脑白质疏松症患者记忆障碍的特征性研究

目的:探讨脑白质疏松症(leukoaraiosis,LA)记忆障碍特征及LA对记忆障碍的影响。方法:用临床记忆量表对60例LA患者,30例健康老年人进行记忆功能测查,同时对LA患者进行简明精神状态检查表(MMSE)测查。结果:LA组记忆商(MQ)(72±18)明显低于正常对照组(97±18)(t=6.32,P<0.01),各项记忆量表分也低于正常对照组(P<0.01),其中图像自由回忆犤(11±5)比(24±5)犦(t=11.63),人像特点联系回忆犤(14±5)比(24±5)犦(t=8.94)下降最明显;单纯LA组(77±18)与正常对照组比较,MQ差异有显著性意义(t=4.686,P<0.01),各项记忆量表分差异均有显著性意义(P<0.01),LA合并脑梗死组(CI)与单纯LA组比较,各项记忆量表分及MQ显著降低(P<0.01或0.05),以指向记忆下降最明显犤(11±7)比(16±6)犦(t=2.90,P<0.01);LA组各项记忆量表分及MQ随病损程度加重而降低,指向记忆(t=2.36,P<0.05)、无意义图形再认(t=2.57,P<0.05)差异显著,余各项差异不显著(P>0.05);LA组中MQ≤69者17例,其中MMSE符合痴呆者5例,MQ为70～79者30例,MMSE符合痴呆者1例,MQ为70～79者痴呆发生率低于MQ≤69者(χ2=4.49,P<0.05)。结论:LA患者有明显的记忆障碍,LA的记忆损害既有主动回忆困难也有再认障碍,合并脑梗死加重记忆障碍,增加痴呆发生率,且记忆损害越重,痴呆发生率     

脑白质疏松症患者记忆障碍的特征性研究

目的：探讨脑白质疏松症（leukoaraiosis，LA)记忆障碍特征及LA对记忆障碍的影响。方法：用临床记忆量表对60例LA患者，30例健康老年人进行记忆功能测查，同时对LA患者进行简明精神状态检查表(MMSE)测查。结果：LA组记忆商(MQ)(72&;#177;18)明显低于正常对照组(97&;#177;18)(t=6.32，P&;lt;0．01)，各项记忆量表分也低于正常对照组(P&;lt;0．01)，其中图像自由回忆[(11&;#177;5)比(24&;#177;5)](t=11．63)，人像特点联系回忆[(14&;#177;5)比(24&;#177;5)](t=8．94)下降最明显；单纯LA组(77&;#177;18)与正常对照组比较，MQ差异有显著性意义(t=4．686，P&;lt;0．01)，各项记忆量表分差异均有显著性意义(P&;lt;0．01)，LA合并脑梗死组(CI)与单纯LA组比较，各项记忆量表分及MQ显著降低(P&;lt;0．01或0．05),以指向记忆下降最明显[(11&;#177;7)比(16&;#177;6)](t=2.90，P&;lt;0.01)；LA组各项记忆量表分及MQ随病损程度加重而降低，指向记忆(t=2.36,P&;lt;0．05)、无意义图形再认(t=2．57，P&;lt;0．05)差异显著，余各项差异不显著(P&;gt;0.05)；LA组中MQ≤69者17例，其中MMSE符合痴呆者5例，MQ为70～79者30例，MMSE符合痴呆者1例，MQ为70～79者痴呆发生率低于MQ≤69者(x^2=4．49，P&;lt;0．05)。结论：LA患者有明显的记忆障碍，LA的记忆损害既有主动回忆困难也有再认障碍，合并脑梗死加重记忆障碍，增加痴呆发生率，且记忆损害越重，痴呆发生率越高。     

活脑灵对脑梗死后记忆障碍、脑血流量及脑电图的影响

目的:研究活脑灵治疗对脑梗死后记忆障碍患者记忆功能、脑血流量、脑电图等的影响。方法:脑梗死后记忆障碍患者72例,随机分为研究组(38例)和对照组(34例),分别给予活脑灵与胞磷胆碱静脉滴注治疗,1次/d,共4周。治疗前后记忆测定及经颅多普勒(TCD)、脑电图检查。结果:研究组治疗后临床记忆量表中指向记忆(12.85±6.13)分、图像自由回忆(14.67±8.02)分、无意义图像再认(18.61±3.16)分、人像特点联想回忆(17.79±5.12)分、MQ(80.2±12.1)分,Wechsler积分中的顺序(5.68±0.16)分、倒序(6.37±0.18)分较对照组和治疗前明显改善(t=9.84～14.3,P<0.01)。治疗前两组脑血流学指标差异无显著性意义,治疗后研究组脑大脑中动脉犤左:(63.81±13.12)cm/s,右:(60.61±10.23)cm/s犦、基底动脉犤(42.67±8.02)cm/s犦的平均血流速度及脉动指数与对照组比较显著改善(t=6.8～11.3,P<0.05或0.01)。结论:活脑灵治疗可提高脑梗死后记忆障碍患者的脑血流量,改善患者的记忆能力。     

无症状性脑梗死患者梗死灶与视觉空间认知功能损伤的关系

目的初步探讨无症状性脑梗死(ACI)患者认知功能损伤与脑梗死灶间的关系。方法采用视觉保持测验(VRT)对112例ACI患者的认知功能损伤进行评测,并分析脑梗死灶数量、体积、位置等不同因素对VRT得分的影响。结果ACI组VRT的正确得分明显低于对照组(14.5±3.2vs22.8±3.3,P<0.05),错误得分明显高于对照组(18.1±5.1vs7.6±3.6,P<0.05);且ACI组VRT的正确得分随梗死灶数量的增加而逐渐降低(F=15.872,P<0.05),与梗死灶的总体积呈负相关(r=-0.5984,P<0.05),而VRT错误分与梗死灶的总体积呈正相关(r=0.4689,P<0.05)。结论经VRT测试后发现,ACI患者存在明显的视觉空间记忆损伤,这种认知功能损伤可能与脑组织受损有一定关系。     

急性脑梗死患者认知功能障碍事件相关电位N300的临床研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者早期认知功能障碍的特点及其事件相关电位(ERPs)N300的特征.方法 选取急性脑梗死患者30例作为脑梗死组,健康老年人30例作为对照组.分别对2组受试者进行图片再认测验,现场采集并记录脑电图波形,对2组受试者所诱发的ERPs数据结果进行统计学分析.同时采用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)评定2组受试者认知功能,并与ERPs进行相关性分析.结果 脑梗死组图片再认的反应时间为(798.63±49.32)ms,对照组为(765.21±35.67)ms,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).脑梗死组图片再认的正确率为(59.75±8.45)%,对照组为(65.26±9.28)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).脑梗死组所诱发N300波幅低于对照组(P<0.01),潜伏期长于对照组(P<0.01).脑梗死组潜伏期和波幅与MMSE评分呈线性相关(P<0.05).结论 急性脑梗死患者存在不同程度认知功能损害;采用ERPs评价脑梗死患者的早期认知功能损害具有一定的临床意义,可作为以量表为基础的认知功能辅助评定工具.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the characteristics of early cognitive dysfunction and N300 event-related potentials(ERPs)in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI).Methods Thirty patients with ACI and thirty normal healthy elderly people were studied.The two groups were examined with a picture recognition test and EEG waveforms were recorded.The ERPs were analysed statistically.The mini-mental state examination(MMSE) was used to evaluate cognitive function,and the results were correlated with the ERPs. Results The average MMSE scores of the ACI and control groups were significantly different.Reaction times(RTs)in the picture recognition test were(798.63±49.32)ms in the ACI group and(765.21±35.67)ms in the control group,a difference significant at the 5% confidence level.The average accuracy rates,(59.75±8.45)%and(65.26±9.28)%,were also significantly different.Average N300 ERPs the in the ACI group were significantly lower than those in the control group,and the average latencies were significantly longer.Both latency and amplitude in the ACI group showed a linear correlation with MMSE scores. Conclusion The ERPs of ACI patients have some clinical significance,and can be used as a scale-based assessment of cognitive function.     

老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者的脑功能障碍及其智力、记忆力特点

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者的脑功能及其智力、记忆力特点。方法:采用成人成套神经心理测验犤HRB(A)-RC〗及龚耀先修订的韦氏成人智力测验(WAIS-RC)及韦氏记忆测验(WMS-RC)对42例老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者(DI组)及相匹配的60例非糖尿病性脑梗死患者(I组)以及43例无脑梗死正常人(对照组)进行测定及比较分析,同时就脑梗死灶的大小、数目、部位对脑功能的影响进行分析。结果:HRB(A)-RC结果:DI组连线测验2.22±0.43,触摸时间33.62±3.61,脑功能成绩和总智商FIQ(75.64±8.59)及记忆商M(65.40±10.27均明显低于I组(1.75±0.14,29.72±3.23,96.67±9.61,86.20±7.59)和对照组(1.55±0.11,20.38±3.19,104.49±5.68,97.33±6.29),差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);大片脑梗死(FIQ≤79占46.9%,MQ≤79,62.5%)比小片脑梗死(22.9%比35.7%)、皮质下脑梗死(40.1%比57.9%)特别是基底核、脑室旁、丘脑处脑梗死比皮质脑梗死(16.3%比25.6%)更易产生脑功能障碍(χ2=5.9882～10.3864,P<0.05～0.01),多灶脑梗死与单灶脑梗死功能障差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);DI组中大片脑梗死及皮质下脑梗死较I组多(χ2=11.5069～18.2021,P<0.01)。结论:老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死可引起明显的脑功能障碍。     

老年脑梗死患者记忆障碍的临床护理研究

目的 探讨老年脑梗死患者记忆功能的变化,以及这种变老年脑梗死患者记忆障碍的临床护理研究化对患者康复和生活质量的影响,做好针对性的护理工作.方法 将98例老年脑梗死患者与98例健康老年人作为实验组和对照组,采用中国科学心理研究所许淑莲等编制的“临床记忆量表“进行测试.观察2组指向记忆、联想学习、图像自由回忆、无意义图形再认和人像特点联系回忆共5项分测验指标以及左右脑梗死患者5个分测验指标,进行统计学分析.结果 经统计检验,2组患者5项分测验指标比较,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05),左右脑梗死患者5项分测验指标比较,有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 观察测评老年脑梗死患者记忆功能变化,可以评定临床治疗效果,提供临床护理指导,有助于老年脑梗死患者记忆功能的恢复.     

BrainHQ视觉训练改善脑卒中患者记忆功能的效果分析

目的观察BrainHQ视觉训练对脑卒中患者记忆功能障碍的康复效果。 方法选取唐山市工人医院下属的康复医院脑卒中后记忆障碍患者60例，采用分层随机化的方式分为对照组（n=30）和干预组（n=30），对照组进行常规康复治疗，干预组在对照组的基础上加用BrainHQ视觉训练。治疗前及治疗4周后（治疗后），采用Rivermead行为记忆测验第2版（RBMT9-II）分别对2组患者的记忆功能进行测评。 结果治疗后，干预组的回忆姓名、回忆被藏物品、回忆预约、图片再认、脸部再认、立即回忆故事、故事延迟回忆、日期、立即回忆路线、路线延迟回忆、信息延迟回忆及总标准分12项评分［分别为(1.30±0.54)分、(1.83±0.38)分、(1.20±0.41)分、(2.00±0.00)分、(1.83±0.38)分、(0.77±0.50)分、(0.50±0.57)分、(1.93±0.25)分、(1.77±0.57)分、(1.27±0.64)分、(0.87±0.51)分、(16.97±2.65)分］较组内治疗前均显著提高，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)，且治疗后，干预组的回忆姓名、回忆预约、脸部再认、立即回忆故事、故事延迟回忆、立即回忆路线、路线延迟回忆以及总标准分与对照组治疗后比较，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论BrainHQ视觉训练可改善脑卒中患者的行为记忆能力。     

无症状性多发腔隙性脑梗死事件相关电位与认知的相关性

目的:探讨事件相关电位(ERP)对无症状性多发腔隙性脑梗死患者认知功能障碍的诊断价值。方法:检测16例无症状性多发腔隙性脑梗死患者的事件相关电位并与正常对照组进行比较。结果:无症状性多发腔隙性脑梗死组ERP的N1,P2,N2,P3潜伏期和P3波幅分别为(83±15)、(155±18)、(242±37)、(359±33)ms和(7±3)μV。与正常对照组比较,两组ERP的N2、P3潜伏期间有显著性差异(P<0.01),而N1、P2潜伏期及P3波幅间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:无症状性多发腔隙性脑梗死患者可伴有认知功能的损害,事件相关电位检测为无症状性多发腔隙性脑梗死患者的认知功能障碍的评定提供了一种敏感、客观的检查手段。     

血管性痴呆患者事件相关电位 P300改变与认知功能障碍的关系

目的评价事件相关电位 P300作为血管性痴呆患者认知功能障碍客观指征的临床价值. 方法对 30例缺血性血管性痴呆患者、 30例无痴呆的脑梗死患者和 30例正常对照者,采用电生理技术检测事件相关电位 P300,应用简明精神状态量表( MMSE)、痴呆简易筛查量表( BSSD)和瑞文标准智力测验( RSPM)评价认知功能 , 采用 MRI技术测定脑叶和海马体积. 结果①血管性痴呆组 P300峰潜伏时( 435.57± 89.95) ms较脑梗死组( 367.77± 29.14) ms和正常对照组( 341.90± 29.27) ms明显延长( F=5.16, P< 0.01).②血管性痴呆患者 P300峰潜伏时与 MMSE, BSSD评分呈负相关( r=- 0.87,- 0.89, t=6.89,7.05, P< 0.01).③血管性痴呆组额叶和颞叶体积 [(15.19± 1.51)%, (4.57± 0.51)% ]比正常对照组 [(16.72± 1.46)%, (4.92± 0.50)% ]显著较小( T=2.85, P< 0.01; T=2.21,P< 0.05).④ 血管性痴呆患者 P300峰潜伏时与额叶和颞叶体积呈负相关( r=- 0.56,- 0.62, t=5.53,6.65, P< 0.01). 结论血管性痴呆患者 P300峰潜伏时的延长反映与认知功能相关脑区的病理改变,客观反映认知功能障碍程度.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."