不同病理类型骨肉瘤的影像学表现初探

目的：探讨不同病理类型骨肉瘤的X线、CT及MRI表现。方法：搜集经病理证实的23例骨肉瘤患者的影像学资料,其中23例均行X线检查,22例行CT检查,19例行MRI检查,分析其X线、CT及MRI表现。结果：23例中骨母细胞型骨肉瘤10例,均可见不同类型的瘤骨;纤维母细胞型骨肉瘤6例,以溶骨性破坏为主,部分病例见少量瘤骨;软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤5例,可见成簇分布的点状、环状的瘤骨,增强扫描呈环状／花边状／间隔强化;血管扩张型骨肉瘤1例;小圆细胞型骨肉瘤1例。结论：X线、CT及MRI对不同病理类型的骨肉瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断有一定作用。     

原发性跟骨骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的影像观察

目的 评价跟骨骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的影像学表现,鉴别病变的良恶性.方法 回顾性分析经穿刺和手术病理证实的22例跟骨病变的影像学表现,其中6例良性肿瘤,4恶性肿瘤,12例肿瘤样病变.22例中21例行X线检查,10例行CT检查,3例行MRI检查.结果 22例跟骨病变中,良性骨肿瘤包括4例成软骨细胞瘤、1例骨样骨瘤、1例骨巨细胞瘤;骨肿瘤样病变包括10例骨囊肿和2例动脉瘤样骨囊肿;恶性骨肿瘤包括2例骨肉瘤、1例软骨肉瘤和1例滑膜肉瘤.结论 X线平片、CT及MRI综合表现可做到对跟骨骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变较为准确的定性分析,特别是良恶性鉴别.     

骨肉瘤的影像病理对照表现

目的 总结原发骨肉瘤的影像学表现,探讨有关的临床特点和鉴别诊断。材料与方法 搜集1980－1999年14例原发骨肉瘤,经手术与病理证实。男6例,女8例,平均23．5岁。其中股骨9例,腓骨2例,肱骨2例,胫骨1例。回顾性分析14例原发骨肉瘤的X线平片、CT和MRI的表现并对照相关的病理学检查。结果 原发骨肉瘤影像学表现包括广泛骨质破坏、骨膜反应、软组织肿块,部分病例可见肿瘤骨和肿瘤钙化。病理证实影像学确定病变范围不准确。X线平片诊断最佳,CT检查和MRI有助于鉴别诊断。结论 原发骨肉瘤骨破坏范围大,成骨型诊断较易,溶骨型应用与Ewing’s瘤、恶性巨细胞瘤等鉴别。     

去分化软骨肉瘤的影像学诊断

目的探讨去分化软骨肉瘤的影像学表现及诊断价值。方法收集2006年9月~2013年9月间经病理证实的26例去分化软骨肉瘤患者,髂骨11例,股骨6例,肱骨3例,胫骨2例,肋骨2例,脊柱2例。结果软骨肉瘤合并纤维肉瘤1例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤4例,骨肉瘤4例,骨膜骨肉瘤1例,以及梭形细胞肉瘤16例。影像学特征性表现为"双相征",即呈现两种不同肿瘤的影像学特征,X线显示比例为55.6%,CT为66.7%,除髓腔内具有环形、点状钙化的软骨类肿瘤病灶外,相邻局部骨质溶解破坏区伴骨旁无钙化的软组织肿块;MRI为57.1%,T2WI表现为分界较清楚的分叶状高信号与不规则低信号软组织肿块,高信号区在增强后呈周围及间隔强化,相对低信号区呈明显均匀强化。结论在软骨类肿瘤表现的基础上,X线及CT上病灶内局部骨溶解区及无钙化软组织肿块,或MR T2序列上不规则低信号区及均匀强化特征,高度提示病灶内两种病理成分并存即去分化软骨肉瘤的可能。     

骨小圆细胞肿瘤的影像学分析

目的探讨骨小圆细胞肿瘤(small round cell tumor of bone,SRCT)的影像学特征及鉴别诊断,旨在提高对该病的认识及诊断水平。方法回顾性分析28例经病理证实的SRCT的影像表现。13例行X线平片检查,19例行CT检查,17例行MRI检查。结果 28例中,淋巴瘤10例,尤文氏肉瘤6例,浆细胞肿瘤6例,原始神经外胚层肿瘤4例,小细胞型骨肉瘤1例,间充质软骨肉瘤1例。CT、MRI表现为不同程度的骨质破坏,多数破坏较轻,但灶周软组织肿块较大且大于骨侵犯范围。结论 SRCT既有类似的影像学表现,各自也有其影像学特征,综合临床,可做出初步诊断,确诊需病理、免疫组织化学检查。     

骨肉瘤的MRI诊断(附35例分析)

总结骨肉瘤NRI表现及其特点。方法：收集经手术病理或活检证实的35例骨肉瘤，分析其MRI、X线平片征象并与手术病理对照，总结NRI诊断骨肉瘤的特征。35例均进行NRI平扫，其中18例平扫后行增强扫描。结果：骨肉瘤MRI上可表现瘤骨、骨质破坏、骨膜反应、软组织肿块等征象。此外，NRI还可显示肿瘤坏死、出血，肿瘤侵犯骨骺、关节及“跳跃”病灶。增强扫描有利于骨肿瘤良恶性的鉴别。结论：NRI可以提供比X线平片更全面的影像学信息，并指导临床治疗。     

软骨肉瘤的影像诊断与鉴别诊断

目的:探讨软骨肉瘤的影像学表现,提高对本病诊断的准确性。方法:回顾性分析25例经手术病理证实的软骨肉瘤的X线、CT和MRI资料。结果:25例软骨肉瘤中原发23例,其中普通型20例,去分化型、黏液型及透明细胞型各1例;继发2例。X线及CT表现:原发的23例中溶骨性骨破坏5例,混合性骨破坏18例,形成软组织肿块20例,其中表现为低密度19例,等密度1例。20例普通型及1例黏液型见散在钙化。MRI表现:普通型软骨肉瘤T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号;黏液型T1WI呈等、低混杂信号,T2WI呈稍高、低的混杂信号,钙化T2WI呈低信号;透明细胞型病例T1WI及T2WI呈近乎等信号;去分化型T1WI呈等低混杂信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号。6例普通型及1例继发型出现环形、间隔样中等-明显强化,黏液型及去分化型呈不均匀中等-明显强化。结论:普通X线及CT是软骨肉瘤影像诊断及鉴别诊断的主要手段,MRI显示软骨信号为重要提示。MRI显示病变范围更为清楚、准确,为临床治疗提供可靠依据。     

骨肉瘤的X线平片、CT、MRI诊断

目的:评估X线平片、CT、MRI诊断骨肉瘤的价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析20例经手术病理证实为骨肉瘤的X线平片、CT、MRI表现.结果:20例X线平片均能清楚显示骨肉瘤的基本表现,术前正确诊断17例,误诊3例;CT显示骨肉瘤的骨质破坏及瘤骨优于X线平片11例;MRI显示骨肉瘤的早期骨破坏及周围软组织、病变范围及骨骺(骺板)侵袭、瘤周水肿优于X线平片及CT14例.结论:X线平片是诊断骨肉瘤的首选及基本方法,CT或MRI对提高骨肉瘤的诊断、分期及临床治疗提供全面、准确的影像学资料,尤其MRI对于指导保留骨骺的保肢术的选择具有重要意义.     

髋臼软骨肉瘤的影像表现及病理相关性分析

目的 探讨髋臼软骨肉瘤的影像学特点,提高其分型、分级诊断和鉴别诊断的能力,为临床治疗提供帮助.方法 分析27例经手术病理证实为髋臼软骨肉瘤病例的影像学资料,分析X线、CT和MRI表现及其病理基础,分析各型、各级的影像学特点.结果 27例均为单发病灶,普通型15例,去分化型4例,黏液型3例,间充质型2例,未分型3例;Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级7例,未分级1例.X线平片均有不同程度骨质破坏,多伴软组织肿块及钙化;CT显示均有骨质破坏及软组织肿块,均见斑点状、"环-弧"状钙化;T1WI以等、低信号为主,T2WI呈不均匀高信号,增强有周边及瘤内间隔状强化.普通型及去分化型髋臼软骨肉瘤其内钙化较多,普通型钙化多为"环-弧"状,去分化型、间充质型多为斑点状;Ⅱ级髋臼软骨肉瘤其内钙化较多,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级多为"环-弧"状钙化,Ⅲ级多为斑点状钙化.结论 髋臼软骨肉瘤多数具备典型的影像学表现,钙化是软骨肉瘤诊断的最可靠征象.髋臼软骨肉瘤病灶内的钙化模式与钙化灶密度和其恶性程度存在确定的关系,形态较规则的钙化环通常提示肿瘤为低度恶性;不同分型的髋臼软骨肉瘤钙化特点不同.     

Imaging features of chondrosarcoma

目的:探讨软骨肉瘤的影像学表现,提高对本病诊断的准确性.方法:回顾性分析25例经手术病理证实的 软骨肉瘤的X线、CT和MRI资料.结果:25例软骨肉瘤中原发23例,其中普通型20例,去分化型、黏液型及透明细胞型 各1例;继发2例.X线及CT表现:原发的23例中溶骨性骨破坏5例,混合性骨破坏18例,形成软组织肿块20例.其中 表现为低密度19例,等密度1例.20例普通型及1例黏液型见散在钙化.MRI表现:普通型软骨肉瘤T1 WI呈等或稍低 信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号;黏液型T1WI呈等、低混杂信号,T2WI呈稍高、低的混杂信号,钙化T2WI呈低信号;透明细 胞型病例T2WI及T2WI呈近乎等信号;去分化型T1WI呈等低混杂信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号.6例普通型及1例继 发型出现环形、间隔样中等一明显强化,黏液型及去分化型呈不均匀中等一明显强化.结论:普通X线及CT是软骨肉瘤影 像诊断及鉴别诊断的主要手段,MRI显示软骨信号为重要提示.MRI显示病变范围更为清楚、准确.为临床治疗提供可 靠依据.     

长骨骨干骨肉瘤X线、CT及MRI表现

目的 分析长骨骨干骨肉瘤X线、CT和MRI表现,探讨有关的临床特点和鉴别诊断.方法 28例长骨骨干骨肉瘤患者,均经手术与病理证实,其中病变位于股骨干18例、腓骨干4例、肱骨干4例、胫骨干2例.所有患者均行X线、CT和MR检查,对其影像学表现与手术病理结果进行对照,并由双盲法分析确认.结果 28例中,X线和CT显示广泛骨质破坏16例,骨膜反应22例.X线显示软组织肿块18例,肿瘤骨和瘤样钙化12例.CT平扫显示软组织肿块22例,增强扫描显示软组织肿块24例,肿瘤骨和瘤样钙化16例.MRI显示骨质破坏和骨膜反应10例,软组织肿块26例,其周围可见软组织水肿及骨髓水肿.骨膜反应在SE T1WI上呈等低信号,T2WI呈等信号.软组织肿块在T1WI为等信号,T2WI及STIR呈等高信号.软组织水肿及骨髓水肿在T2WI及STIR呈高信号.MRI增强检查显示病灶均呈不均匀强化,骨髓水肿和软组织肿块均见强化.结论 X线、CT和MRI从不同方面反映长骨骨干骨肉瘤的影像病理特点,其发病率低,骨破坏范围大,无病理性骨折.成骨型骨干骨肉瘤较易诊断,溶骨型应与Ewing瘤、恶性巨细胞瘤等鉴别.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the findings of diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone on X-ray,CT and MRI, and discuss their clinical features and manifestations for differential diagnosis. Methods Twenty-eight cases with diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone proved by surgery and pathology were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen tumors were located in the femur, 4 in fibula, 4 in humerus and 2 in tibia. All of the patients were examined by X-ray, CT and MRI. The imaging manifestations on X-ray, CT and MRI were analyzed, and the relationship of the imaging features with the pathological types was also observed. The imaging signs were correlated with the pathologic findings with a double blind method. Results Of the 28 cases, there were 16 cases with large bone destruction, 22 cases with periosteal reaction on X-ray and CT. On X-ray, 18 cases showed soft tissue mass and 12 cases with neoplastic bone and tumor calcification.While on CT, 22 cases showed soft tissue mass on plain scan and 2 more cases displayed soft tissue mass after the injection of contrast mediun. Sixteen cases showed neoplastic bone and tumor calcification on CT.On MRI, there were 10 cases with bone destruction and periosteal reaction with iso- and hypo-intense on T1WI and iso- signals on T2WI. Twenty-six cases showed soft tissue edema and bone marrow on MRI. The soft mass were iso-signals on T1 WI and iso-hyperintense signals on T2 WI or STIR. The soft tissue edema was found hyperintense signals on T2WI or STIR. The lesions had heterogeneous enhancement especially in bone marrow with edema and adjcent soft tissue. Conclusion The X-ray, CT and MRI can reflect the pathological changes of diaphysial osteosarcoma in long bone from different aspects. Lower incidence, large bone destruction and no pathological fracture were the features of diaphysial osteosarcoma. The osteogenic type is diagnosed easily, but the osteolytic lesion should be differentiated from Ewing sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor of bone and so on.     

继发性骨肉瘤的临床特点及影像学表现

目的:分析继发性骨肉瘤的临床特点及影像学表现.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的25例继发性骨肉瘤患者的病例资料.25例均行X线及CT检查(5例行增强CT),16例行MRI增强检查.结果:本组患者的中位年龄45岁(14～76岁),中位恶变时间为8年(0.5～18.0年).25例中骨纤维结构不良、骨母细胞瘤等良性肿瘤或肿瘤样病变恶变12例,表现为溶骨性破坏、软组织肿块形成及病灶迅速增大等与原发骨肉瘤相仿的影像学改变;骨巨细胞瘤植骨后恶变继发性骨肉瘤8例、金属植入相关的继发性骨肉瘤2例,均表现为移植骨吸收、周围出现明显软组织肿块及肿瘤骨形成;放疗后继发性骨肉瘤2例,以成骨性骨质破坏为主;Paget病继发性骨肉瘤1例,表现为在患骨增粗、不规则变形基础上,出现溶骨性破坏及软组织肿块.病理结果:镜下有不同程度的细胞异形性、肿瘤骨形成.所有病例术后随访时间为1.5～12.0年(平均3.4年),8例出现肺部转移.结论:病理组织学上继发性骨肉瘤与原发性骨肉瘤无明显差异,但结合其临床资料及影像学表现可明确诊断.     

Primary diaphyseal osteosarcoma in long bones: Imaging features and tumor characteristics

Objective

This study aims to assess retrospectively the imaging features of diaphyseal osteosarcoma and compare its characteristics with that of metaphyseal osteosarcoma.

Materials and methods

Eighteen pathologically confirmed diaphyseal osteosarcomas were reviewed. Images of X-ray (n = 18), CT (n = 12) and MRI (n = 15) were evaluated by two radiologists. Differences among common radiologic findings of X-ray, CT and MRI, and between diaphyseal osteosarcomas and metaphyseal osteosarcomas in terms of tumor characteristics were compared.

Results

The common imaging features of diaphyseal osteosarcoma were bone destruction, lamellar periosteal reaction with/without Codman triangle, massive soft tissue mass/swelling, neoplastic bone and/or calcification. CT and MRI had a higher detection rate in detecting bone destruction (P = 0.001) as compared with that of X-ray. X-ray and CT resulted in a higher percentage in detecting periosteal reaction (P = 0.018) and neoplastic bone and/or calcification (P = 0.043) as compared with that of MRI. There was no difference (P = 0.179) in detecting soft tissue mass among three imaging modalities. When comparing metaphyseal osteosarcoma to diaphyseal osteosarcoma, the latter had the following characteristics: a higher age of onset (P = 0.022), a larger extent of tumor (P = 0.018), a more osteolytic radiographic pattern (P = 0.043).

Conclusion

As compared with metaphyseal osteosarcoma, diaphysial osteosarcoma is a special location of osteosarcoma with a lower incidence, a higher age of onset, a larger extent of tumor, a more osteolytic radiographic pattern. The osteoblastic and mixed types are diagnosed easily, but the osteolytic lesion should be differentiated from Ewing sarcoma. X-ray, CT and MRI can show imaging features from different aspects with different detection rates.     

Chondroblastic osteosarcoma: characterisation by gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging correlated with histopathology

Objective. To identify specific features of chondroblastic osteosarcoma on gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Design and patients. Nine patients with chondroblastic osteosarcoma and a control group of 20 patients with conventional central osteosarcoma were included in this study. The histopathological findings of the surgical specimens were compared with enhancement patterns on static Gd-enhanced MR images. Results. In chondroblastic osteosarcoma septonodular and peripheral rim enhancement represented tumour with a pure chondroid matrix. Non-enhancing and heterogeneous enhancing areas represented tumour with both chondroid and osteoid matrix. In the tumours in the control group enhancement was predominantly heterogeneous but in one it was homogeneous. All these areas corresponded to necrotic or viable osteoid tumour tissue or fibrovascular tissue in areas of necrosis. Conclusion. Gd-enhanced MR imaging can assist in obtaining diagnostic biopsy material of chondroblastic osteosarcoma by identifying both osteoid- and chondroid-forming areas.     

骨膜骨肉瘤的影像学诊断与病理学分析

目的:探讨骨膜骨肉瘤的影像学及组织病理学特点。方法:收集6例骨膜骨肉瘤患者的临床及影像资料;6例均摄X线平片,5例行CT扫描,4例行MRI扫描;对其影像学及组织病理学表现进行分析和总结。结果:骨膜骨肉瘤好发于胫骨,影像学表现为发生在长骨的骨干或相当于干骺部位置的骨表面肿块,病灶内见局灶性骨化或环状钙化(本组3例),边缘可见骨膜反应(本组2例),肿瘤下骨皮质不受侵,但不侵犯骨髓腔。骨膜骨肉瘤组织学上由大量分叶软骨构成,肿瘤细胞呈明显异型性。结论:骨膜骨肉瘤是位于长骨骨皮质表面的恶性骨肿瘤,影像表现与病理表现相结合可作出正确诊断。     

Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia into chondroblastic osteosarcoma

A case of malignant transformation of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia into maxillary chondroblastic osteosarcoma is presented. The clinical, radiographic, CT, MR imaging features and pathological findings of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and its malignant transformation are described. Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia is rare and has not previously been described in the English literature in this location in McCune-Albright syndrome and in the absence of radiation treatment.     

Primary vertebral osteosarcoma: imaging findings

PURPOSE: To evaluate patient age and sex and location and imaging appearances of primary vertebral osteosarcoma (PVOS) compared with histologic subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review (1915-2001) of imaging findings in patients with histologically proved primary osteosarcoma of vertebral column was performed. Two radiologists in consensus reviewed findings for location, origin site, matrix pattern, and spinal canal invasion and compared them with histologic subtypes. Radiation-induced, Paget, metastatic, and multifocal osteosarcoma were excluded. RESULTS: Of 4,887 osteosarcoma cases, 198 (4%) were PVOS arising from vertebral column. There were 103 female and 95 male patients (age range, 8-80 years; median age, 34.5 years). Involvement included cervical (27 patients), thoracic (66 patients), lumbar (64 patients), and sacral (41 patients) spine. Adequate imaging findings were available in 69 patients, and involvement of two levels was seen in 12 (17%). In nonsacral spine, most tumors (44 cases) arose from posterior elements, with partial involvement of vertebral body. Lesions confined to vertebral body were less frequent (12 cases). Sacral tumors involved body and sacral ala. The most common histologic subtypes were osteoblastic (47 patients), chondroblastic (12 patients), telangiectatic (four patients), fibroblastic (four patients), small cell (one patient), and epithelioid (one patient). The majority (55 cases) demonstrated osteoid matrix mineralization; 17 showed marked mineralization. Five cases with marked mineralization were confined to vertebral body, with "ivory vertebra" appearance. Purely lytic pattern was seen in 14 (20%) cases. Lytic pattern was seen in four (100%) telangiectatic, three (75%) fibroblastic, three (25%) chondroblastic, three (6%) conventional osteoblastic, and one (100%) small-cell subtypes. Invasion of spinal canal was common (84% of cases). Appearance simulating osteoblastoma without soft-tissue mass was present (seven cases). Pathologic compression fractures were identified (seven patients). CONCLUSION: This study provides age and sex distribution and location and imaging features in a large series of PVOS.     

骨肉瘤的X线、CT及MRI比较分析(附61例分析)

目的:探讨原发性骨肉瘤的X线、CT和MRI表现及诊断价值.方法:经穿刺或手术病理证实的61例骨肉瘤患者,52例行X线检查,39例行CT检查,55例行MRI检查,其中23例行MRI动态增强检查.回顾性分析其影像学表现并与病理学表现进行对照分析.结果:本组61例骨肉瘤中成骨型13例,溶骨型21例,混合型27例.52例X线检...     

Imaging findings of extrapulmonary metastases of osteosarcoma

PURPOSE: To review imaging findings of extrapulmonary metastasis from osteosarcoma and to evaluate them for any consistent pattern and correlation between imaging findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was retrospectively conducted in 13 patients with extrapulmonary metastasis of pathologically confirmed osteosarcoma. We evaluated the radioisotope (RI) scans (n=16), ultrasonography (USG) (n=4), computed tomography (CT) scans (n=10), MRIs (n=6), clinical records, and pathological reports for assessment of imaging findings and correlation between radiologic findings and RI uptake of the lesions. Points evaluated were the following: uptake on RI scans, presence of mineralization on CT, and MRI, size, enhancement pattern, attenuation on CT, signal intensity (SI) on MRI, and echogenicity on USG. RESULTS: Extrapulmonary metastatic sites were diverse, including another bone other than the primary site (n=6), lymph node (n=4), pleura (n=2), liver (n=2), pancreas (n=1), kidney (n=1), peritoneum (n=1), muscle (n=1), and subcutaneous fat layer (n=1). One patient had tumor growth within the pulmonary artery and jejunum. Among 21 metastatic sites in 13 patients, bone scan was performed in 16 cases and RI uptake was detected in 10 lesions. Calcification was detected in eight lesions on radiologic imaging, including plain radiography, USG, CT, and MRI. Two lesions showed RI uptake without definite calcification or ossification on MRI and plain radiography, respectively. We analyzed the enhancement pattern and mass size in 18 metastatic sites and these factors had poor correlation with uptake on RI scans. CONCLUSION: The sites and imaging findings of extrapulmonary metastasis of osteosarcoma were variable. All the lesions with mineralization were detectable on RI scans prior to radiologic imaging. RI scan has a limited role in the evaluation of metastatic lesions without mineralization.