广西不同地区健康成人尿汞正常参考值调查

2015至2016年,在广西各地区按年龄性别分层随机抽样和问卷调查的方法采集尿相对密度合格且资料信息齐全的尿样,用原子荧光光谱测定方法进行尿汞含量测定。共采集广西14个地市共1 533份正常人尿样,相对密度合格尿样1 417份,尿汞正常值单侧估计95%上限为2.90μg/L。经常摄食海鲜的人群尿汞P50(1.36μg/L)高于不摄食海鲜人群P50(0.70μg/L)(Z=-9.306,P0.01);经常使用美白产品的人群尿汞P50(0.38μg/L)低于不使用美白产品人群的尿汞P50(0.81μg/L)(Z=-3.152,P0.01),差异有统计学意义。广西正常人群尿汞参考值0.10～2.90μg/L,不同地区尿汞水平存在差异,与生活习惯有关。     

广东省正常人群尿汞正常参考值的调查分析

目的探讨广东地区无汞接触史的健康成年男、女尿汞的正常参考值上限.方法收集某牛奶公司等单位职工中无汞接触史,经健康体检正常的成人男女一次性尿样;以某照明有限公司等单位的汞作业接触者作对照组.用冷原子吸收光谱法-酸性氯化亚锡还原法测定尿汞含量.结果正常人群尿汞含量95%上限值为7.00 μg/L;608例男女无汞接触史的健康成人尿汞含量基本接近,两者差异无显著性(P＞0.05);汞作业接触者尿汞含量与正常人尿汞含量比较,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).结论根据本次调查结果,建议广东地区尿汞正常参考值上限为10.00 μg/L(50 nmol/L).     

健康人群尿汞本底值的调查

目的探讨不同地区非接触汞正常人群尿汞正常值.方法在上海、黑龙江、广东、四川等省市,收集非接触汞正常人群尿样共2 248例.样本采集采用随意尿,统一使用聚乙烯塑料瓶收集不少于25 ml的尿样,统一使用上海光华仪器厂生产的F732-G型测汞仪,测定方法采用尿中汞的酸性氯化亚锡还原-冷原子吸收法和尿中汞的碱性氯化亚锡还原-冷原子吸收法.并用肌酐和比重校正.采用苦味酸法测定肌酐,采用比重计测定比重.结果尿汞测定值呈偏态分布,采用对数转换成正态或近似正态分布,用几何均数表示平均水平.酸性法和碱性法2种测定方法的比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0.099）.男女间各地区比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.尿汞正常值95%上限为≤4.25μg/L（21.22 nmol/L）,用肌酐校正后为3.724 5 μg/g Cr（18.38 mol/g Cr）,比重校正后为4.45μg/L（22.50 nmol/L）.结论建议尿汞正常参考值为≤5μg/L（25 mol/L）,肌酐校正后为≤4 μg/L Cr（20nmol/Cr）,比重校正后为≤5 μg/L（25 nmol/L）.     

低水平汞暴露对儿童智力发育影响的前瞻性研究

目的 评估胎儿期低水平汞暴露对学龄儿童智力发育的影响.方法 在2009年6月至2010年6月,对在苏州市吴江区第一人民医院住院的产妇进行健康问卷调查,采集脐血、胎发检测汞暴露水平.在2016年10月至2017年8月,对部分儿童进行随访,填写问卷,检测血汞、尿汞、发汞,并用Wechsler儿童智力量表修订版(WISC-R)对入组儿童进行智力测试.结果 研究期间共完成206例儿童的随访,其中男童102例,女童104例,平均年龄为89.6±3.5月龄.随访儿童的脐血汞几何均数为2.12μg/L,胎发汞为272.73μg/kg,7岁儿童随访时血汞几何均数为1.19μg/L,发汞为339.50μg/kg,尿汞为0.41μg/L.脐血汞水平与胎发汞和血汞水平均呈正相关(r值分别为0.470、0.175),胎发汞水平与血汞水平、尿汞水平及发汞水平均呈正相关(r值分别为0.364、0.248、0.242),血汞水平与尿汞水平、发汞水平均呈正相关(r值分别为0.366、0.536).学龄期血汞水平对男童语言智商及总智商呈负性影响(β值分别为-15.18、-17.66).结论 胎儿期汞暴露处于较低水平,胎儿期汞暴露对儿童智能发育无明显影响,而儿童期汞暴露对男童智能发育可能产生一定的负性影响,而对女童无显著影响.     

上海地区健康成人尿汞正常参考值探讨

采用冷原子吸收光谱法-酸性氯化亚锡还原法,对本市423例非汞接触的健康成人进行尿汞检测.结果尿汞的正常参考值＜4.2μg/L,尿汞的肌酐校正参考值＜0.43 μg/mmol.尿汞值的变化与年龄和性别无关,此正常参考值可作为上海地区惠慢性汞中毒诊断参考指标之一.     

辽宁省一般人群全血和尿液中砷水平分布的研究

目的了解辽宁省一般人群全血和尿液中砷水平的分布,并分析其流行分布特点。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,于2009—2010年在辽宁省东、中、西部3个城市的区县中,抽取2 105名6~60岁人群作为调查对象,进行血、尿样品采集和问卷调查。应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测样品中砷水平,分析在不同性别、年龄、地区和生活方式中砷水平分布情况。结果调查对象血砷几何均数为3.68μg/L,95%CI为3.55~3.80μg/L,男性血砷几何均数(3.90μg/L)高于女性(3.46μg/L)(P0.01)。各年龄组血砷的几何均数差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),其中46~60岁年龄组血砷最高(为5.07μg/L),17~20岁年龄组血砷最低(为2.19μg/L)。辽宁省东、中、西部地区人群血砷几何均数分别为5.06、2.67和3.15μg/L(P0.01)。调查对象尿砷几何均数为21.27μg/L,95%CI为20.37~22.25μg/L。男性尿砷几何均数(22.76μg/L)显著高于女性(19.85μg/L)(P0.01)。不同年龄组人群尿砷几何均数差异有统计学意义(P0.01),其中13~16岁年龄组尿砷最低(为14.97μg/L),31~45岁年龄组尿砷最高(为32.04μg/L);辽宁省东、中、西部地区人群尿砷几何均数分别为25.81、17.34和21.40μg/L(P0.01)。在吸烟、饮酒和摄食海鲜人群中血砷、尿砷均增高(P0.01)。辽宁省一般人群血砷水平与尿砷水平呈正相关(r=0.189,P0.01)。辽宁省一般人群血砷几何均数(3.68μg/L)高于全国一般人群(2.33μg/L)(P0.01);辽宁省尿砷几何均数(21.27μg/L)高于全国(13.72μg/L)(P0.01)。结论辽宁省一般人群血砷和尿砷水平在性别、年龄、区域和生活方式特征中均存在差异。辽宁省一般人群血砷和尿砷水平显著高于全国一般人群水平。     

热分解齐化原子吸收法直接检测疑似汞中毒病例尿汞含量

目的建立以直接测汞仪采用热分解齐化原子吸收法测定尿汞含量的方法,并检测疑似汞中毒病例尿汞含量。方法利用DMA80型固液相自动测汞仪对尿样直接进行检测。结果在质量浓度0.02~0.10mg/L范围内,汞含量和吸光度呈良好线性,相关系数r=0.999 8。加标回收率为99.6%~101.8%,标准偏差为2.9%。2015年累计检测113份尿样,尿汞合格率88.50%。尿汞质量浓度为0.04~252.80μg/L,经校正含量为0.000~0.37mg/g肌酐。结论采用直接测汞仪检测尿汞含量,样品不需进行预处理和化学法还原,操作简便、快捷,无废物处置,结果可靠,可在临床实验室进行推广。     

胎儿期汞暴露对新生儿神经行为发育影响

目的 了解浙江省舟山市胎儿期汞暴露对新生儿神经行为发育影响,为采取干预措施提供参考依据.方法 采用自行设计调查表,对2006年3月-2007年7月在舟山市妇幼保健院整群随机抽取的418名新生儿母亲进行问卷调查,并检测新生儿脐带血汞及其母亲尿汞、血汞和发汞值,评定新生儿的神经行为发育情况.结果 新生儿脐带血汞平均汞含量为(7.9±4.7)μg/ L;母亲尿汞、血汞和发汞平均汞含量为(2.8±3.2)μg/L、(5.7±4.0)μg/L和(1.2±0.7)mg/kg;Spearman相关分析结果表明,新生儿脐带血汞与母亲尿汞、发汞和血汞,母亲尿汞与发汞、血汞,母亲发汞与血汞均呈正相关关系(P<0.01);除母亲发汞外,新生儿脐带血汞、母亲尿汞和血汞均随母亲怀孕期间吃鱼次数增多而增加(P<0.01);418名新生儿神经行为发育评分平均为(38.41±1.30)分,一般评估、原始反射、被动肌张力、主动肌张力和行为能力5个维度满分率分别为96.89%、94.98%、74.64%、65.55%和49.04%;多因素非条件Lo-gistic回归分析结果表明,新生儿脐带血汞含量≥18μg/L是新生儿NBNA得分的危险因素.结论 舟山市孕妇和新生儿汞暴露与食鱼有关;新生儿脐带血汞含量较高能影响新生儿神经行为发育.     

含镉粉尘治理前后工人尿镉与血镉水平分析

目的 分析某锌粉加工厂含镉粉尘治理前后作业工人尿镉、血镉和尿β2-微球蛋白的变化.方法 对锌粉加工厂粉尘进行治理,对粉尘治理前后84名镉作业工人尿镉、血镉、β2-微球蛋白水平进行自身对照分析.结果 治理后,作业场所锌尘几何均数由3.38mg/m3降至2.22mg/m3,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).治理前调查对象的血镉、尿镉几何均数浓度[血镉(2.19±1.19)μg/L,尿镉(1.96±0.74)μg/gCr]明显高于治理后1年[(1.63±0.83)μg/L,(1.25±0.83)μg/g Cr]和治理后2年[(1.36±0.95)μg/L,(0.94±0.72)μg/g Cr],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).治理前及治理后1年、2年接触工人尿镉与血镉浓度作相关分析,r=0.466,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 粉尘治理能降低低浓度镉作业工人的血镉、尿镉水平,对防止镉中毒效果明显.     

辽宁省一般人群尿中铜、锌水平研究

目的调查辽宁省一般人群尿中铜、锌水平,分析其人群分布特点。方法将辽宁省划分为东、中、西部地区,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,于2009—2010年辽宁省东、中、西部抽取1691名对象进行问卷调查,并采集尿液样品。用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测尿中铜、锌含量,通过统计分析研究一般人群尿中铜、锌的分布水平。结果调查对象尿铜几何均数(95%CI)为10.59μg/L,中位数(P50)为10.70μg/L;男性尿铜几何均数显著高于女性(P0.01);不同年龄组人群尿铜几何均数差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),其中17~20岁年龄组尿铜最高,21~30岁年龄组尿铜最低;辽宁省东、中、西部地区人群尿铜几何均数差异有统计学意义(P0.01),分别为10.69、8.71和12.73μg/L;吸烟与饮酒特征中人群尿铜几何均数差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。尿锌95%CI为77.26μg/L,P50为85.09μg/L;男性尿锌几何均数显著高于女性(P0.01);不同年龄组人群尿锌几何均数差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),其中6~12岁年龄组尿锌最高,31~45岁年龄组尿锌最低;辽宁省东、中、西部地区人群尿锌几何均数差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);吸烟与饮酒特征中人群尿锌几何均数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论辽宁省一般人群尿中铜、锌水平在不同性别、年龄、区域特征中均存在差异。     

Atmospheric mercury in Changbai Mountain area, northeastern China II. The distribution of reactive gaseous mercury and particulate mercury and mercury deposition fluxes

Reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate mercury (Hgp) concentrations in ambient air from a remote site at Changbai Mountain area in northeastern China were intermittently monitored from August 2005 to July 2006 totaling 93 days representing fall, winter-spring and summer season, respectively. Rainwater and snow samples were collected during a whole year, and total mercury (THg) in rain samples were used to calculate wet depositional flux. A throughfall method and a model method were used to estimate dry depositional flux. Results showed mean concentrations of RGM and Hgp are 65 and 77 pg m⁻³. Compared to background concentrations of atmospheric mercury species in Northern Hemisphere, RGM and Hgp are significantly elevated in Changbai area. Large values for standard deviation indicated fast reactivity and a low residence time for these mercury species. Seasonal variability is also important, with lower mercury levels in summer compared to other seasons, which is attributed to scavenging by rainfall and low local mercury emissions in summer. THg concentrations ranged from 11.5 to 15.9 ng L⁻¹ in rainwater samples and 14.9-18.6 ng L⁻¹ in throughfall samples. Wet depositional flux in Changbai area is calculated to be 8.4 μg m⁻² a⁻¹, and dry deposition flux is estimated to be 16.5 μg m⁻² a⁻¹ according to a throughfall method and 20.2 μg m⁻² a⁻¹ using a model method.     

职业性汞中毒诊断及驱汞治疗进展

正在贵重金属制造、水银温度计、血压计生产行业中,金属汞是最主要的职业病危害因素。近年来,职业人群接汞剂量逐步减小,并且随着《职业病防治法》的两次修订,国家对职业人群健康的重视程度日益提高,明确低浓度长期接汞量效关系,对职业接触汞危害的人群进行预防、诊断与治疗,具有参考价值。1职业性汞中毒诊断研究进展1.1确定职业性汞暴露的量效关系明确汞毒性效应的量效关系是汞中毒诊断的前提。尽管     

直接测汞仪测定尿中总汞

【目的】建立以直接测汞仪测定尿汞的方法。【方法】利用DMA80型直接测汞仪对尿样进行分析测定。【结果】该方法在尿汞为1.0～200.0 ng水平时具有良好的线性关系,该方法检出限为0.4μg/L,样品测定精密度为0.38%～1.68%,回收率为92.6%～96.9%。【结论】该方法可以作为尿中总汞的日常检测方法。     

Biomarkers of mercury exposure at a mercury recycling facility in Ukraine

This study evaluates biomarkers of occupational mercury exposure among workers at a mercury recycling operation in Gorlovka, Ukraine. The 29 study participants were divided into three occupational categories for analysis: (1) those who worked in the mercury recycling operation (Group A, n = 8), (2) those who worked at the facility but not in the yard where the recycling was done (Group B, n = 14), and (3) those who did not work at the facility (Group C, n = 7). Urine, blood, hair, and nail samples were collected from the participants, and a questionnaire was administered to obtain data on age, gender, occupational history, smoking, alcohol consumption, fish consumption, tattoos, dental amalgams, home heating system, education, source of drinking water, and family employment in the former mercury mine/smelter located on the site of the recycling facility. Each factor was tested in a univariate regression with total mercury in urine, blood, hair, and nails. Median biomarker concentrations were 4.04 microg/g-Cr (urine), 2.58 microg/L (blood), 3.95 microg/g (hair), and 1.16 microg/g (nails). Occupational category was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with both blood and urinary mercury concentrations but not with hair or nail mercury. Four individuals had urinary mercury concentrations in a range previously found to be associated with subtle neurological and subjective symptoms (e.g., fatigue, loss of appetite, irritability), and one worker had a urinary mercury concentration in a range associated with a high probability of neurological effects and proteinuria. Comparison of results by occupational category found that workers directly involved with the recycling operation had the highest blood and urinary mercury levels. Those who worked at the facility but were not directly involved with the recycling operation had higher levels than those who did not work at the facility.     

Elemental mercury in urine from workers exposed to mercury vapor

Summary Elemental mercury (Hg°) in urine samples from workers in thermometer manufacturing factories was determined. In a factory in which the mercury level in the ambient air averaged more than 0.1 mg Hg m^–3, the Hg° concentration in the workers' urine ranged between 0.05 and 1.7 g Hg 1^–1 and constituted less than 1% of the inorganic mercury (In-Hg) in urine. Higher amounts of Hg° could be detected in urine on the day of the filling operation when thermometer blanks were filled with metallic mercury and on the following day when compared with other days. During this operation, the workers were exposed to mercury vapor levels with as much as 0.47–0.67 mg Hg m^–3. Our findings suggest that Hg° appears in urine quite rapidly after the worker's exposure to unusually high mercury levels.