北京市城区妇女骨密度状况研究

对北京市４３４名２０～６５岁健康妇女用ＳＤ－１０００型单光子骨密度仪测定了非优势侧前臂桡骨远端１／１０处及中下１／３处骨密度，并对与骨密度有关因素进行了调查。结果显示：妇女在４０岁前后达到骨密度的峰值。其后随年龄增长骨密度值逐渐下降，绝经后下降速度加快，且松质骨丢失的速度大于皮质骨，绝经对妇女骨密度的影响大于增龄引起的骨质丢失。本调查中１７４名绝经后妇女，有骨折史的妇女占９．８％，其骨密度明显低于无骨折史者。本研究结果提示测量骨密度有助于预测骨折发生的危险性。     

妇女绝经后骨密度变化与2型糖尿病及相关因素探讨

目的：探讨妇女绝经后骨密度变化与2型糖尿病及相关因素。方法：对43例绝经后2型糖尿病患者用双能X线骨密度仪测量腰椎骨密度，并测定糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、24h尿白蛋白、雌激素及垂体促性腺激素，以糖尿病病程10年为限，将病人分为Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组进行比较分析。结果：病程大于10年的Ⅱ组糖尿病患者骨密度明显低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）；空腹胰岛素、C肽和雌激素也明显低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）；但24h尿白蛋白明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）。结论：绝经后2型糖尿病患者存在着骨代谢异常，主要表现为骨密度的减低，部分表现为骨质疏松。随着糖尿病病程的延长，骨代谢紊乱逐渐加重，这与雌激素、胰岛素和C肽水平逐渐下降、尿白蛋白增加密切相关。     

150例绝经后妇女骨密度与骨代谢指标的关系

[目的]探讨绝经后妇女骨代谢生化指标:血清骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)和血清抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)随年龄变化及其与骨密度的关系.[方法]用ELISA测定BALP,光电比色法测定TRAP,超声骨密度仪测定桡骨运端骨密度.[结果]随着年龄增加,BALP、TRAP均增加,SOS值减少.经方差分析BALP、SOS值各年龄组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),TRAP各年龄组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).相关分析,年龄、BALP、TRAP均与SOS值呈负相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.454、-0.346、-0.488.[结论]绝经妇女骨代谢指标与骨密度呈负相关;且BALP是反映绝经后妇女随年龄变化的骨代谢的敏感和特异性指标.     

小剂量利维爱短期治疗对绝经后妇女骨质疏松的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨小剂量利维爱短期(3个月)治疗绝经后骨质疏松的临床效果。方法:应用利维爱治疗绝经后骨质疏松妇女45例,剂量为1.25mg/d,持续3个月。于用药前后观察包括血钙(Ca)、磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和尿Ca/Cr比值以及腰椎及股骨上端骨密度。结果:服用利维爱3个月后,腰椎及股骨上端骨密度较用药前显著增加(P<0.05),尿Ca/Cr比值显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:小剂量利维爱短期(3个月)治疗可有效预防绝经后骨质疏松。     

运动对绝经后妇女骨量和骨代谢影响情况分析

目的:探讨运动对绝经后妇女骨密度和骨代谢的影响,并与药物治疗进行对比。方法:141例绝经后健康妇女随机分成3组,对照组46例,不进行任何干预措施;运动组50例,每周进行4~5次中等强度的体育运动,每次1~2 h;用药组45例,每日服用倍美安1粒+去甲基睾丸素2mg,连续8周。监测桡骨骨密度、AKP、尿CA/CR、尿HYP/CR。结果:运动组运动1年后骨密度明显增高,血AKP升高,尿CA/CR、尿HYP/CR减少,无副作用,用药组显效快且迅速。结论:运动可以提高绝经后妇女骨密度,减少骨丢失,无副作用,费用低,易于被接受,是一种预防绝经后骨质疏松的安全有效的方法,值得大力推广,特别是对于经济条件较差的人群。     

围产期妇女骨代谢情况及与新生儿血钙值相关性的临床研究

目的探讨晚孕期影响骨代谢的相关因素。方法采用统一问卷表方式调查问卷,入院待产后取空腹血和晨尿,测定尿钙（Ca）,肌酐（Cr）、血碱性磷酸酶（ALP）,产后3d内测骨密度。分娩时,留取新生儿脐血2m1,在24h以内分离血清测血钙值。根据孕期补钙及喝牛奶情况分为2组：孕20周以后补钙（元素钙〉500mg／d）及喝牛奶（〉250ml／d）持续16周以上的产妇为A组（59例）;未有效补钙及喝牛奶的产妇为B组（58例）。结果初产年龄与左侧股骨颈骨密度水平呈正相关,A组左侧股骨颈骨密度高于B组（t=2．08,P〈0．05）,B组产妇血ALP、尿Ca／Cr高于A组的产妇（t=2．18,2．17,P〈0．05）。孕妇左侧股骨颈骨密度与相应新生儿脐血钙值无相关性（r=-0．69,P〉0．05）。结论孕期容易发生骨量减少,有效补钙可以防治孕期骨质疏松．降低骨转换率。孕妇左侧股骨颈骨密度与新生儿脐血钙水平无相关。     

骨疏康颗粒对绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响

目的评价骨疏康颗粒对绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响。方法57例绝经后骨质疏松症患者服用骨疏康颗粒1个疗程前后测定了骨密度和骨代谢指标变化，并评估了骨密度疗效。结果57例绝经后骨质疏松症患者服用骨疏康颗粒1个疗程后，显效39例（68．4％），有效11例（19．3％），无效7例（12．2％），总有效率为87．7％。全部患者服药后骨密度和雌二醇浓度较服药前明显增加（P〈0．05），但血钙、血磷、ALP、FSH变化不明显（P均〉0．05）。结论骨疏康颗粒能明显改善绝经后骨质疏松症妇女骨密度和雌激素浓度。     

联合补充不同剂量钙、镁、铜、锌和维生素D对中老年妇女骨质疏松症的防治效果

目的观察联合补充钙、镁、锌、铜及维生素D对中老年妇女骨密度和骨钙索的影响，以及改善骨症状的效果。方法依据人选和排除标准，在上海地区筛选出中老年妇女230人，随机分成干预组和对照组，各组再分为未绝经与绝经组。干预组A：未绝经妇女75名；对照组A：未绝经妇女40名；干预组B：已绝经妇女78名；对照组B：已绝经妇女37名。干预组每日服用2片钙尔奇添佳片（每片含钙273．5mg、VitD1．62μg、镁99．7mg、锌3．08mg、铜0．51mg），干预6个月后再进一步分成低剂量亚组和高剂量亚组，每日服用2或3片钙尔奇添佳片，再干预6个月，总计干预12个月。所有入选者在研究前后各阶段检测腰椎骨密度（BMD）及血清骨钙素（BGP），并进行24小时膳食回顾调查和记录骨症状改善情况。结果（1）骨密度：研究6个月后，干预组腰椎骨密度值较前无显著差异（P〉0．05）。研究12个月后，未绝经干预组骨密度显著增加，未绝经对照组腰椎骨密度则呈显著性下降，但已绝经干预组和对照组的骨密度研究前后无显著变化（P〉0．05）。不同剂量干预亚组骨密度间无显著差异（P〉0．05）。（2）骨钙素：研究6及12个月后各组骨钙素水平均明显降低（P〈0．05）；但干预组血清骨钙素水平均明显高于对照组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。不同剂量干预亚组的血清骨钙素浓度间无显著差异（P〉0．05）。（3）骨症状：干预后能明显改善局部关节痛和腰背痛等骨症状。结论联合补充钙、镁、锌、铜及维生素D可明显增加未绝经妇女的骨密度和骨钙索，有效改善骨症状；并可明显改善已绝经妇女骨钙素及骨症状，但骨密度改善不明显。低剂量亚组与高剂量亚组的骨质疏松防治效果问无显著性差异。建议中老年妇女尽早补充与骨营养有关的营养素以防治骨质丢失。     

降钙素对绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响

目的 评价鲑鱼降钙素对绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响。方法 观察了55例绝经后骨质疏松症患者服用鲑鱼降钙素前后骨密度和骨代谢指标变化。结果 绝经后骨质疏松患者治疗后，骨密度和血骨钙素浓度较治疗前明显增加（P〈0．05），但治疗前后血钙、血磷、ALP、E2、FSH浓度变化不明显（P均〉0．05）。结论 补肾壮骨冲剂能明显改善绝经后妇女骨密度，但对骨代谢指标影响不大。     

妊娠各期尿钙尿羟脯氨酸与尿肌酐比值的变化

测定907例次孕各期正常孕妇空腹晨尿钙(Ca),羟脯氨酸(Hyp),肌酐(Cr),并计算各孕周,各孕月.各孕期之Ca/Cr、Hyp/Cr之平均值,结果为Ca/Cr值自早孕以后逐渐增加,高峰为孕8月,然后逐渐下降至孕41周与对照组相近。Hyp/Cr值由早孕之后逐渐上升,直至孕10月为高峰,41周略有下降。提示妊娠期随胎儿成长发育的不同时期从母体摄钙增加的程度不同,孕中晚期摄钙最多,母体骨钙释出量最大,骨代谢、骨胶原分解最强,胎儿成熟即将分娩之时有所减弱。     

骨折患者长期固定治疗尿脱氧吡啶啉变化的临床研究

目的　探讨骨折长期固定治疗患者尿脱氧吡啶啉的变化及其临床意义。方法　测定 3 7例 (男 2 2例 ,女 15例 )骨折长期固定治疗患者及 3 0例 (男 15例 ,女 15例 )健康对照者的血清钙 (Ca)、磷 (P)、总碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、尿钙 /肌酐 (Ca/Cr)、尿脱氧吡啶啉 (DPD)的水平。结果　骨折长期固定治疗患者血清钙、磷水平较正常对照组显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ;AKP、Ca/Cr、DPD水平较正常对照组有不同程度的增高 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1)。其中以尿DPD的活性增高更为显著 (增高 5 98倍 )。而且 ,骨折长期固定治疗患者尿DPD的变化还与病程呈正相关。结论　尿DPD是反映骨吸收的一项敏感而特异的指标 ,尿DPD的监测对骨折长期固定治疗患者的临床治疗和预防发生新的骨折具有重要的参考价值。     

孕晚期妇女服用钙及维生素D初步观察

目的观察孕晚期妇女服用钙及维生素D对孕期妇女低钙和维生素D缺乏的效果.方法对24例孕28周后的晚期妊娠妇女,每日服用碳酸钙加维生素D1片.并与同期11例不服任何钙剂及维生素D3的晚期妊娠妇女(对照组)进行比较.结果(1)用药组产前血清钙(Ca)、磷(P)、骨钙素(BGP)及25羟基D3(25OHD3)明显高于用药前的孕28周(P＜0.001);而对照组产前与孕28周比较无明显变化.(2)给药组产前尿羟脯氨酸与肌酐比值(HOP/cr)、尿钙(Ca)与肌酐比值(Ca/cr)比孕28周明显减少.(3)尿中Ⅰ型胶原交联C末端肽与肌酐比值(crosslaps/cr)给药组,和对照组在产前明显高于孕28周(P＜0.001),但产后42天,给药组明显低于对照组(P＜0.001).(4)两组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)产前明显均高于孕28周时水平(P＜0.001),表明胎盘产生大量AKP.结论孕期服用碳酸钙加维生素D3有明显促进骨形成,抑制骨吸收的作用和提高血清钙、磷的作用.给药8～10周后,虽然25OHD3比治疗前有明显升高,但仍低于同年龄健康妇女的水平,提示对孕产妇应适当增加维生素D3的用量.     

长效避孕皮下埋植剂对生育妇女骨质的影响

为探讨长期缓释单孕激素对妇女骨代谢的影响,测定使用国产Ⅰ、Ⅱ型长效避孕皮下埋植剂和Norplant 3年以上妇女的骨密度及骨代谢指标。采用回顾、设对照组的研究方法,测定123例妇女骨密度(BMD)及其骨代谢指标血钙(Ca)、磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨钙素(BGP)、血清雌激素(E_2),尿钙(Ca)、尿肌肝(Cr)和尿羟脯氨酸(HYP)等。结果表明国产Ⅰ、Ⅱ型和Norplant组妇女骨峰值形成期(30～40岁)使用皮埋剂的三组妇女平均E_2水平有不同程度降低,但均在正常低限水平内,与对照组间无差别。除对照组外三组妇女平均E_2水平与BMD之间不呈线性关系;Norplant组妇女BMD和Ca/Cr、HTP/Cr的变化说明骨吸收过程增强。使用国产Ⅰ、Ⅱ型皮埋剂和Norplant妇女3年后平均E_2水平在正常低水平上波动,未造成BMD的变化及其它骨代谢指标的明显变化;三组皮埋剂妇女骨峰值形成期(30～40岁),骨密度处于正常水平范围。长效LNG缓释皮埋剂对育龄妇女在骨代谢方面是安全的。     

The effects of increased dietary calcium intake on bone mineral density in long-term lactating women, and recovery of bone loss caused by long-term lactation with low calcium diet

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an increased calcium (Ca) diet for preventing bone mineral loss in long-term lactating women, considering bone metabolism, and recovery of bone loss caused by long-term lactation with low dietary Ca intake. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two groups of long-term (> 12 mon.) lactating women ... one with an enhanced Ca intake (Group M, n = 22) and the other with diet feeding no cow's milk and no milk products (Group N, n = 16) ... and a control group of 21 non-lactating postpartum women (Group C) were studied. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by ultrasonic bone densitometry. Stiffness calculated from the combined value of speed of sound and broadband ultrasound attenuation was used as an index of BMD. BMD and bone metabolic markers in urine and serum (only M and C groups) were assessed from 1 approximately 12 weeks postpartum (initial) at six-month intervals for a maximum of two years and changes were compared among the groups. RESULTS: 1. The mean (+/- SD) dietary Ca intake was 1032 (209) mg/day in the M group. 2. After lactating for one year, the N group demonstrated significant decrease in BMD, with both 1 and 2 babies, whereas the M group had no significant change. 3. The BMD in the N group returned to initial levels at 0.5 approximately 1 year post-weaning, 4. In the N group, compared with the M group, the urinary Hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio was significantly higher at the initial measurement and half a year thereafter, while urinary Ca/ creatinine ratio was significantly lower after a year. However, there were no significant differences between the M and C groups. 5. Serum bone alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in the M group compared with the C group. CONCLUSIONS: Bone loss during long-term lactation can be prevented with adequate dietary Ca intake. Once lost, recovery to initial levels occurs 0.5 approximately 1 year post-weaning.     

Effect of acute oral calcium load on serum PTH and bone resorption in young healthy subjects: an overnight study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a 400 mg acute oral calcium dose on PTH and bone resorption markers in a young, healthy population. DESIGN: Fasting serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), C-telopeptides (CTX), total calcium (Ca), albumin and urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (uCa/Cr) were measured on two separate days: one before and the other 10 h after oral administration of 400 mg calcium. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) status was assessed at baseline. Dietary calcium intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). SUBJECTS: A total of 32 healthy, young adults (17 female, 15 male; mean+/-s.e.m. age: 21+/-1 y) took part in this study. Their mean (s.e.m.) calcium intake was 1125 (+/-56) mg/day. INTERVENTION: Effervescent Sandocal 400 tablets dissolved in water. RESULTS: After the calcium challenge, mean Ca and uCa/Cr ratio increased significantly, and both PTH and CTX concentrations were significantly lower. Multiple regression analysis showed no relationship between the response to the 400 mg load and previous dietary calcium intake (as assessed by FFQ) or serum 25-OHD. CONCLUSION: We have shown that in a young, healthy population, 400 mg oral calcium can inhibit bone resorption (as measured by serum CTX) and PTH, and this appears to be independent of previous dietary calcium intake and vitamin D status.     

乳酸钙防治实验性骨质疏松的研究

对１２月龄雌性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术一个月后，每天灌胃给予乳酸钙连续三个月。结果发现，与手术对照组相比，乳酸钙中剂量［２５０ｍｇ／（ｋｇ．ｄ）］能明显增强大鼠股骨骨密度（ｐ＜０．０５），低剂量［１２５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ．ｄ）］能明显降低大鼠血清碱性磷酸酶的活性（Ｐ＜０．０５），高［７５０ｍｇ／（ｋｇ．ｄ）］、中、低剂量均明显增加血清钙的含量（Ｐ＜０．０１），明显降低２４小时尿羟脯氨酸／肌酐比值（Ｐ＜０．０５），中、高剂量能明显增加２４小时尿钙／肌酐比值（Ｐ＜０．０５）、股骨灰分重及灰分与干重的百分比，而对股骨湿重、干重、体积及血清骨钙素的含量无明显影响。结果提示，乳酸钙具有抑制骨吸收作用，其防治骨质疏松作用机理主要与适当增高体内钙水平有关     

中老年女性骨密度和骨代谢生化指标关系的研究

目的了解中老年女性骨密度和骨代谢生化指标随年龄变化的特点,分析骨代谢生化指标在骨质疏松症早期诊断中的价值。方法测定162例中老年女性腰椎正位骨密度,同时检测所有受检者空腹血清骨钙素、血清碱性磷酸酶及晨尿吡啶啉,尿吡啶啉用肌酐校正。按年龄段和不同骨密度组对骨代谢生化指标值分别进行统计分析。结果骨质疏松在中老年女性中普遍存在,发病率很高,达51.2%。骨代谢指标按年龄分析,中老年女性骨钙素和尿吡啶啉/肌酐在50~69岁时明显升高。70岁以后又趋于下降。而血清碱性磷酸酶各年龄段无显著性差异。按骨密度分析,中老年女性骨质疏松组和骨量减低组的骨钙素和尿吡啶啉/肌酐均明显高于正常组。而骨质疏松组和骨量减低组的骨钙素和尿吡啶啉/肌酐值无显著性差异。各骨密度组的血清碱性磷酸酶无显著性差异。结论骨质疏松症是1种危害极大的疾病,在中老年女性中患病率很高,因此早期诊断尤为重要。血清骨钙素、尿吡啶啉/肌酐分别是反映骨形成和骨吸收特异性和敏感性较高的指标,有助于原发性骨质疏松症的早期诊断。     

Effect of potassium citrate supplementation or increased fruit and vegetable intake on bone metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Alkali provision may explain why fruit and vegetables benefit bone health. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the effects of alkali-providing potassium citrate (double-blind) and fruit and vegetable intake (single-blind) on bone turnover over 2 y. DESIGN: We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial in 276 postmenopausal women (aged 55-65 y). Women were randomly assigned to 4 groups: high-dose potassium citrate (55.5 mEq/d), low-dose potassium citrate (18.5 mEq/d), placebo, and 300 g additional fruit and vegetables/d (equivalent of 18.5 mEq alkali). Serum and fasted urine for bone markers were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo. An additional urine sample was collected at 4-6 wk. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at baseline and 2 y. RESULTS: Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no difference between groups for urinary free deoxypyridinoline cross-links relative to creatinine (fDPD/Cr), serum N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen, or beta C-terminal telopeptide, although, at 4-6 wk, fDPD/Cr was lower in the high-dose potassium citrate group (P = 0.04). Mean +/- SD spine BMD loss in the placebo group (1.8 +/- 3.9%) did not differ significantly from that in the treatment groups (2.1 +/- 3.2%; P = 0.88). Hip BMD loss in the placebo and low-dose potassium citrate groups was 1.3 +/- 2.3% and 2.2 +/- 2.3%, respectively (P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: Two-year potassium citrate supplementation does not reduce bone turnover or increase BMD in healthy postmenopausal women, which suggests that alkali provision does not explain any long-term benefit of fruit and vegetable intake on bone.     

The relationship between habitual dietary phosphorus and calcium intake, and bone mineral density in young Japanese women: a cross-sectional study

Phosphorus and calcium are essential for bone health. There is a concern that a low calcium/phosphorus intake ratio resulting from low calcium intake coupled with high phosphorus intake may have a negative effect on bone mineral status, especially in Western countries. The objective of this study was to examine cross-sectionally the influence of habitual phosphorus and calcium intake and the calcium/phosphorus intake ratio on the bone mineral density (BMD) in 441 young Japanese women (aged 18-22) whose calcium/phosphorus intake ratio was assumed to be lower than young Western women. We also ascertained the relationship between dietary intake and serum or urinary measurements of phosphorus and calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) were also examined for 214 of the 441 subjects. Phosphorus and calcium intake and the calcium/phosphorus intake ratio had significant positive correlations with urinary phosphorus. Calcium intake and the calcium/phosphorus intake ratio independently had positive and significant associations with BMD in the distal radius adjusted for postmenarcheal age, body mass index, and physical activity. There were no significant associations with BMD in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. These results indicate that in young Japanese women, phosphorus intake did not have a significantly negative effect on bone mineral density, and calcium intake and calcium/phosphorus intake ratio had a small but significant association only in a site-specific manner with BMD.     

使用醋酸甲孕酮避孕针对骨质代谢和卵巢功能影响的研究

目的:研究长效醋酸甲孕酮避孕针(DMPA)对生育年龄妇女骨质代谢和卵巢功能影响。方法:选择自愿使用DMPA避孕者30例为实验组,采用避孕套避孕者30例为对照组。①测定两组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、尿钙/肌酐(Ca/cr)、尿羟脯氨酸/肌酐(HYP/Cr);②测定非惯用臂桡尺骨骨密度(BMD)和桡尺骨超远端骨矿含量(BMC);③实验组于用药满一年时,对照组于月经周期第5天采用放免法测定血清性激素值;④实验组于首次用药当日及用药满一年,对照组于月经周期第5天B超监测卵泡发育状况;⑤实验组用药满一年时作阴道脱落细胞检查。结果:两组骨代谢生化指标及桡尺骨骨密度无显著性差异(P>0.05);实验组血清性激素值相当于正常育龄妇女卵泡早期水平,实验组有96.7％研究对象的卵巢内无卵泡或有小卵泡,最大卵泡直径≤1.5cm,卵泡发育状况相当于正常妇女卵泡早期水平,阴道脱落细胞检查显示雌激素水平无低落。结论:使用DMPA一年对骨质代谢无影响;DMPA使用者卵巢功能相当于正常育龄妇女卵泡早期水平。