我国唐氏综合征的疾病经济负担研究

目的:对我国唐氏综合征(简称唐氏)经济负担进行测算,促进唐氏预防和控制策略规划的制定。方法:2004年,课题组对河北省、陕西省和上海市三地唐氏患者的直接照料人进行了入户卫生服务调查。唐氏的经济负担包括直接医疗费用、直接非医疗费用和间接费用(如劳动收入损失)。采用发病率方法,对2003年我国每一新发唐氏病例以及所有新发病例生命周期的经济学负担进行测算。结果:课题组在访谈了222位唐氏患者的直接照料人。从患者家庭角度看,2003年我国每一新发唐氏病例的经济负担是39.00万元,所有新发病例的经济负担达70.00亿元;从社会角度看,每一新发唐氏病例的经济负担是人民币45.00万元,所有新发病例的经济损失达人民币81.40亿元。大多数经济损失归因于间接的劳动收入损失。结论:唐氏患者使家庭和社会承受了巨大的经济负担。因此,亟需对唐氏患者及家庭提供社会支持以降低经济负担,同时,开展产前诊断以预防唐氏显得十分必要。     

我国唐氏综合征的疾病经济负担

通过研究疾病经济负担,描述唐氏综合征系统康复和预防的重要性。资料主要来源于文献评阅和流行病学调查,采用发病率法测算得出2003年我国所有新发唐氏综合征患者整个生命周期的疾病经济负担约为52.44亿-81.69亿元,平均为66.22亿元;每一新发病例的例均费用为39.06万元。以患者本人劳动损失和家属误工收入损失为主是疾病经济负担最显著的特点,二者合计占总负担的98.01%。要降低疾病经济负担,提供全面系统的康复是有效的,推广产前诊断、避免患儿出生仍是根本途径。     

连云港市手足口病住院病例经济负担调查

目的 了解连云港市手足口病住院病例经济负担。方法 选取2010年因手足口病住院的128例病例,用自制的问卷以回访方式调查病例的基本情况、就诊情况和经济负担情况等,用SPSS 18.0统计软件对资料进行统计分析。结果 128例住院病例中轻症98例,重症30例。调查病例总费用、直接医疗费用、直接非医疗费用和间接经济负担中位数分别为4 412元、3 135元、420元和386元。疾病轻重、病程长短以及病例就诊次数是直接医疗费用、直接非医疗费用和间接经济负担的影响因素,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 连云港市手足口病住院病例经济负担重,采取有效措施控制和降低发病率,及早发现重症病例,规范诊疗,缩短病程,可有效减轻手足口病对家庭和社会的经济负担。     

贵州省2008-2010年流行性脑脊髓膜炎经济负担分析

目的评估2008-2010年贵州省流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)的经济负担。方法在2008-2010年中国疾病预防控制信息系统报告的贵州省流脑病例中,随机调查50例的疾病经济负担。采用直接法计算疾病直接经济负担中住院医疗费用,出院后诊疗费用和直接非医疗费用采用访问的方法,对病患家属或/和病患开展回顾性调查,疾病间接经济负担采用回顾性调查、人力资本法与伤残调整寿命年(disabilty-adjusted life year,DALY)结合核算的方法。总疾病经济负担=疾病直接经济负担总额+疾病间接经济负担总额。结果 2008-2010年贵州省流脑年均发病36例,平均疾病经济负担1.66万元/例,年均疾病经济负担59.20万元,DALY所致经济损失占疾病经济负担的59.75%,直接医疗费用占21.07%,直接非医疗费用占16.05%,误工损失费用占3.13%。结论流脑造成贵州省较重的疾病经济负担。     

中国糖尿病直接卫生费用研究

目的：测算我国的糖尿病直接卫生费用。方法：采用配比的病例对照方法，调查糖尿病人群和非糖尿病人群的人均直接卫生费用比值，标化后测算出我国2004年的糖尿病直接卫生费用。结果：每位糖尿病人年直接卫生费用是非糖尿病人的2，47倍；2004年我国糖尿病直接卫生费用约为574．69亿元，约占2004年全国卫生总费用的7．57％。结论：我国糖尿病直接卫生费用在国家卫生总费用中的比例已经接近发达国家水平，必须采取有效措施，减轻患者和社会的经济负担。     

非户籍妇女孕产期保健直接医疗费用调查

目的 通过对非户籍妇女孕产期保健的直接医疗费用进行调查,了解非户籍妇女产前保健和住院分娩经济负担,探讨非户籍妇女孕产期保健筹资的公平性.方法 选取2006年7月至2007年6月间单月在上海市某二级综合医院分娩的所有非户籍人口产妇,共475例,对孕产期保健经济负担进行调查.结果 475例研究对象住院天数平均为5.93天,研究对象平均产前检查直接医疗费用为897.03元.阴道分娩组住院直接医疗费用平均为1 378.26元,各项费用构成占前3位的是手术费、检验费、西药费:剖宫产组住院直接医疗费用平均为3 169.64元,各项费用占前3住的是手术费、西药费、检验费.家庭年收入<2万元组孕产期保健直接医疗费用占家庭年收入的比例最高.占家庭年收入的22.17％.结论 相对于低收入的非户籍人口家庭来说,非户籍妇女的孕产期保健费用仍偏高,而较高的孕产期保健费用可降低非户籍妇女的孕产期保健的可及性.     

杭州市终末期肾病血液透析患者疾病经济负担研究

通过杭州市7所综合性医院终末期肾病血液透析的直接、间接医疗费用的测算,患者家庭疾病经济负担的调查,比较了享有不同医疗保险患者肾透析的利用及医疗费用。结果表明,城镇职工医疗保险制度在减轻疾病经济负担方面发挥了重要作用。尽管如此,血液透析患者的家庭经济负担仍显过重。因此需要进一步完善杭州市现行的对肾透析服务的医疗保险支付和补偿制度,减轻患者疾病经济负担。     

基于预防接种异常反应补偿的山东省卡介苗淋巴结炎经济负担测算

目的了解山东省卡介苗(BCG)淋巴结炎经济负担情况。方法以2011年5月至2019年12月山东省304例申请省级补偿的BCG淋巴结炎病例为对象,收集患者基本情况、预防接种相关情况、门诊(住院)病历和收费票据等相关资料,对其直接经济负担(包括直接医疗费用和直接非医疗费用)、间接经济负担和总经济负担进行测算,比较不同特征病例经济负担的差异。结果304例BCG淋巴结炎患者月龄的M(Q1,Q3)为3(2,4)月,其中男性239例(78.6%),淋巴结破溃71例(23.4%),手术227例(74.7%)。单纯门诊、单纯住院和门诊后住院病例分别占25.7%(78例)、7.2%(22例)和67.1%(204例)。贴现后单例直接、间接和总经济负担的M(Q1,Q3)分别为9910(5713,16074)、2081(1547,3122)和12262(7694,18571)元。直接医疗费用占直接经济负担的89.4%,直接经济负担占总经济负担的84.9%,80.0%病例的总经济负担仅占其补偿金额的20.0%左右,只有2.3%的病例总经济负担占补偿金额的60.0%以上。单纯住院和门诊后住院病例的直接、间接和总经济负担高于单纯门诊病例,手术病例的直接、间接和总经济负担高于非手术病例,淋巴结未破溃病例的直接和总经济负担高于破溃病例(均P<0.05)。结论山东省BCG淋巴结炎病例经济负担受诊疗方式的影响,且以直接医疗费用为主。     

基于预防接种异常反应补偿的山东省卡介苗淋巴结炎经济负担测算

目的了解山东省卡介苗(BCG)淋巴结炎经济负担情况。方法以2011年5月至2019年12月山东省304例申请省级补偿的BCG淋巴结炎病例为对象,收集患者基本情况、预防接种相关情况、门诊(住院)病历和收费票据等相关资料,对其直接经济负担(包括直接医疗费用和直接非医疗费用)、间接经济负担和总经济负担进行测算,比较不同特征病例经济负担的差异。结果304例BCG淋巴结炎患者月龄的M(Q1,Q3)为3(2,4)月,其中男性239例(78.6%),淋巴结破溃71例(23.4%),手术227例(74.7%)。单纯门诊、单纯住院和门诊后住院病例分别占25.7%(78例)、7.2%(22例)和67.1%(204例)。贴现后单例直接、间接和总经济负担的M(Q1,Q3)分别为9910(5713,16074)、2081(1547,3122)和12262(7694,18571)元。直接医疗费用占直接经济负担的89.4%,直接经济负担占总经济负担的84.9%,80.0%病例的总经济负担仅占其补偿金额的20.0%左右,只有2.3%的病例总经济负担占补偿金额的60.0%以上。单纯住院和门诊后住院病例的直接、间接和总经济负担高于单纯门诊病例,手术病例的直接、间接和总经济负担高于非手术病例,淋巴结未破溃病例的直接和总经济负担高于破溃病例(均P<0.05)。结论山东省BCG淋巴结炎病例经济负担受诊疗方式的影响,且以直接医疗费用为主。     

上海某三级精神专科医院住院心境障碍患者的经济负担研究

目的:了解住院心境障碍患者的特点,测算其经济负担情况,为促进精神卫生资源的合理运用和优先投入提供参考依据。方法:采用现况研究,对上海某三级精神专科医院2009年3月1日—12月31日期间出院的所有符合入组标准的心境障碍患者及其主要照料者进行问卷调查,征得知情同意原则,共收集了226例患者和197例主要照料者的相关资料;采用EpiData 3.1和SPSS 13.0软件对数据进行录入与统计分析。结果:调查对象的年人均总费用为70 387.4元,其中间接费用、直接医疗费用、直接非医疗费用分别占64.0%、30.0%、6.0%。结论:心境障碍给患者个人、家庭及社会造成的经济负担是巨大的,其中间接费用导致其经济负担更加沉重。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.