人文素质教育融入系统解剖学教学的课程设计与实施

国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要战略主题之一即坚持德育为先,坚持全面发展,培养学生良好的人文素养。医学院校开设的人体解剖学是医学专业课程中一门重要的必修课,蕴含着丰富的人文精神。经过多年的研究积累,本项目通过多种形式和方法,将人文素质和思想政治教育融入系统解剖学教学过程,打破传统的空洞的医学人文教育模式,使其成为医学人文教育特色课程,以期提升医学生的人文素质。     

结合新医改，拓展医学院校思想政治理论课教学新思路

思想政治教育是医德教育的基础,医药卫生体制改革与对医学生教育培养紧密相连,"新医改"相关原则、政策及目标与医学生的未来发展,包括道德素养,职业选择及职业精神的培养有密切关系。医学院校思想政治理论课教师在拓展教学新思路上可以有新的探索和尝试的空间。医学院校思想政治理论课教师拓展教学新思路,可以借"新医改"进行新路径的选择和探究。     

多管齐下开展解剖学第二课堂教学

医学生是否具有较强的实践技能和创新能力,是衡量高等医学院校培养高素质医学人才的重要标志.人体解剖学是医学教育中重要的基础学科,其课程特点是专业名词多、实践性和操作性强,与其他医学课程关系密切.开展解剖第二课堂活动,能充分发挥医学生的主观能动性,既提高了实践能力,巩固理论知识,也培养了学生的动手能力和思维能力、自学观察能力和科研素质,为其他相关学科的学习打下坚实基础[1-3].我校人体解剖学教学分为系统解剖学(简称系解)和局部解剖学(简称局解)两门课程,系解是医学生入校后第一学年上半学期首先接触的基础医学课程,而局解是医学生在第二学年下半学期学习的临床桥梁课程.在系、局解教学中,我们注重激发学生学习解剖学的兴趣,许多学有余力的学员积极参加解剖学第二课堂活动.“十一五”期间,我室在校、部主管部门的领导下,在第二课堂教学活动方面进行了广泛地探索,主要开展了以下活动.     

解剖学教学视角下医学人文教育的思考

医学人文是涉及价值观的教育,其价值观教育核心是爱心与责任感。在经认证的113所美国医学院校中,有68所医学院校将人文素质类课列为必修科目,此类科目课时占总课时的20%~25%。斯坦福等知名大学的医学院还专门开设有名为"The Doctor-Patient Relationship"的课程[1]。反观我国,84所被调查的医学院校所设的人文素质类课的课时仅占教学总课时的8.85%,且以思想政治类科目为主[2]。这样的数据反映出更深层的问题:目前中国医学教育的发展模式,主要还是关注疾病的发生与诊治。然而"无德不为医",培养医德高、医技精的综合型应用人才是临床医学专业学位教育的终极目标。医学教育具有人文属性的特点,不同于其他自然科学。     

混合式教学实践中的人体解剖学课程思政建设*

正"课程思政"指的是将思想政治教育融入专业知识中的一种教育理念,2017年由教育部在全国高校推广实行,已经成为当前高等教育改革的焦点和新趋势。将课程思政融入医学教育有助于学生形成良好的医德,在未来建立良好的医患关系[1]。医学生接触人体解剖学较早,在人体解剖学中融入课程思政,对于医德的培养具有"启蒙"意义,而且人     

医学教学中加强对医学生医患沟通能力的培养

医患沟通教育是当代医学生的必修课,良好的医患沟通是降低医患纠纷的重要手段。培养适合当代社会需求、具有良好沟通能力的高素质医学人才是医学院校的根本目标。本文阐述了医学教育中加强医患沟通能力培养的重要性和必要性,提出了培养医学生医患沟通能力的建议,为减少医患纠纷,构建和谐医患关系打下了良好基础。     

组织学与胚胎学课程思政教学探讨

正课程思政以课程为载体,以思政教育为灵魂,将高校思想政治教育融入专业课程教学改革各环节、各方面,通过学科渗透的方式达到思想政治教育的目的,营造以文养人、以德育人环境,实现潜移默化的立德树人,引领学生树立正确的人生观、价值观和世界观,培养具有强烈社会责任感、爱国、自信、敬业和高尚职业道德的新时代高素质人才[1-2]。习总书记强调高校思想政治工作关系着高校"培养什么样的人、如何培养";要坚持把立德树人作为中心环节,把思想政治工作贯穿教育教学全过程,推进教育改革[3-4]。教育部明确提出以立德树人为根本,以理想信念教育为核心,以     

人体解剖学开放性设计性实验教学

实验教学是实现素质教育和创新人才培养目标的重要教学环节[1].人体解剖学实验室是培养医学生重要场所,所以为这门古老的基础医学课引进崭新的开放性设计性实验教学模式,有利于培养具有实践能力、科研能力及创新能力的高素质医学人才.     

解剖教学中学生创新意识的培养

创新教育是一种以培养人的创新精神和创新能力为基本价值取向的教育思想,其目的在于开发人的潜能,提高人的素质。因此创新教育是培养创新型人才的有效途径。对医学教育而言,培养高素质的、适合当前和未来发展需要的、具有创新能力和解决实际问题能力的医学人才是其重要目标。解剖学几乎是所有医学生最先接触到的必修医学基础课程，因此在解剖教学实践中培养学生的创新意识是每一位解剖教师的义不容辞的责任：在教学过程中，     

解剖教学中学生创新意识的培养

创新教育是一种以培养人的创新精神和创新能力为基本价值取向的教育思想,其目的在于开发人的潜能,提高人的索质.因此创新教育是培养创新型人才的有效途径.对医学教育而言,培养高素质的、适合当前和未来发展需要的、具有创新能力和解决实际问题能力的医学人才是其重要目标.解剖学几乎是所有医学生最先接触到的必修医学基础课程,因此在解剖教学实践中培养学生的创新意识是每一位解剖教师的义不容辞的责任.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。