SPECT检测精神分裂症病人的局部脑血流研究

目的了解精神分裂症病人的局部脑血流特征,探讨局部脑血流与精神病临床症状和疗效的关系.方法采用PANSS量表评定患者的精神症状,应用99m TC-ECD-SPECT技术,对17例从未接受过抗精神病药物治疗的精神分裂症病人,在接受治疗前与治疗后测量局部脑血流,并与11例正常对照组比较.结果治疗前病例组右侧额叶与右侧颞叶rCBF低于对照组(各P<0.05),治疗后右侧额叶与右侧颞叶rCBF较治疗前明显增加(各P<0.05);治疗前不同脑区rCBF与精神病理症状(含单个症状评分和因子分)和疗效均无显著性相关.结论结果提示精神分裂病人存在右侧额叶与右侧颞叶局部脑功能减退,但未发现局部脑血流与精神病理症状和疗效有关.     

精神分裂症rCBF显像研究

目的：探测精神分裂症rCBF的显像,方法：应用双探头SPECT对106例精神分裂症患者注入^99mTc-ECD740-925MBq进行rCBF显像。结果：64例（60．4％）精神分裂症显示额叶、颞叶、顶叶、丘脑、尾状核等局部脑血流灌注减低,结论：部分精神分裂症存在局部脑血流灌注减低区。     

SPECT检测利培酮对精神分裂症患者脑血流灌注的影响

目的探讨利培酮对局部脑血流灌注(rCBF)的影响及疗效与rCBF之间的关系。方法研究组为24例未用过药的精神分裂症患者。男10例,女14例。正常对照组26例,男12例,女14例。用利培酮(3～6mg/d)治疗8周。患者在治疗前后进行基础状态及认知激活状态脑SPECT显像。结果与正常对照组相比,治疗前基础状态时,24例患者左右颞叶后下部血流灌注增加;激活状态时,左额叶外侧中部血流灌注显著下降。治疗后与治疗前相比,右颞叶外侧部、左右颞叶后上部基础状态的血流灌注显著下降;左右额叶中下部、左额叶外侧下部、左额颞上部及左额外侧上部认知激活状态的血流灌注显著增加。PANSS减分率与脑血流灌注的变化有关。结论利培酮治疗精神分裂症后,右颞外侧部、左右颞叶后上部、左右额叶中下部及左额叶外侧上下部的血流灌注变化显著。疗效与血流灌注变化有关。提示脑血流灌注对预测药物疗效具有重要意义。     

探讨SPECT/CT显像对偏头痛临床治疗疗效预测

目的 检测偏头痛大脑结构及局部脑血流(regional cerebral blood flow,rCBF),分析其与治疗疗效关系.方法 对34例临床诊断为偏头痛患者及11名正常对照者,应用SPECT/CT进行脑rCBF显像和CT显像.统计参数图(statistical parametric mapping,SPM)分析偏头痛患者大脑rCBF变化特点.并在西比灵、丙戊酸钠及黛力新治疗前及治疗后3个月,分别应用头痛程度量表评价头痛程度变化.结果 34例中CT均未发现大脑结构异常,但32例(94.1%)患者存在rCBF降低.与正常对比的SPM分析显示偏头痛患者的额叶、颞叶rCBF降低(t=6.48,P＜0.001).29例患者经过治疗后头痛程度量化得分明显降低(P＜0.001),但存在额叶rCBF降低患者,治疗后头痛程度量化分显著高于颞叶rCBF降低者(P＜0.01).结论 偏头痛患者一般大脑无器质性病变,但大多有额叶及颢叶rCBF降低,额叶rCBF受损者的治疗疗效较差.     

精神分裂症患者基础及认知激活状态局部脑血流的研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者基础及认知激活状态局部脑血流量(rCBF)特点及精神分裂症症状与rCBF之间的关系。方法 患者组为49例未用过抗精神病药治疗的精神分裂患者,对照组为26名正常人。以阳性及阴性症状量表（PANSS）等量表评定患者组疾病严重程度,用双日法进行基础及认知激活状态单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）脑显像,以威斯康星卡片分类试验（ WCST）为认知激活工具。结果 患者组基础状态时左颞叶外侧部及左右颞叶后下部rCBF比值明显高于对照组（P＝0.050,0.002及0.001)。认知激活状态时与基础状态时比较,对照组左额叶外侧中部及右枕叶上部的血流灌注明显增加（ P＝0.001及0.033);患者组各感兴趣区（region of interest,ROI）血流灌注无明显变化。PANSS阳性量表及阳性症状量靛（SAPS）评分与左颞叶外侧部、右颞枕部、右颞叶后上部、右枕叶上部、右顶叶中部及左右顶叶等ROI的rCBF比值呈正相关。结论 精神分裂症患者可能存在潜在的额叶功能低下,阳性症状的严重程度与一些ROI的血流灌注量有关。     

强迫症与抑郁症的脑单光子发射计算机断层扫描对照研究

目的探讨强迫症、抑郁症局部脑血流量(rCBF)特点。方法应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)技术,对首发且未经治疗的39例强迫症患者、36例抑郁症患者和39名正常人于静息状态下行脑血流显像。以小脑皮质的放射性计数值为参考,对局部脑血流进行半定量分析。结果强迫症组两侧前额叶、前颞叶rCBF高于正常组(P<0.01);抑郁症组两侧前额叶、枕叶、扣带回及右前颞叶、右顶叶rCBF低于正常组(P<0.05);在两侧前额叶、前颞叶、顶叶、枕叶及右后额叶、扣带回,强迫症组rCBF高于抑郁症组(P<0.05)。结论强迫症组的前额叶及前颞叶呈高灌注改变,抑郁症组脑血流普遍低灌注,SPECT技术可望作为二者鉴别诊断的客观依据之一。     

非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍患者脑血流与MMSE及MoCA评分的相关性研究

目的应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)成像术研究非痴呆型血管性认知障碍(VCIND)患者的局部脑血流(rCBF)改变,并分析其与神经心理评分的关系。方法纳入1VCIND患者45例(VCIND组),其中男25例、女20例;2认知功能正常脑卒中(SNC)患者28例(SNC组),其中男16例、女12例;3健康对照者15例(HC组),其中男6例、女9例。所有研究对象行一般检查、神经心理评定(MMSE量表、MoCA量表、CDR量表、NIHSS量表、ADL量表、Loeb量表、Hamilton抑郁量表)及SPECT rCBF检查。结果 1与HC组比较,VCIND组两侧额叶、两侧顶叶上部、左侧丘脑rCBF明显降低(P0.05),SNC组左侧额叶、左侧顶叶下部、左侧颞叶、两侧丘脑以及两侧纹状体rCBF明显降低(P0.05);2与SNC组比较,VCIND组左侧额叶、左侧顶叶上部以及左侧丘脑rCBF明显降低(P0.05);3VCIND组内,左侧额叶、左侧顶叶上部、左侧丘脑均较右侧相应部位rCBF明显降低(P0.05);4相关分析显示VCIND组MMSE评分与左侧额叶、左顶叶上部、两侧颞叶内侧、左侧纹状体rCBF呈正相关(r=0.73~0.84,P0.05),MoCA评分与左侧额叶、右侧顶叶下部、两侧颞叶内侧rCBF呈正相关(r=0.65~0.85,P0.05)。结论 SPECT探查VCIND患者rCBF改变具有重要临床意义,MMSE及MoCA评分与局部rCBF改变具有一定相关性。     

伴幻听儿童少年首发精神分裂症患者功能磁共振低频振幅研究

目的探讨伴与不伴幻听的儿童少年首发精神分裂症患者在静息状态下大脑功能磁共振低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,ALFF)特点及其与精神症状之间的关系。方法收集10～16岁首发精神分裂症患者52例,根据阳性症状量表(positive symptoms scale,SAPS)中听幻觉条目评分将患者分为幻听组26例(听幻觉≥3分)和非幻听组26例(听幻觉3分),并纳入35名健康对照。对所有被试静息态功能磁共振扫描数据进行ALFF分析,用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale,PANSS)评估患者症状。结果与对照组比较,幻听组ALFF振幅降低的脑区是左侧枕叶、左侧颞叶(P0.05,AlphaSim校正),ALFF升高的脑区是左侧额叶(P0.05,AlphaSim校正);非幻听组相比对照组ALFF增高的脑区是左侧额叶、右侧尾状核(P0.05,AlphaSim校正);幻听组相较于非幻听组ALFF增高的脑区有右侧枕叶(P0.05,AlphaSim校正)。幻听组右侧枕叶的ALFF值与PANSS阳性症状分(r=0.448,P=0.022)及总分(r=0.407,P=0.039)呈正相关;非幻听组右侧枕叶ALFF值与一般病理症状分呈正相关(r=0.630,P=0.001)。结论儿童少年首发精神分裂症患者在静息状态下左侧额叶和右侧尾状核功能增强,左侧枕叶和左侧颞叶功能降低;伴与不伴幻听的儿童少年精神分裂症患者在静息状态下枕叶功能存在差异,且与精神症状有相关性。     

抑郁症患者SPECT研究

目的 探讨抑郁症脑血流灌注的特点及与临床症状的相关性。方法 开放式收集门诊及住院诊断为抑郁症患者37例,进行治疗前后的^99mTc-双半胱乙脂（ECD）单光子发射型计算机断层扫描（SPECT）技术,测量患者治疗前后脑血流灌注（rCBF）显像,半定量测定rCBF,并与12例正常对照者比较。结果 37例抑郁症患者双侧额叶、双侧颞叶、双侧顶叶,双侧枕叶、左基底核有脑低灌注现象。治疗后临床康复者各部位脑灌注明显改善,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论 抑郁症患者存在额叶、颡叶、顶叶及枕叶多区域的脑血流低灌注,其中以左侧较为明显,治疗后明显改善。     

首发未用药精神分裂症患者静息态脑功能局部一致性fMRI研究

目的 通过功能磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)技术,探讨首发未用药精神分裂症患者静息状态下脑局部自发神经元活动特征.方法 采用3.0T功能磁共振成像技术检测13例首次发病且未用药的男性精神分裂症患者与13名年龄和受教育年限相匹配的健康男性静息状态下全脑的活动情况.使用SPM8、REST软件结合局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)方法对影像学数据进行分析.结果 与对照组相比,患者组ReHo降低的脑区为右侧额上回和左侧丘脑,ReHo增高的脑区是右侧颞中回,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 本研究中首发未用药精神分裂症患者存在静息态额叶、颞叶、丘脑功能活动局部一致性异常,ReHo异常可能有助于更好地理解精神分裂症病理机制.     

The effects of clozapine on cognitive function and regional cerebral blood flow in the negative symptom profile schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive function and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were studied in negative symptom profile schizophrenic patients by using WCST and SPECT. METHODS: Twenty-one schizophrenic patients who matched the criteria of Andreason's negative symptom profile received SPECT and WCST, and then were treated with clozapine for 8 consecutive weeks. There were 28 and 12 normal subjects as the control groups of WCST and SPECT, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with controls, significantly poorer performance on total trials of category (TT), persevering errors (PE), and non-persevering errors (NPE) of WCST were found in schizophrenia (p < 0.05). The total score of the scale for assessment negative symptoms (SANS) was significantly related with poor TT (r = 0.45, p < 0.01) and PE performance (r = 0.45, p < 0.01). The poor TT, PE, and NPE tasks of WCST and SANS scores in the negative schizophrenic patients were significantly improved through clozapine treatment (p < 0.05). The schizophrenic patients had a significantly lower rCBF in bilateral frontal and temporal lobes and lower change rate of rCBF in bilateral frontal lobes during WCST compared to normal controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Negative symptom profile schizophrenia has cognitive deficits and lower rCBF in bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, which suggests that negative symptom profile schizophrenic patients have hypofrontality. Clozapine can improve negative symptoms and improve cognitive dysfunction, although it cannot improve reduced rCBF in the frontal lobes.     

A Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT study of regional cerebral blood flow in drug-free schizophrenic patients with deficit and non-deficit syndrome

Twenty-nine patients with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia were categorized into deficit syndrome (n=14) and non-deficit syndrome (n=15) subgroups on the basis of the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome. The patients, who had all been free of antipsychotic medication for at least 3 weeks, and 17 sex- and age-matched normal controls were studied with single-photon emission computed tomography with Tc-99m HMPAO. Age at onset, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) total scores, BPRS positive symptom subscores and duration of illness were similar between the two schizophrenic subgroups. As expected, the deficit patients had more negative symptoms than the non-deficit patients. There were no statistically significant correlations between clinical parameters and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values. The deficit syndrome subgroup showed diminished rCBF in the frontal regions bilaterally, right parietal regions and right superior temporal region compared with the control groups. Deficit patients showed significantly lower rCBF perfusion ratios in the right superior and inferior frontal cortex than did the non-deficit patients. No differences were detected between the controls and the non-deficit schizophrenic patients in terms of rCBF perfusion indices. The results of the present study confirm previous reports of different patterns of rCBF in deficit vs. non-deficit schizophrenic subgroups.     

SPECT study of Chinese schizophrenic patients suggests that cerebral hypoperfusion and laterality exist in different ethnic groups.

Hypofrontality is a common finding in schizophrenia in many countries. To date, there have been few studies on Chinese patients with schizophrenia. We thus wondered whether hypofrontality exists in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. We investigated 45 patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy controls using brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Subjects were also administered the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Images were analyzed using a semi-quantitative reading and a quantified region of interest analysis. We found that schizophrenic patients showed hypoperfusion in the frontal and temporal lobes and hyperperfusion in the basal ganglia. Schizophrenic patients with both negative and positive symptoms showed asymmetric perfusion in the temporal lobe. Schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms also showed asymmetric perfusion in the prefrontal lobes. Negative symptoms showed a significantly negative correlation with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the left frontal lobe. Improved memory quotient (MQ) was significantly correlated with increased rCBF in the left temporal lobe. These findings from Chinese patients confirm a similar regional neuroanatomic dysfunction as in Western patients with the disease.     

Neural correlates of memory organization deficits in schizophrenia. A single photon emission computed tomography study with 99mTc-ethyl-cysteinate dimer during a verbal learning task

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a verbal learning task was measured using 99mTc-ethyl-cysteinate dimer and single photon emission computed tomography in 10 patients with schizophrenia and nine normal controls. Verbal repetition was used as a control task. The schizophrenic patients showed failure to spontaneously utilize implicit category information to learn the word lists. In the normal controls, rCBF in the left inferior frontal and left anterior cingulate regions was significantly increased during the verbal learning task, compared with the verbal repetition task. In contrast, there was no significant frontal lobe activation by the verbal learning in the schizophrenic patients. The patients had lower rCBF during the verbal learning task than the controls in the bilateral inferior frontal, left anterior cingulate, right superior frontal, and bilateral middle frontal regions. Activation in the left inferior frontal region was significantly positively correlated with categorical clustering in the task in the controls, but no such correlation was found in the patients. These results indicate that memory organization deficits in schizophrenia may be related to dysfunction in the prefrontal areas, especially in the left inferior frontal region.     

In vivo investigation of white matter pathology in schizophrenia with magnetisation transfer imaging

OBJECTIVES: This study is the first to use magnetisation transfer imaging (MTI), a technique sensitive to myelin and axonal abnormalities, to investigate the white matter in vivo in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: MTI was performed in 25 schizophrenic patients and 30 healthy controls. A region of interest (ROI) approach was used to obtain magnetisation transfer ratios (MTRs) in several regions of cerebral white matter. RESULTS: MTR values were significantly reduced in the right and left temporal regions in schizophrenic patients compared with controls (p<0.001). Clinical variables such as age, duration of symptoms, schizophrenic symptomatology, and soft neurological signs did not predict this reduction in MTR. There were no MTR abnormalities in the other regions sampled. However, the correlation between the left and right frontal MTR values was marginally significantly different in schizophrenic patients compared with controls suggesting that subtle differences in interhemispheric connections may be present. CONCLUSIONS: Subtle white matter pathology, most likely related to myelin and axonal abnormalities, can be detected in the temporal lobes in schizophrenic patients. MTI may be a useful tool in investigating the white matter in schizophrenia.     

White matter alterations in schizophrenic patients with pronounced negative symptomatology and with positive family history for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In recent years, in vivo and post-mortem studies detected structural brain changes in schizophrenia. The aim of our analysis was to investigate potential changes of white matter in schizophrenic patients compared to controls, and the relationship to clinical characteristics. METHODS: Fifty male, right-handed schizophrenic patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia were recruited. Fifty right-handed, age- and sex-matched subjects without a psychiatric disorder were enrolled as controls. Volumes of white matter in several brain regions were measured by 1.5 T MRI using a volumetry and segmentation software (BRAINS). Regions of interest including frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and subcortical areas were determined using Talairach spaces. RESULTS: No significant differences in white matter volumes of total brain tissue and regions of interest were detected between patients and controls. A significant reduction of white matter in parietal cortex of right hemisphere was found in a subgroup of patients with pronounced negative symptoms. Furthermore, patients with first-grade relatives suffering from schizophrenia showed a reduction of subcortical white matter in the right hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that subgroups of schizophrenic patients show alterations of white matter in distinct brain regions, including the right parietal lobe.     

Regional cerebral blood flow in male schizophrenic patients performing an auditory discrimination task

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in 11 schizophrenic patients amid 10 normal controls, both at rest and while performing an auditory discrimination task. Single photon emission computed tomography with technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime was used for quantitative evaluation of rCBF. The schizophrenic patients showed greater rCBF in the temporal and parietal regions at rest than the controls, but no abnormalities were found in frontal perfusion. During task performance. on the other hand, the patients showed a reduced frontal rCBF. whereas there was no group difference in rCBF in the temporal and parietal regions. In addition, the left> right hemisphere asymmetries of rCBF observed in the controls during task performance were not present in the patients. although there was no group difference in hemisphere laterality in rCBF at rest. These findings suggest that the employment of a cognitive task for neuroimaging studies is useful for detecting abnormalities of brain activation. such as hypofrontality and altered hemisphere laterality. in patients with schizophrenia.     

Clinical symptoms and regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia

This study examined the relationship between clinical symptoms and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in schizophrenic patients using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The subjects were 26 medicated schizophrenic patients diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), selected items for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and the scale for Schneider's first rank symptoms. Resting rCBF was measured using N-isopropyl-p-[I-123] iodoamphetamine (I-123 IMP) SPECT, and relative rCBF distribution was evaluated in nine regions of interest in each hemisphere. Factor analysis of symptom ratings indicated four separate syndromes: psychomotor poverty, alienation (hallucination and disturbance of the self), delusion, and disorganization. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed the psychomotor poverty syndrome to be correlated with decreased rCBF in bilateral superior frontal areas and increased rCBF in the left thalamus and right basal ganglia. The disorganization syndrome was correlated with increases rCBF in bilateral anterior cingulates and decreased rCBF in bilateral midolle frontal areas. The alienation syndrome was shown related to increased rCBF in the right inferior frontal area and parietal area. Dysfunction in distinctive neural networks involving various prefrontal areas would thus appear to underlie these syndromes in schizophrenia.