卵巢储备功能与卵巢反应性评估

辅助生殖技术（ART）的成功率依赖于正确的卵巢刺激方案,而卵巢刺激方案的决定依靠准确的卵巢储备功能和卵巢反应性的评估,主要包括年龄、基础性激素水平、基础窦卵泡数（AFC）、抗苗勒管激素（AMH）等,但是目前尚无能够独立评价卵巢储备功能和卵巢反应性的特异性标志物,仍需联合应用评估。     

卵巢生殖干细胞与卵巢表面生发上皮关系的研究进展

雌性哺乳动物体内是否存在分裂活跃的生殖干细胞(GSCs),依然存在争议。近年来研究证实,在人类和小鼠卵巢中分离得到了具有分裂活性的GSCs样细胞。假定的雌性哺乳动物GSCs可能定位于卵巢表面生发上皮中。卵巢微环境对GSCs池的维持和分化至关重要,而年龄增加和免疫系统退变可以通过改变卵巢微环境使GSCs无法获得足够的支持来形成新的卵子和卵泡。雌性GSCs的存在,不仅可以为干细胞领域的研究提供新的来源,对辅助生殖技术的未来发展也有着重要意义。     

Changes in ovarian reserve and ovarian blood flow in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome following laparoscopic ovarian drilling

This prospective cohort study was conducted on 80 patients with clomiphene citrate (CC)-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD). Pre- and post-LOD ovarian reserve parameters (anti-Mullerian hormone: AMH, ovarian volume: OV, and antral follicle count: AFC) and ovarian stromal blood flow indices (Vascularization index: VI, flow index: FI, and vascularization flow index: VFI) were measured to explore the effect of LOD and to find out the correlation between serum AMH and different clinical, hormonal, and ultrasonic variables. There was a highly significant reduction of the serum AMH (p?p?相似文献   

Massive ovarian edema associated with ovarian serous cystadenoma: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract.   Khalbuss WE, Dipasquale B. Massive ovarian edema associated with ovarian serous cystadenoma: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16(Suppl. 1): 326–330.
Massive ovarian edema is a rare entity that can be confused with an ovarian neoplasm. A few ovarian lesions have been reported that are associated with massive ovarian edema. This article describes the first case of an ovarian serous cystadenoma associated with a massive ovarian edema. The patient was a 17-year-old female who was referred to the emergency room because of lower abdominal pain. Subsequent ultrasound and computed tomography scanning studies revealed an abdominopelvic cystic mass suggestive of an ovarian neoplasm. She underwent an exploratory laparoscopy, and a left salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. The specimen weighed 1610 g and consisted of a cystic mass measuring 17 × 15 × 8 cm attached to a solid mass measuring 13 × 11 × 4 cm. Microscopy revealed a cystic and a solid lesion. The cystic structure was composed of a flat or cuboidal single-layer lining showing ciliated epithelium and focal areas of papillary structures compatible with a diagnosis of ovarian serous cystadenoma. The solid mass had an intact capsule and diffuse interstitial edema, preserving the overall structure of the ovary and sparing the outer cortex. These findings are compatible with the diagnosis of ovarian massive edema. This report of an association of serous cystadenoma with massive ovarian edema broadens the histologic spectrum in which a massive ovarian edema may be encountered.     

Mucinous adenocarcinoma in an ovarian remnant

The ovarian remnant syndrome, a complication of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, is progressively receiving more attention in the gynecological surgery literature. The syndrome is manifested by pelvic pain and a palpable or sonographic finding of a pelvic mass. However, in rare cases, patients can present with large masses and radiographic suggestion of malignancy. We present the case of a 76-year-old white female, 23 months after bilateral salpino-oophorectomy at the same institution, complaining of 3.5 months of right flank and abdominal pain. Clinical and radiological evidence of a right ovarian remnant was discovered. Subsequent laparoscopic resection was consistent with a well-encapsulated mucinous adenocarcinoma in a right ovarian remnant. Curiously, this patient had no history of endometriosis, dense pelvic adhesions, pelvic inflammatory disease, or difficulty encountered during the original hysterectomy. This is the seventh published case report in the international literature about carcinoma developing in an ovarian remnant. However, this case differs in that the patient had no preexisting gynecologic conditions at the time of hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy to account for residual ovarian tissue. Additionally, the oophorectomy was performed vaginally, in contrast to multiple previous case reports.     

Effects of ovarian surgery on the dopaminergic and opioidergic control of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in women with polycystic ovarian disease

Background. Surgical therapy with laparoscopic ovarian ‘drilling’ (LOD) may avoid or reduce the need for gonadotrophins or may facilitate their use. However, the procedure, though effective, can be traumatic on the ovaries, which may cause postoperative adhesions and/or diminished ovarian reserve (DOR).

Objective. To review the available literature, whether the LOD is harmful on the ovarian reserve markers.

Search strategy. A literature search was conducted using the keywords LOD, laparoscopic ovarian diathermy, PCOS, ovarian reserve, premature ovarian failure (POF). The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched.

Selection criteria. All trials, case reports and letters to the editor in the PubMed database were included.

Data collection and analysis. Along with the long-term clinical follow-up research articles, four that were specifically identifying the ovarian reserve tests were included in this review. Among these, three of them compared before and after LOD values, and one of them compared ovarian reserve markers among different groups of subjects; those with LOD, those with PCOS without LOD and those with normal ovulatory controls.

Results. There were statistically significant differences between Day 3 FSH, inhibin B levels, ovarian volume and antral follicle count before and after LOD in some of the reports. Although the after LOD values were found to be lower than the before LOD values by means of ovarian reserve markers, the after values stayed higher than normal when compared with normal women without PCOS.

Conclusion. Although the available data in the literature is limited, there was no concrete evidence of a DOR or POF associated with LOD in women with PCOS. Most of the changes in the ovarian reserve markers observed after LOD could be interpreted as normalisation of ovarian function rather than a reduction of ovarian reserve. LOD, if applied properly, normalises the exaggerated ovarian morphologic and endocrinologic properties.     

Primary malignant mesodermal ovarian sarcomas

Primary malignant mesodermal ovarian sarcomas are rare tumors and have a poor prognosis. The disease is usually diagnosed at a late stage and 5-year survivals are uncommon. Most patients are treated with debulking surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. We report ten patients treated at a single institution. All patients underwent surgery and 90% received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median survival was 20 months, and only one patient survived beyond 5 years. Newer treatment strategies are urgently needed in the management of this disease.     

Screening for familial ovarian cancer—management and outcome of women with moderate to high risk of developing ovarian cancer

Abstract.   Rieck GC, Lim K, Rogers MT, France E, Gray JR, Amso N, Evans AS, Howells RH, & Fiander AN. Screening for familial ovarian cancer—management and outcome of women with moderate to high risk of developing ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16(Suppl. 1): 86–91.
Five percent to ten percent of ovarian cancers are hereditary. Individual genetic risk of developing ovarian malignancy is discussed in women. Currently, prophylactic surgery is advised to women with a moderate to high risk of developing ovarian cancer. Workload and outcome of the multidisciplinary familial ovarian screening clinic in South Wales were assessed. This was an observational study of 145 women registered with the Familial Ovarian Screening Clinic between January 1998 and December 2003. The data were retrieved from the medical notes. Yearly follow-ups were investigated with a transvaginal scan and CA125 level. Post-surgery women were followed up with yearly CA125 estimations: 46.9% fell into moderate-risk and 50.3% into high-risk category. The median age was 42 (SD 10.4), 71.7% were pre menopausal, and 10.3% had a personal history of breast cancer and 1.4% colon cancer. Whereas 36.5% opted for surgery, the remaining women (but two) opted for annual follow-up. Histology of the women who had surgery showed three cases of malignancies (fallopian tube carcinoma, atypical ovarian epithelial cells, and metastatic breast cancer). Seven women developed breast cancer during the observation period. The follow-up period is too short to come to a final conclusion as to the benefits of yearly screening in this group of women. In our series, a significant number of patients developed malignancies, despite prophylactic surgery.     

Estradiol level on day 9 as a predictor of risk for ovarian hyperresponse during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

Purpose : To investigate the estradiol (E₂) level in the mid-follicular phase during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and evaluate it as a predictor of a high risk for ovarian hyperresponse. Methods : From January 1996 to October 2001, the records of a total of 146 patients undergoing 164 COH cycles were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received the long protocol of GnRH agonists from the previous mid-luteal phase and then hMG or FSH from day 3 of the menstrual cycle. The E₂ level was evaluated on day 9. Ovarian hyperresponse was defined as 1) an E₂ level on the day of hCG injection was >4000 pg/mL, or 2) the necessity for coasting during COH to decrease the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Results : Of the 52 cycles in which day 9 E₂ level was >800 pg/mL, 29 (55.8%) fulfilled the criteria for ovarian hyperresponse. None of patients whose day 9 E₂ level was <300 pg/mL met the criteria for hyperresponse. The pregnancy rate in the groups with day 9 E₂ level <300 pg/mL was 42.9%; for an E₂ level = 300–800 pg/mL, 49.2%; and for an E₂ level >800 pg/mL, 32.7%. The corresponding implantation rates were 18.8, 28.0, and 17.0%. The E₂ level on day 9 did not correlate with clinical pregnancy rates or implantation rates. Conclusions : A high E₂ level in the mid-follicular phase was predictive of patients with a high ovarian response. An E₂ level on day 9 of menstrual cycle of >800 pg/mL suggests an increased risk for ovarian hyperresponse, and appropriate management should be instituted to decrease the risk of OHSS.     

两种促排卵方案用于卵巢储备功能下降患者的自身对照研究#br#

Objective?To analyze self-control study of the progestin-primed ovarian stimulation(PPOS) and antagonist protocol in the patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Methods?A retrospective analysis was performed on 56 DOR patients receiving IVF/ICSI-ET in our hospital from January 2017 to July 2020. All patients were treated with antagonist protocol and PPOS protocol, the ovulation induction and pregnancy outcome were compared between the two ovulation induction schemes. Results?There were no statistical difference in the basic situation of Gn on launch day, AFC, the duration and total doses of gonadotropin, E2 levels and number of follicles≥14 mm on trigger day, number of retrieved oocytes, MⅡ oocytes, 2PN embryos, normal fertilization rate, high quality embryo rate, cycle cancellation rate, implantation rate, biochemical pregnancy rate and clinical pregnancy rate among the two groups (P＞0.05). The LH levels on trigger day [(6.11±6.33) U/L vs. (3.05±2.59) U/L], premature LH surge rate (17.86% vs. 1.79%), cycle cancellation rate (41.07% vs. 26.79%) in the antagonist group were significantly higher than those in the PPOS group (P＜0.05), while the available embryos rate (66.67% vs. 86.06%) was lower than PPOS group. Conclusions?The ovulation induction and pregnancy outcome of the two protocols were comparable for patients with DOR, while PPOS protocols can more effectively control the occurrence of premature LH surge, improve the embryo utilization rate, reduce cycle cancellation rate.     

不同年龄段不孕患者控制性超排卵中卵巢低反应的预测

目的研究不同年龄段不孕患者超排卵过程中卵巢低反应的发生情况,探讨不同年龄段患者卵巢低反应的相关因素及比较各预测指标的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属孙逸仙医院生殖医学中心2424个体外受精/卵细胞浆内单精子注射（IVF/ICSI）周期。按年龄分为4组,比较各组卵巢低反应的发生率及妊娠率;logistic回归分析基础FSH、基础LH、基础E2、窦卵泡数（AFC）、卵巢容积和BMI等与卵巢低反应的相关性,并根据回归结果计算联合指标的ROC曲线。结果 18～30岁组不孕患者卵巢低反应率为9.0%（77/852）,基础FSH与AFC联合预测卵巢低反应的ROC曲线下面积为0.726;31～35岁组卵巢低反应率为19.7%（172/871）,基础FSH、基础LH、AFC联合预测卵巢低反应的ROC曲线下面积为0.789;36～40岁组卵巢低反应率34.9%（190/545）,基础FSH、卵巢体积、AFC和年龄联合预测卵巢低反应的ROC曲线下面积为0.831;≥41岁组卵巢低反应率为69.2%（108/156）,AFC预测卵巢低反应的ROC曲线下面积为0.809。结论随着年龄增大,卵巢低反应发生率增加、妊娠率下降;不同年龄段预测卵巢低反应的指标不同,综合多指标的预测价值较单一指标预测价值高,建议综合多个有效指标评估卵巢的反应性。     

早发性卵巢功能不全的遗传因素

早发性卵巢功能不全（primary ovarian insufficiency，POI）是指女性在40岁以前出现卵巢功能减退的临床综合征。主要临床表现为月经异常（闭经、月经稀发或频发）、促性腺激素水平升高、生育力降低或不孕、雌激素水平波动性下降或存在其他疾病表现或风险，比如先天性心脏病、智力障碍、肾上腺和甲状腺功能低下、糖尿病、复发性流产等。POI诊断标准为年龄＜40岁，出现停经或月经稀发至少4个月，并连续2次间隔4周以上的卵泡刺激素（FSH）＞25U/L。可根据是否出现自发月经，将早发性卵巢功能不全分为原发性和继发性［1］。 浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。     

Differences of chemoresistance assay between invasive micropapillary/low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of chemoresistance in invasive micropapillary/low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (invasive MPSC/LGSC) and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) according to extreme drug resistance (EDR) assay testing. Surgical specimens of 44 recurrent ovarian cancer patients harvested at the time of cytoreductive surgery between August 1999 and February 2004 were identified retrospectively from the tumor registry database. Thirteen patients (29.5%) had recurrent invasive MPSC/LGSC and 31 (70.5%) patients had recurrent HGSC. Eight drugs were evaluated; EDR assay results were compared between LGSC and HGSC groups using Fisher exact tests and exact logistic regression models. Compared to HGSC, invasive MPSC/LGSC were more likely to manifest EDR to the drugs paclitaxel (69% vs 14%, P < 0.001), carboplatin (50% vs 17%, P= 0.05), cyclophosphamide (40% vs 23%, P= 0.41), gemcitabine (36% vs 19%, P= 0.40), and cisplatin (33% vs 28%, P= 0.72) and less likely to be resistant to etoposide (0% vs 44%, P= 0.007), doxorubicin (8% vs 45%, P= 0.03), and topotecan (8% vs 21%, P= 0.65). Exact logistic regression estimates revealed that invasive MPSC/LGSC patients had significantly increased probabilities of paclitaxel resistance odds ratio (OR) = 12.5 (95% CI: 2.3-100.0), P= 0.001 and carboplatin resistance OR = 4.8 (95% CI: 0.9-25.0), P= 0.07, while the HGSC cases were more likely to be resistant to etoposide OR = 12.1 (95% CI: 1.7-infinity), P=0.009 and doxorubicin OR = 8.6 (95% CI: 1.0-413.7), P= 0.05. In this retrospective analysis, patients with recurrent invasive MPSC/LGSC were more likely to manifest EDR to standard chemotherapy agents (platinum and paclitaxel). These observations may help to guide chemotherapeutic decision making in these patients if confirmed in a large-scale study.     

Increased occurrence of ovarian pregnancy

Forty-one cases of ovarian pregnancies diagnosed during 1946 and 1980 were analysed clinically and histologically. All of the pregnancies were terminated during the first trimester. The average duration of amenorrhea was 36.4 ± 18.6 days; fifteen of the patients (37%) had no amenorrhea. The gestational sac was implanted at the ovarian surface in 30 cases and deeper in the cortex in 11 cases. A close connection with the corpus luteum was noted in 26 cases, with 8 cases showing placental tissue inside the corpus luteum. Endometriosis was found in the affected ovary in 2 cases and acute or chronic inflammatory changes in 4.During the 1970's the number of ovarian pregnancies diagnosed was four times as great as in the 1960's. The share of ovarian pregnancies out of all ectopic pregnancies in this decade was 5.4% and that for the 1960's was 1.5%. Of the patients with an ovarian pregnancy diagnosed in the 1970's, 61% had an IUD in situ at the time of the operation. In addition 61% of these patients had a history of a gynecological operation during a previous pregnancy.     

Screening and detection of ovarian cancer

According to the National Cancer Institute, ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women and the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. Most often the disease is advanced before symptoms are evident. It is estimated that only 15% to 30% of women in advanced stages will survive 5 years, whereas, of women in stage I at the time of diagnosis, 95% are likely to be alive in 5 years, and most are cured following surgery. Current screening techniques recommended for women with known strong risk factors include combination transvaginal sonography with cancer antigen (CA-125). Transvaginal sonography and serum CA-125 have limited diagnostic predictability. A new early detection method that uses proteomic technology will soon be available. The OvaCheck test, as researchers purport, is a highly specific and sensitive early detection method for ovarian cancer in women with strong risk factors. The Food and Drug Administration has yet to approve nationwide marketing of OvaCheck for early detection, because trials are not yet complete. Anticipated commercial availability is scheduled for early 2005.     

高剂量来曲唑在卵巢低反应患者微刺激方案中的临床观察#br#

Objective?To explore the clinical application value of high-dose letrozole in poor ovarian response(POR) patients during mild ovarian stimulation protocols receiving IVF/ICSI. Methods?A retrospective analysis was performed on 102 patients with POR treated with letrozole mild ovarian stimulation in IVF/ICSI at our reproductive Center from January 2016 to December 2018. The high-dose letrozole group (7.5 mg/d×5 d) was the high-dose group (n=50), and the conventional letrozole group (5 mg/d×5 d) was the conventional dose group (n=52). Results?The age and basal FSH of the high-dose group were higher than those of the conventional dose group (P<0.05), and the number of sinus follicles (AFC) in the high-dose group was significantly lower than that in the conventional dose group (P<0.05). The time of use of gonadotropin (Gn) in high dose group was shorter than that in conventional dose group (P<0.05), the daily serum E2 level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the egg number was lower than that in conventional dose group, but the egg MⅡrate was significantly higher than that in conventional dose group (P<0.05). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate per fresh transplant cycle increased in the high-dose group [55.56% vs 50%; 55.56% vs 37.5%], but the difference was not statistically significant compared with the conventional dose group (P>0.05). Conclusion?For POR patients receiving ART, high-dose letrozole with mild ovarian stimulation protocol can improve the clinical pregnancy outcome of POR patients to some extent without obvious adverse reactions, especially for POR patients with poor ovarian reserve, which may benefit from improving oocyte quality and high MII rate suggesting improved follicle quality.