前额狭窄的全鼻再造

为寻找适应于发际低患者（如：新疆少数民族）的全鼻再造方法，笔者设计了一种调节前额皮瓣角度的方法，用该方法行鼻再造时，设计在额部皮瓣的蒂部与进入头皮瓣之间的形成角度可因发际的高低调整，发际低的患者额部皮瓣与前额发际之间的角度小，发际高或鬓角高的患者额部皮瓣与前额发际之间的角度大，因此该方法不仅适宜发际低的患者，也适宜前额宽大鬓角高的患者，本组共做５例，效果满意，方法易掌握。     

组织扩张器在额部皮瓣鼻再造术中应用探讨——临床报道10例

目的 减少扩张后的额部皮瓣再造鼻引起的严重继发挛缩，探讨组织扩张器在额部皮瓣鼻再造术中的应用。方法 对发际高的患者直接采用额部皮瓣行鼻再造，额部供区植皮，同期额额部署入扩张器，Ⅱ期修复额部植皮区瘢痕。结果 共治疗了10例患者，术后鼻外形良好，并对其进行随访，最长3年，效果满意。结论 该方法证实具有远期鼻挛缩较少，额部瘢痕不明显等优点，临床效果良好。     

组织扩张器在额部皮瓣鼻再造术中应用探讨——临床报道10例

目的　减少扩张后的额部皮瓣再造鼻引起的严重继发挛缩 ,探讨组织扩张器在额部皮瓣鼻再造术中的应用。方法　对发际高的患者直接采用额部皮瓣行鼻再造 ,额部供区植皮 ,同期额部置入扩张器 ,Ⅱ期修复额部植皮区瘢痕。结果　共治疗了 1 0例患者 ,术后鼻外形良好 ,并对其进行随访 ,最长 3年 ,效果满意。结论　该方法证实具有远期鼻挛缩较少、额部瘢痕不明显等优点 ,临床效果良好     

组织扩张器在额部皮瓣鼻再造术中应用探讨——临床报道10例

目的减少扩张后的额部皮瓣再造鼻引起的严重继发挛缩,探讨组织扩张器在额部皮瓣鼻再造术中的应用.方法对发际高的患者直接采用额部皮瓣行鼻再造,额部供区植皮,同期额部置入扩张器,Ⅱ期修复额部植皮区瘢痕.结果共治疗了10例患者,术后鼻外形良好,并对其进行随访,最长3年,效果满意.结论该方法证实具有远期鼻挛缩较少、额部瘢痕不明显等优点,临床效果良好.     

扩张后额部皮瓣修复鼻缺损

我院自1992年以来采用额部扩张后皮瓣修复鼻缺损12例,收到满意效果,现报道如下。 1　临床资料　 　　本组12例,其中男9例,女3例;年龄27～59岁;烧伤后鼻缺损9例,其中硫酸烧伤2例;外伤致鼻缺损3例。采用额正中皮瓣全鼻再造10例,额斜皮瓣修复全鼻2例,均获满意效果。 2　手术方法　 2.1　扩张后额正中岛状皮瓣全鼻再造　 　　Ⅰ期手术是在额部埋植扩张器于帽状腱膜及额肌下,扩张器选择长方形的效果较好。扩张额部正中岛状皮瓣还是额斜皮瓣,视额部发际高低而定。发际高者尽量选用额正中皮瓣;发际过低或额部中央皮肤不能利用者只能选用额斜皮瓣。切口选在前额发际内,横形或弧形切口,长约5～7cm。7～8天拆线,Ⅰ期手术完成。此期间每隔3～4天注水扩张一次,每次注水量为扩张器额定容量的10%～15%,注射后囊内压以不超过5.3kPa为宜。     

扩张后额部皮瓣修复鼻缺损

我院自 1992年以来采用额部扩张后皮瓣修复鼻缺损12例 ,收到满意效果 ,现报道如下。1　临床资料　本组 12例 ,其中男 9例 ,女 3例 ;年龄 2 7～ 5 9岁 ;烧伤后鼻缺损 9例 ,其中硫酸烧伤 2例 ;外伤致鼻缺损 3例。采用额正中皮瓣全鼻再造 10例 ,额斜皮瓣修复全鼻 2例 ,均获满意效果。2　手术方法　2 .1　扩张后额正中岛状皮瓣全鼻再造　Ⅰ期手术是在额部埋植扩张器于帽状腱膜及额肌下 ,扩张器选择长方形的效果较好。扩张额部正中岛状皮瓣还是额斜皮瓣 ,视额部发际高低而定。发际高者尽量选用额正中皮瓣 ;发际过低或额部中央皮肤不能利用者只能…     

应用改进的额部扩张皮瓣行全鼻再造术

目的 探讨应用改进设计的额部扩张皮瓣行全鼻再造术的效果。方法 将前额主要供血支部分结扎阻断，保留选用的轴型血管蒂，强化皮瓣扩张的延迟效应，除设计以额正中皮瓣做全鼻再造外，还选用额上区横向扩张皮瓣，其供区缺损施以同侧或对侧扩张皮瓣推进修复，直接缝合。共已应用11例。结果 11块额部扩张皮瓣转移后完全存活，随访6个月～8年4个月，再造鼻功能形态恢复满意，供区瘢痕不明显。结论 强化额部扩张皮瓣血供或选用额上区横向皮瓣都是鼻再造的有效方法。     

全鼻再造手术方法的探讨

目的　介绍 4种全鼻再造的手术方法及适应证。方法　 1975～ 2 0 0 3年我们应用①上臂皮管全鼻再造术、②传统前额正中皮瓣全鼻再造术 额部植皮术、③额部正中皮瓣全鼻再造术 双侧额颞皮瓣滑行修复额部供区、④额部皮瓣扩张术后行额正中皮瓣全鼻再造术 ,对 2 2例行上述全鼻再造术者进行了回顾性分析 ,并讨论了上述手术方法的优缺点及其适应证。结果　本组病例均获成功 ,外形及通气功能效果良好。应用第 2种方法虽然再造鼻外形满意 ,但在额部留下明显而深暗的凹陷痕迹 ,影响美观 ;而应用第 1种方法额部不留任何痕迹 ,但鼻再造所需时间较长 (约 2个月 ) ,且需将上臂与头部间固定 3周 ,是其不足之处。结论　如采用前额正中皮瓣法行全鼻再造时 ,建议对鼻型较小者应用第 3种方法 ;而对鼻型较大者以用第 4种方法为好 ;而对于不接受在额部造成新的创伤或额部组织不足者 ,应选用第 1种方法为宜     

改良前额旁正中皮瓣在鼻缺损修复和再造中的临床应用

目的 探讨携带少量额肌的前额旁正中皮瓣行鼻缺损修复和鼻再造术的可行性和临床意义.方法 采用仅蒂部携带额肌的改良旁正中皮瓣法,完成2例鼻再造和7例鼻缺损修复术.除眶上区的蒂部携带少量额肌外,皮瓣获取均在皮下层次.皮瓣的轴线角度从垂直90°到倾斜50°不等,其中3例低发际线患者,采用倒L形设计.结果 一期皮瓣形成和二期皮瓣断蒂术中,观察到长距离行走皮下脂肪层的滑车上血管皮支的存在,以及良好的动脉灌注压.8例皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣质地和色泽良好.采用皮下蒂法1例术后皮瓣周边血运障碍,经换药自愈.结论 滑车上血管皮支的存在是改良旁正中皮瓣应用的解剖学基础.仅蒂部携带少量额肌的旁正中皮瓣具有设计较灵活,成活良好,质地合适,皮肤颜色匹配,以及供区损伤更小等优点.采用改良旁正中皮瓣行鼻再造或鼻缺损修复,能满足血运和形态的双重要求.     

额部扩张后劈裂双瓣在全鼻再造术中的应用

目的:改良传统额部扩张皮瓣行鼻再造的方法,克服再造术后的鼻外形臃肿、需二次手术整复等不足,提高鼻再造手术的质量。方法:手术分两期进行,一期在额部置入扩张器,扩张完成后,二期将扩张后的额部皮瓣分离成两个组织瓣,即含真皮下毛细血管网的超薄皮瓣和额肌瓣,利用肌瓣包裹鼻假体支架,利用超薄皮瓣完成鼻再造。结果:应用该方法行全鼻再造手术3例,皮瓣均成活良好,手术结果满意。结论:额部扩张后劈裂双瓣行全鼻再造,手术方法简单,解决了传统的额部皮瓣再造鼻手术后的臃肿和需二期整形手术问题,减轻了患者的负担,是值得推广的一种手术方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.