晚期失去手术机会者外，第一次手术时尽可能行右半结肠切除，这既可使患者免受两次手术之苦，又可减少肿瘤扩散转移的危险，从而提高疗效，改善预后。     

表浅性膀胱肿瘤的预后

从１９８０年１月至１９９１年１２月，对１２１例表浅性膀胱肿瘤进行回顾性研究，首次手术采用经尿道肿瘤电灼术，电切术或膀胱部分切除术，术后配合膀胱内灌药辅助治疗。其中６０例术后复发（４９．６％），术后１、２、３和５年的无瘤率分别为８６．８％、７６．８％、７３．５％和６８．６％。资料表明，初诊时呈多发者、直径大于１ｃｍ和细胞恶性分级高的肿瘤术后无瘤率分别低于单发者、直径小于１ｃｍ和细胞恶性分级低的肿瘤，有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。术后６个月内肿瘤复发者经治疗后肿瘤再次复发的机会高。术后膀胱内灌药可以预防肿瘤复发，以灌注丝裂霉素和卡介苗效果好。     

^131I标记单克隆抗体CL3瘤内注射对荷人结肠癌裸鼠的放射…

我们采用＾１３１Ｉ标记单克隆抗体ＣＬ３瘤内注射治疗荷人结肠癌裸鼠移植瘤，与腹腔注射比较：大剂量组每鼠给药１８．５ＭＢｑ，观察３４天，１６天后前者的肿瘤生长抑制率高于手者，分别为５７．９％±１０．２％和４７．２％±１６．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５），肿瘤完全抑制率分别为６／１６和１／８；小剂量组每例５．３６ＭＢｑ观察１７天，６天后，前者的肿瘤生长抑制率明显高于后者，分别为４９．６％±１７．５％和２６．１％±     

序联灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发的临床观察

为了解顺序联合膀胱灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效，自１９９１年６月～１９９７年２月，用噻替哌６０ｍｇ、卡铂４００ｍｇ、阿霉素４０ｍｇ加异博定１０ｍｇ顺序联合膀胱灌注膀胱癌患者６８例，每周一种药物共６周，以后每个月一种药物持续至术后２年，随访１０个月～５年５个月，平均３年５个月。结果Ｔ１和Ｔ２肿瘤者无１例复发，副作用轻。结果表明，多药序联膀胱灌注疗效优于单药灌注。     

单克隆抗体检测膀胱移行细胞癌相关抗原与肿瘤病理分级关系的探讨

为探讨膀胱移行细胞癌相关抗原与肿瘤病理分级及之间的关系，作者应用膀胱移行细胞癌（ＴＣＣ）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）１９Ａ２１１和Ｍ３４４，对５１例（１０２个）膀胱ＴＣＣ组织切片进行免疫组化染色。５１例中包括膀胱ＴＣＣ１级１７例、２级１８例、３级１６例。结果１９Ａ２１１抗原表达阳性率在１级是８２．４％（１１／１７），２级是７７．７％（１４／１８），３级是３７．５％（６／１６）。１级阳性表达率与３级相比，Ｐ＜０．０１。２级阳性表达率与３级相比，Ｐ＜０．０５。Ｍ３４４抗原表达阳性率在１级是８８．２％（１５／１７），２级是８３．３％（１５／１８），３级是３７．５％（６／１６）。１级阳性表达率与３级相比，Ｐ＜０．０１。２级阳性表达率与３级相比，Ｐ＜０．０５。１９Ａ２１１和Ｍ３４４联合应用对５１例膀胱ＴＣＣ进行检测，抗原表达阳性率１级是１００％（１７／１７），２级是８８．８％（１６／１８），３级是６８．８％（１１／１６）。结果表明，ＭｃＡｂ１９Ａ２１１、Ｍ３４４适用于膀胱ＴＣＣ的诊断，特别是有利于１、２级表浅性膀胱ＴＣＣ。联合应用２种ＭｃＡｂ可明显提高检测１、２表浅性膀胱ＴＣＣ的阳性率。     

腹膜后软组织肉瘤110例治疗分析

文内分析经手术病理证实的腹膜后软组织肉瘤１１０例的治疗效果。病理类型以脂肪肉瘤最多见（３１．８％）。肿瘤完全切除者５６例，占５０．９％；其中因肿瘤复发而行～４次完全切除手术者１８例。联合脏器切除占完全切除组的２３．２％。全组总５年和１０年生存率分别为３２．４％和１９．２％。肿瘤完全切除组的５年生存率为５５．６％；明显高于部分切除组（１１．１％）及探查活检组（６．６％），差别显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.