更年灵胶囊质量标准研究

目的:提高更年灵胶囊的质量标准,更有效控制其质量.方法:采用TLC法对处方中的女贞子进行定性鉴别;用HPLC法测定淫羊藿苷的含量.结果:用TLC能检出女贞子;淫羊藿苷在0.0868～1.6275μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.99995,平均回收率97.27%,RSD为1.98%.结论:方法简便,准确,重现性好,能有效控制该制剂质量.     

参龙健脑胶囊质量标准的研究

目的:建立参龙健脑胶囊质量控制方法.方法:采用TLC方法对参龙健脑胶囊中的人参、地龙、淫羊藿药材进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法对参龙健脑胶囊中的淫羊藿苷进行含量测定.色谱条件:Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18柱(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈-水-磷酸(30:70:0.025)为流动相,柱温40℃,流速1 mL·min-1,检测波长270 nm.结果:采用TLC法能检出人参、地龙、淫羊藿;淫羊藿苷在10～160 μg.mL-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=1.000,n=5).淫羊藿苷的平均回收率为99.5％,RSD=0.96％.结论:本方法可准确地进行定性、定量,可用于控制参龙健脑胶囊的质量.     

培根胶囊的质量标准研究

目的:建立培根胶囊质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对大豆异黄酮和淫羊藿进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法测定淫羊藿苷、大豆苷、大豆黄苷、染料木苷的含量。结果:TLC斑点清晰、分离度好,阴性无干扰;淫羊藿苷、大豆苷、大豆黄苷、染料木苷进样量分别在0.04～0.80(r=0.9998)、0.03～0.60(r=0.9998)、0.0076～0.1520(r=0.9996)、0.01～0.20(r=0.9997)μg范围内与其峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;淫羊藿苷、大豆苷、大豆黄苷、染料木苷的平均回收率分别为99.22%、97.61%、98.25%、98.46%,RSD分别为0.21%、1.64%、1.00%、1.32%(n均为9)。结论:所建标准可用于培根胶囊的质量控制。     

藿蓉补肾颗粒的质量控制方法

目的　建立藿蓉补肾颗粒的质量控制方法。方法　采用薄层色谱法对该药中淫羊藿、肉苁蓉进行薄层鉴别 ;采用高效液色相谱法对该药的淫羊藿苷进行含量测定。结果　在TLC色谱图中可检出淫羊藿、肉苁蓉 ;淫羊藿苷在 0 0 10 4～ 0 0 5 2 0mg·ml-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系 (r=0 9997) ,平均回收率为 96 1% ,RSD =1 5 %。结论　所用方法简便、准确。     

补肾强身胶囊的质量标准研究

目的-建立补肾强身胶囊的质量标准.方法:建立淫羊藿、女贞子、茏丝子的薄层鉴别方法和淫羊藿苷用高效液相色谱法测定含量的方法.结果:在薄层(tlc)色谱中检出淫羊藿、女贞子、菟丝子,阴性对照无干扰.淫羊藿苷的线性范围为0.1036～0.62161μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.18%,rsd=0.4%.结论:定性定量方法简便、准确,专属性强,重现性好,能有效地控制该制剂的质量.     

补肾强身胶囊质量标准研究

目的:建立补肾强身胶囊的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对处方中淫羊藿、女贞子进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定淫羊藿苷的含量:色谱柱为汉邦十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶填充柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇(30∶70),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为270nm,柱温为30℃。结果:女贞子、淫羊藿的TLC斑点清晰,分离度好。淫羊藿苷进样量在0.266 4~0.932 4μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为99.77%,RSD=1.89%(n=6)。结论:所建标准可用于补肾强身胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定蛤蚧补肾胶囊中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定蛤蚧补肾胶囊中淫羊藿苷的含量.方法采用Agilent C18柱,以乙腈-水(2575)为流动相,流速1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长270 nm;柱温35℃;进样量20μl.结果淫羊藿苷进样量在0.0200～0.2398μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7,n=7),平均回收率98.72%,RSD=1.41%.结论该方法简单准确,敏感度高,重现性好,可用于测定蛤蚧补肾胶囊的淫羊藿苷含量.     

肺气肿片质量标准研究

目的建立肺气肿片的质量标准.方法采用薄层色谱法对肺气肿片中野马追、淫羊藿、补骨脂、黄芪和丹参进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法测定肺气肿片中淫羊藿苷的含量.结果TLC鉴别方法准确,专属性强;淫羊藿苷在0.4464~2.2232μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997),平均回收率为100.3%,RSD=0.7%(n=5).结论所建立的方法可靠、准确、专属性强,可有效控制肺气肿片的质量.     

HPLC法测定补肾助孕胶囊中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立测定补肾助孕胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法采用以乙腈-水(26∶74)为流动相;检测波长为270nm;柱温40℃;流速1.0mL/min。结果淫羊藿苷在0.0952～0.9616μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9994),平均加样回收率为100.9%(n=6),RSD=2.42%。结论该方法简便易行,结果准确可靠。     

补肾强身胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立补肾强身胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对处方中淫羊藿、金樱子、菟丝子、女贞子和狗脊进行鉴别;用HPLC法测定淫羊藿苷的含量。结果在薄层色谱中能鉴别出淫羊藿、金樱子、菟丝子、女贞子和狗脊;HPLC法测定淫羊藿苷在0.1022~1.022μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.52%,RSD=1.09%。结论建立的方法快速准确,重复性好,专属性强,可用于为补肾强身胶囊的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.