上、下项线间相关距离测量及临床应用研究

目的　测量完整人颅骨的上、下项线及枕骨大孔间的距离,为临床应用提供数据。 方法　在113例中国成年人正常、干燥颅骨标本上,取枕外隆突最高点、上项线上枕外隆突最高点左、右两侧旁开1 cm、2 cm各取一点,颅骨后正中线上枕外嵴中点及其左、右两侧旁开1 cm点各取一点,从上、下项线所取测量点向枕骨大孔方向作与颅骨后正中线平行的直线,用游标卡尺测量枕骨上、下项线间及上、下项线分别与枕骨大孔间的弧面、直线、垂直及水平距离。 结果　在后正中线上,上、下项线间的距离最小,直线距离为（18.11±2.99）mm、弧面距离为（19.18±2.83）mm、垂直距离为（11.11±3.44）mm、水平距离为（14.65±3.19）mm,向左、右旁开后除水平距离变小,其余各距离指标变大;枕外嵴中点到枕骨大孔后缘间两点的距离最小,直线距离为（21.73±3.35）mm、弧面距离为（22.74±3.47）mm、垂直距离为（10.69±3.44）mm、水平距离为（19.10±3.35）mm,向左、右旁开后,各距离指标变大。 结论　下项线准确定位是临床操作安全和有效的关键,以枕外隆突和上项线可以确定下项线位置,在后正中线上,下项线距上项线的垂直距离最小,为（11.11±3.44）mm。     

改良经眶入路翼腭窝穿刺解剖学观测

目的　为眶入路法行翼腭窝穿刺提供新的进针路径。 方法　对77个（154侧）成人颅的眶和翼腭窝进行相关的观察和测量。 结果　眶外缘点至眶外下缘点、圆孔外口下缘、眶上裂后端、眶下裂前端的距离分别为：左（4.93±1.80）mm,右(4.02±2.05）mm;左（43.74±2.75）mm,右(43.80±2.89）mm;左（47.83±2.47）mm,右(47.74±2.53）mm;左（17.74±2.18）mm,右(17.43±1.97）mm。穿刺针（直针）由眶外缘点进入翼腭窝的成功率为：左侧96.10%;右侧93.51%。对穿刺针（直针）进入翼腭窝失败者改用弯针穿刺,直针和弯针由眶外缘点进入翼腭窝的总成功率为：左、右均达98.70%。 结论　经眶外缘点行眶入路翼腭窝穿刺可明显提高穿刺成功率。     

38例寰椎侧块滋养孔解剖测量与临床意义

目的　观察并测量寰椎侧块滋养孔的临床解剖学参数,为降低寰椎侧块螺钉固定术中血管损伤风险提供参考。 方法　随机选取38例正常干燥成人寰椎骨标本,观察寰椎侧块滋养孔（以直径≥1.0 mm为判定界限）的形态、数目、位置;测量滋养孔最大横径、纵径、深度,滋养孔外缘到横突孔内缘之间的距离等。 结果　38例寰椎标本中,95%存在滋养孔,42%呈圆形、8%呈横椭圆形、45%呈纵椭圆形;5%无滋养孔;79%左右两侧滋养孔对称,16%不对称。滋养孔最大横径为（2.16±0.86）mm,最大纵径为（2.82±1.03）mm,最大深度为（1.75±0.71）mm,滋养孔外缘到横突孔内缘之间的距离（8.61±1.46）mm,各测量指标左右两侧无显著差异。 结论　95%的寰椎左右两侧存在滋养孔,且均位于寰椎侧块的中间区域,椎弓根螺钉通道处;临床寰椎侧块螺钉固定时,螺钉的直径可参考（8.61±1.46）mm;螺钉通道距离寰椎侧块内缘（1.73±0.7）mm。     

眼科麻醉应用解剖观测

利用100个成人颅骨对与眼部神经阻滞麻醉有关的结构进行了观测。结果表明:球后麻醉时可根据枕额径判断眶深度以决定进针深度;眶下孔上缘至眶下缘距离小于7mm时,眶下管内穿刺深度不应超过10mm;眶下沟有被骨壁覆盖的情况,对麻醉不利,各测量数据可作为麻醉时进针深度的参考。     

眶腔通道的CT三维重建及临床意义

目的　为眶腔及其周围区域病变相互蔓延的临床诊断提供解剖学依据。 方法　选取头部无眶腔及眶腔通道病变者100例,在螺旋CT机上以眶耳线（CML）为基线连续扫描,将原始影像数据输入CT三维重建工作站,沿各眶腔通道长轴和垂直于各通道长轴分别进行CT图像重建。观察眶腔通道的位置、形态及毗邻结构,测量其径线。 结果　眶腔通道的骨性鼻泪管、眶下管、眶下裂、眶上裂和视神经管的长度（或长径）分别为（13.72±1.56）、（24.62±2.03）、（28.16±1.03）、（19.02±2.43）和（6.20±0.44）mm。男、女性骨性鼻泪管的长度和左右径有显著性差异（P<0.05）,男性骨性鼻泪管的长度大于女性,女性骨性鼻泪管的左右径均大于男性。视神经管眶口、中部和颅口的面积分别为（25.22±4.89）、（18.72±3.79）和（24.88±4.23）mm2,视神经管中部的面积最小,是视神经管狭窄的好发部位。 结论　CT三维重建可直观地显示眶腔通道的微细结构,对眶腔及其周围区域恶性肿瘤、炎症等相互蔓延的影像诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

上颌窦区的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的：为经上颌窦入路翼腭窝手术提供解剖学依据。方法：在15例成人尸头标本中观察并测量眶下孔至上颌窦重要结构之间的距离。结果：眶下孔位于眶下缘中点稍内侧,至眶下缘的垂直距离为（6．72±2．98）（4．30～11．90）mm,至上颌窦底壁的距离为（18．56±3．14）（14．60-27．20）mm,至上颌窦最后壁的距离为（36．08±3．61）（30．30-42．40）mm,至蝶腭动脉起始处的距离为（37．59±3．75）,（30．50～44．10）mm,至翼腭神经节的距离为（40．47±2．74）（36．10～44．90）mm,至翼管的距离为（48．12±3．21）（42．20-54．40）mm,至上颌神经出圆孔处的距离为（43．24±3．32）（38．90～49．70）mm;筛上颌窦板长径为（8．96±2．87）（4．10-13．10）mm,宽径为（5．28±1．38）（2．90-8．70）mm。结论：本研究可为经上颌窦入路翼腭窝手术提供解剖学参数。     

国人眼眶容积及骨性径线测量

目的　为眼眶手术安全和眼眶重建术提供形态学资料。方法　应用摩立逊定位仪、游标卡尺等工具对 30例骨性眼眶进行解剖测量。结果　眶外侧缘点至眶上裂距离为 35 2 5mm ;眶外侧缘点至视神经孔外侧缘距离为 4 8 4 0mm ;眶下点至眶上裂距离为 4 5 6 2mm ;眶下点至眶下裂距离为 19 5 8mm ;眶下点至视神经孔外侧缘距离为 5 2 0 8mm ;眶内侧缘点至筛前孔距离为 18 5 9mm ;眶内侧缘点至筛后孔距离为 32 4 9mm ;眶内侧缘点至视神经孔内侧缘距离为 4 1 15mm ;眶上切迹至眶上裂距离为 39 0 4mm ;眶上切迹至视神经孔上缘距离为 4 5 93mm ;眶上缘中点至视神经孔上缘距离为 4 7 13mm ;眶下点至眶上裂距离为 4 5 35mm ;眶下缘中点至视神经孔外缘距离为 4 9 6 4mm ;眶深为 4 9 6 4mm ;颅最大长度为 175 34mm ;眶容积为 2 7 0 0ml。结论　同一个体双侧眼眶除了眶下点至视神经孔外侧缘距离右眼大于左眼 (P =0 0 16 )外 ,其他无显著差异 ;眶深与颅最大长度无直线相关关系。     

应用鼻翼和口角定位眶下孔和颏孔的应用解剖学研究

目的：应用鼻翼和口角标记定位眶下孔和颏孔,为颌面外科手术避免损伤出入两孔的血管神经提供应用解剖学资料。方法：取30例10％甲醛溶液固定尸体头部标本,解剖暴露眶下孔和颏孔。眶下孔和颏孔测量点为各自中心点,鼻翼测量点为鼻翼外侧下脚。测量两侧眶下孔、颏孔、鼻翼及口角之间的距离,眶下孔和颏孔最大径,鼻翼至经眶下孔垂直线的垂直距离、眶下孔至经鼻翼水平线的垂直距离、眶下孔至鼻翼直线距离,口角至经颏孔水平线的垂直距离、颏孔至经口角垂直线的垂直距离、颏孔至口角直线距离。结果：眶下孔定位在鼻翼上方（13．9±3．6）mm,向外（6．7±2．8）mm处;眶下孔与鼻翼间直线距离为（16．4±3．2）mm。颏孔定位在口角下方（20．6±2．9）mm,向内（3．4±3．1）mm处;颏孔与口角间直线距离为（21．7±3．3）mm。结论：以鼻翼和口角为标记定位眶下孔及颏孔位置,有助于临床避免损伤出入两孔的血管神经。     

骶髂关节未经影像学引导下穿刺的解剖学基础

目的　为临床骶髂关节未经影像学引导下穿刺的可行性和安全性提供解剖学基础。 方法　对3例已固定好的骶髂关节断层标本,4例干燥骨盆(男女各2例),4例防腐骨盆（男3例,女1例）和62例强直性脊柱炎患者（男32例,女30例）骶髂关节CT平扫图及三维重建进行解剖观察和测量,以髂后上棘下的骶髂关节矢状滑膜部为穿刺目标。 结果　男女矢状滑膜部矢状长度分别为（18.40±3.40）mm 和（17.32±3.60）mm（P>0.05）;男女矢状滑膜部到后正中线的距离分别为（41.00±3.30)mm和（42.74±4.00)mm（P<0.05）;男女矢状滑膜部中点与髂后上棘距离分别为（27.66±3.10)mm和（28.76±3.50)mm（P>0.05）。 结论　根据性别,脂肪厚度等不同情况在距离后正中线（41.00±3.50）mm的范围,髂后上棘下（28.00±3.20）　mm这一区域进行未经引导下穿刺可使穿刺较容易进入骶髂关节,使得穿刺成功率提高。     

改良式上颌窦手术的临床应用解剖

目的为改良式上颌窦手术提供应用解剖学基础.方法在98侧成人颅骨和30侧成人颅正中矢状切面的标本上用海克斯康(global 7-10.7型)三坐标测量仪等器械测量与手术入路有关的解剖结构.结果眶下孔与尖牙槽前缘、眶下缘、鼻骨内侧下缘、眶下外侧缘交界处的距离分别约(34.3±3.3)mm、(8.2±1.7)mm、(34.0±2.7)mm、(20.0±2.2)mm;上颌尖牙、侧切牙、第1前磨牙槽的深度分别约(13.0±2.2)mm、(9.7±1.5)mm(11.0±1.9)mm.眶下管的长度约(14.0±3.0);眶下管长轴与水平面的夹角约33°与矢状面的夹角约19.0°.上颌窦口与眶内下壁、鼻泪管、鼻小柱的距离分别约(5.1±0.7)mm、(6.8±2.6)mm、(48.4±3.7)mm;上颌窦口至鼻小柱连线与鼻腔下壁的夹角约32.5°.结论手术时根据上述解剖特点确定眶下孔、上颌窦口的定位及上颌窦骨孔的凿开范围,以防范术后各种并发症的发生.     

The relative locations of the supraorbital,infraorbital, and mental foramina: A cadaveric study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the current surgical guideline stating that the main facial foramina that transmit cutaneous nerves to the face (supraorbital notch/foramen, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen) are equidistant from the midline in European and Hispanic populations. Previous studies suggest this surgical guideline is not applicable for all ethnicities; however, to our knowledge, no data have been published regarding the accuracy of this guideline pertaining to the Hispanic population. An experimental study was performed on 67 cadavers donated to the Human Anatomy Program at UT Health San Antonio. The supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina were dissected and midline structures including the crista galli, internasal suture, anterior nasal spine, and mandibular symphysis were identified. The distance from each foramen to midline was recorded using a digital caliper. For all cadavers/ethnicities studied, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina were 25.32 mm, 29.57 mm, and 25.55 mm to the midline, respectively. Thus, the infraorbital foramen is located significantly more lateral compared to the supraorbital (p < 0.0001) and mental foramina (p < 0.0001). After dividing the sample based on ethnicity, this relationship was also true for the European sample and tended to be true for the Hispanic sample. Significant anatomical variations exist in the current surgical guideline stating that the supraorbital foramen, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen are equidistant from the midline. Clinicians may need to adjust their methodology during surgical procedures of the face in order to optimize patient care.     

Localization of the supraorbital,infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable,bony landmarks

The purpose of this study was to locate the infraorbital, supraorbital, and mental foramina by using palpable anatomical landmarks that are conducive to surgical use. Fourteen embalmed cadavers (27 sides) were dissected to expose the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Measurements were made from the lateral orbital rim at the zygomaticofrontal (ZF) suture to both the supraorbital and infraorbital foramina. The distance from the inferior orbital rim at the zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) suture to both foramina was also measured. The distance to the mental foramen was measured from the angle and the inferior border of the mandible. The supraorbital foramen was located 26.2 ± 2.8 mm medial and 13.5 ± 3.7 mm superior to the ZF suture. The infraorbital foramen was located 23.8 ± 3.1 mm medial and 30.9 ± 3.8 mm inferior to the ZF suture, on average. Vertical measurements made from the ZM suture to the supraorbital foramen averaged 34.4 ± 3.6 mm and from the ZM suture to the infraorbital foramina averaged 7.6 ± 2.2 mm. The mental foramen was 64.2 ± 6.4 mm medial to the angle of the mandible and 12.9 ± 1.6 mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible. This study provides data that may be useful in predicting the location of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable landmarks. These data may be particularly helpful for surgery in patients with missing teeth or fractures of the maxillary bone. Clin. Anat., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Anatomical study of the infraorbital foramen

Detailed knowledge of variations of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) and the establishment of a constant reference point for needle insertion are important for safe and successful regional block and for avoiding iatrogenic injury to the nerve during surgery in the midfacial region. Infraorbital foramina from 133 sides of 67 dry intact adult skulls of undetermined gender were examined for variations in shape, number, location in relation to bony landmarks, and relationship to the maxillary teeth. The angles of needle insertion in the sagittal and Frankfurt planes were determined. The infraorbital foramina were located at an average distance of 6.33 ± 1.39 mm below the infraorbital margin, 25.69 ± 2.37 mm from the median plane, 15.19 ± 1.70 mm from the lateral margin of the piriform aperture, and 28.41 ± 2.82 mm above the maxillary alveolar border. The average angles of needle insertion through the IOF with the sagittal and Frankfurt planes were 21.14° ± 10.10° and 31.79° ± 7.68°, respectively. Multiple foramina were found in 21% of the hemi‐skulls. The foramen was less than 2 mm in size in 23.31% of the hemi‐skulls. The position of the IOF with respect to the maxillary teeth varied from the interval between the canine and first premolar to the first molar, but in half of the specimens it lay in line with the second maxillary premolar tooth. The observations made in this study should be useful for planning infraorbital nerve block or surgery around the IOF. Clin. Anat. 28:753–760, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Localization of important facial foramina encountered in maxillo-facial surgery

Knowledge of the location of foramina in the maxillo-facial region is necessary in clinical situations requiring regional nerve blocks and in open as well as endoscopic surgical procedures to avoid injury to corresponding nerves. In this study, measurements were taken on 79 adult dried human skulls to determine the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Supraorbital foramina were found to be approximately 25 mm lateral to the midline, 30 mm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone, and 2-3 mm superior to the supraorbital rim. Additional exits for branches of the supraorbital nerve were present in 14% of skulls. The intersection of the zygomatico-maxillary suture with the inferior orbital rim was a readily palpable landmark for locating the infraorbital foramen. This foramen was approximately 7 mm inferior to the inferior orbital rim and 28.5-mm lateral to the midline. Mental foramina were on average, 25.8-mm lateral to the midline and about 13-mm superior to the inferior mandibular margin. Both the infraorbital and mental foramina were most often on a vertical line with the second premolar (Position 3). The distances of the foramina from the midline were similar on both sides demonstrating facial symmetry. In about 80% of skulls, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina/notches were along the same vertical line. These measurements may be of value to clinicians in localizing and safeguarding these nerves and providing effective nerve blocks.     

内镜下经口入路至颈静脉孔区处理沟通型肿瘤的临床应用解剖

目的　研究内镜下经口入路至颈静脉孔区解剖,以期为临床上切除该区域的沟通型肿瘤提供解剖学依据。 方法　在内镜下对15具尸头模拟经口入路,观察颈静脉孔区颅内外的暴露情况,定位解剖标志并记录相关参数。 结果　内镜下经口入路可很好显露颈静脉孔区颅外段,尤其是其前内侧区域,在磨除舌下神经管外口至中线骨质后可获得颅内脑干腹侧中线区域的最佳暴露。枕髁、髁上槽、颈动脉嵴为重要的解剖标志。其中枕髁前缘距舌下神经管外口下缘(14.51±2.30) mm,枕髁前缘距颈动脉嵴(24.11±2.19) mm,枕髁前缘距颈静脉结节上端(21.26±2.26) mm。 结论　该入路有助于处理肿瘤主体偏于颈静脉孔内侧的沟通型肿瘤。     

神经导航下射频治疗原发性三叉神经痛的解剖研究

目的　评估神经导航系统在射频治疗原发性三叉神经痛解剖参数测量的精确性。 方法　对25例（50侧）尸头标本行实际标本、CT影像及导航下分别测量卵圆孔的相关参数及不同手术入路穿刺针进针深度,评估3种测量方法的等效性及稳定性。 结果　实际标本测量,CT影像测量,导航测量卵圆孔长径分别为（8.42±1.38）mm,（8.46±1.34）mm,（8.50±1.42）mm。宽径分别为（4.57±0.88）mm,（4.62±0.88）mm,（4.63±0.95）mm。与实际标本测量数据相比,CT影像测量,导航测量卵圆孔参数均无统计学差异（P>0.2）。三种测量方法测得数据的变异系数结果显示影像测量组最小,实际测量组次之。实际测量组与导航组测得前入法穿刺深度分别为（64.26±8.09）mm,（64.72±8.29）mm。而侧入法穿刺深度则分别为（42.03±4.17）mm,（42.31±4.36）mm。二组差异无显著性(P>0.2)。两组测量数据的变异系数比较显示,导航测量组大于实际测量组。 结论　神经导航能精确测量卵圆孔各项径值及不同手术入路穿刺针进针深度。     

Anatomy of the cranial nerve foramina in the Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus).

In the present study, we examined the cranial nerve foramina of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus). There were two distinguishable characters in the cranial nerve foramina compared with terrestrial mammals. One was that the foramen infraorbitale was composed of several holes, but not a single hole. They should therefore be termed foramina infraorbitales. The infraorbital nerves ran through these foramina, went into the 'melon' and then branched in a complicated fashion. The facial nerve innervated the muscles surrounding the melon. A well-developed infraorbital and facial nerve complex may control the melon. Another was the presence of a porus acusticus internus and independent tympano-periotic bone. The separate ear bone forced the vestibulocochlear and facial nerves to exit from the cranial cavity through the porus acusticus internus. The independent ear bone structure may shut off the noise from the cranial bone to the periotic bone with a true receptor of hearing. It may be an adaptation for an acute sense of hearing. Compared with other dolphins, the cranial foramina of Risso's dolphin are definitely separate. The structure of the foramina is similar to that of pilot whales, but not to dolphins, so that Grampus may be closely allied to pilot whales.     

A morphological study of the multi infraorbital canals of the maxilla in the Japanese macaque by cone-beam computed tomography

The infraorbital canal in the Japanese macaque is composed of main and accessory canals. However, the morphological features of the infraorbital canal, such as the canal course and the supply of infraorbital vessels and nerves in the maxilla, are poorly characterized. In this study, we show the structure of the infraorbital canal of the Japanese macaque (adults; 10 male, 9 female), including the distribution of these vessels and nerves, using cone-beam computed tomography and a macroscopic apparatus. The superior and lateral margins of the orbit were correlated with the infraorbital canal on three-dimensional reconstruction images (P < 0.05). We classified three types of multi infraorbital foramina as follows: type 1 had one accessory foramen, type 2 had two accessory foramina, and type 3 had three accessory foramina in the infraorbital canal. The infraorbital canal also formed three structures, specifically, a tube-like shape, a funnel shape, and a pinched shape. The accessory canals also contained nerves and blood vessels, and the canals ran downward and supplied the maxillary sinus, teeth, and midfacial region of the craniofacial skeleton, while passing through a few branch canals. These accessory canals proved valuable for blood vessels and nerves and allowed us to recognize the maxilla in the Japanese macaque skull.