超声引导下腰方肌阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中的应用效果

目的观察超声引导下腰方肌阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用的有效性及安全性。方法选择择期行腹膜透析置管术终末期肾病患者90例,男49例,女41例,年龄45～65岁,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为三组,每组30例:A组采用局麻,B组采用0.5%罗哌卡因25 ml行超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞,C组采用0.5%罗哌卡因25 ml行超声引导下腰方肌阻滞。记录麻醉前(T_0)、阻滞完成后30 min(T_1)、切皮时(T_2)、置管时(T_3)、打隧道穿刺出皮肤时(T_4)和缝合切口时(T_5)的MAP和HR;记录舒芬太尼追加例数,记录T_2—T_5时VAS评分和围术期不良反应的发生情况。结果 T_3—T_4时C组MAP明显低于A组和B组,HR明显慢于A组和B组(P0.05),B组MAP明显低于A组,HR明显慢于A组(P0.05)。T_3—T_4时C组VAS评分明显低于A组和B组(P0.05),B组VAS评分明显低于A组(P0.05)。C组舒芬太尼追加例数明显少于A组和B组(P0.05),A组舒芬太尼追加例数明显多于B组(P0.05)。三组下肢乏力发生率差异无统计学意义,三组均无一例其他不良反应。三组围术期均未发生明显的穿刺并发症。结论超声引导下腰方肌阻滞麻醉应用于终末期肾病患者腹膜透析置管术中效果确切,可减少麻醉性镇痛药的使用,不增加不良反应。     

不同手术室噪声对无痛人流手术麻醉的影响

目的观察不同手术室噪声对无痛人流手术麻醉的影响。方法选择行人工流产术全麻患者120例,随机分为A组(噪声为30~40dB)、B组(噪声为50~60dB)和C组(噪声为70~80dB),每组40例。静脉推注芬太尼1μg/kg、丙泊酚2.0mg/kg行麻醉诱导,根据患者意识情况可分次追加丙泊酚0.5mg/kg,待其意识消失后开始手术。术中根据患者对手术刺激的反应,必要时分次追加丙泊酚0.5mg/kg。记录噪声干预前5min(T0)、麻醉诱导前1min(T1)、手术开始后1、3、5、10min(T2、T3、T4、T5)以及术后患者清醒时(T6)的MAP、HR、SpO2和BIS值。观察并记录丙泊酚麻醉诱导剂量,同时记录术中追加丙泊酚的剂量;观察人流综合征的发生情况和术后恶心呕吐情况;评价麻醉效果和患者梦境感受并记录患者苏醒时间和离院时间。结果与T0时比较,T1时B、C组MAP和BIS明显升高(P0.05),HR明显增快(P0.01),且明显高于和快于A组(P0.05或P0.01);T2时三组MAP和BIS均明显降低(P0.01),HR明显减慢(P0.05);T3、T4时三组BIS仍明显降低(P0.01),但T4时B、C组BIS明显高于A组(P0.05);T5、T6时B、C组MAP明显升高(P0.05或P0.01),HR明显增快(P0.01),且明显高于和快于A组(P0.05或P0.01),B、C组BIS明显高于A组(P0.05)。与C组比较,A、B组麻醉效果明显提高(P0.05),A组丙泊酚诱导剂量和术中追加剂量明显减少(P0.05)。与A组比较,B、C组苏醒时间与离院时间明显延长(P0.05),梦境难受率明显升高(P0.05)。结论手术室噪声不仅影响丙泊酚无痛人流手术麻醉的效果,还会加重患者的紧张和焦虑。     

喉罩过渡对双腔气管导管拔管期应激反应的影响

目的研究喉罩过渡法对支气管内麻醉中双腔气管导管拔管期应激反应的影响。方法选择全身麻醉并行双腔气管导管插管手术患者90例,随机分为A、B、C组,每组30例。A组在手术结束后直接拔除双腔气管导管,B组术后深麻醉下更换单腔气管导管,C组在术后深麻醉下更换喉罩。分别记录手术结束时(T0)、拔除气管导管(喉罩)前1 min(T1)、拔除后1 min(T2)、5 min(T3)的MAP、HR、心率收缩压乘积(RPP)。观察三组呛咳、躁动等不良反应发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时A、B组MAP、RPP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.01或P0.05)。与A组比较,T1~T3时B、C组MAP、RPP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P0.05)。C组严重呛咳、躁动例数均明显低于A、B组(P0.05)。结论在双腔气管插管麻醉苏醒期使用喉罩过渡法可以减少苏醒期血流动力学波动,降低拔管期应激反应。     

喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞在非洲儿童手术中的应用

目的 观察喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞与单纯气管插管全身麻醉在非洲儿童手术中的应用,为儿童麻醉提供参考. 方法 4～6岁行下腹部及下肢部位择期手术的患儿60例,完全随机分为喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞麻醉组(A组)和单纯气管插管全身麻醉组(B组),每组30例.观察记录患儿麻醉诱导前(T0)、置入喉罩/气管导管前后(T1、T2)及术毕拔出喉罩/气管导管(T3)时的MAP、HR和Sp02,以及麻醉苏醒时间、术后VAS疼痛评分及副作用情况. 结果 两组患儿MAP、HR和Sp02在To和T1时比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组MAP和HR[(68±10) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、(108±17)次/min]在T2时明显低于B组[(91±8) mmHg、(139±18)次/min] (P＜0.05);A组MAP和HR[(67±9) mmHg、(121±16)次/min]在T3时也明显低于B组[(85±9) mmHg、(141±17)次/min] (P＜0.05);A组术后VAS评分[(1.5±0.5)分]明显低于B组[(6.5±1.5)分](P＜0.05),A组苏醒时间[(5.8±2.4)min]明显短于B组[(12.2±2.8) min](P＜0.05),A组术后躁动(4例)明显低于B组(17例)(P＜0.05),术后A组啼哭和呛咳的发生率也明显低于B组(P＜0.05). 结论 喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞麻醉在患儿诱导期和苏醒期有更加平稳的血流动力学,且术后疼痛明显降低、苏醒时间明显缩短、术后副作用发生率明显降低,是非洲儿童下腹部及下肢部位手术的一种较理想的麻醉方法.     

B超引导腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用的临床研究

目的研究B超引导腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用的临床效果。方法选取惠州市第三人民医院2018年5月1日到2018年10月30日期间收治的24例拟行腹膜透析置管术患者,依据随机数字表法将其分为腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞组(TR组,n=12)、局部浸润麻醉组(L组,n=12),TR组采用超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞麻醉,L组采用局部浸润麻醉,对两组患者的临床效果进行比较。结果 TR组分离腹直肌、荷包缝合、置管、结扎荷包及缝合腹壁时点VAS评分低于L组(P0.05),切皮时间点VAS评为高于L组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);TR组患者术中静脉用镇痛药剂量低于L组[(1.39±0.09)μg vs.(3.05±0.07)μg],TR组术后镇痛药使用低于L组(0.00%vs. 41.67%),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);TR组不良事件发生率低于L组(8.33%vs. 58.32%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 B超引导腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用具有良好效果,值得推广。     

右美托咪定用于运动诱发电位监测神经外科手术患者的安全性和可行性

目的观察右美托咪定用于运动诱发电位(MEP)监测神经外科手术患者的安全性和可行性。方法选择择期全麻下需做MEP监测颅脑肿瘤切除术患者30例,男15例,女15例,年龄20~60岁,体重40~80kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组:右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组15例。D组在麻醉诱导前经静脉10 min输注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,随后以右美托咪定0.5μg·kg-1·h-1输注至术毕,C组采取同样方法给予等容量生理盐水。于入室时(T0),切皮时(T1),停肌松药时(T2),停肌松药后50min(T3)观察HR、MAP和BIS值;记录诱发MEP的电流强度,监测等待时间(停肌松药后至首次诱发MEP时间),T3时大鱼际肌MEP(直接电刺激运动皮质诱发的大鱼际肌MEP)的波幅及潜伏期;同时记录术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量,不良反应发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T1、T3时C组HR明显增快(P0.05),T2、T3时D组HR明显减慢(P0.05),T1~T3时C组MAP明显升高(P0.05),T1~T3时两组BIS值明显降低(P0.05);T1~T3时D组HR明显慢于C组、MAP明显低于C组(P0.05)。D组丙泊酚用量和首次诱发MEP的电流强度明显低于C组(P0.05),T3时大鱼际肌MEP波幅明显高于C组(P0.05)。D组高血压和心动过速发生率明显低于C组、心动过缓发生率明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定用于MEP监测神经外科手术患者,可满足手术需求、维持围术期血流动力学稳定,降低部分不良反应发生率,改善MEP监测质量,是一种安全、可行的麻醉方法。     

星状神经节阻滞对非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术患者心肌损伤的影响

目的探讨星状神经节阻滞(stellate ganglion block,SGB)在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)中的应用价值及对心肌损伤的影响。方法选择择期行OPCABG患者62例,男46例,女16例,年龄50~75岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为星状神经节阻滞组(SGB组)和对照组(C组),每组31例。SGB组患者诱导前用1%利多卡因和0.25%罗哌卡因混合液8~10ml行右侧星状神经节阻滞,两组麻醉诱导和维持方法相同。记录患者麻醉前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、气管插管后1min(T2)、劈胸骨后(T3)、开始搭桥时(T4)、搭桥结束时(T5)的MAP和HR,记录T0时及术后6h(T6)、12h(T7)、24h(T8)血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、磷酸肌酸同工酶(CK-MB)浓度,记录术后24h血管活性药物用量及术后恢复情况。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组患者MAP明显降低、HR明显增快(P0.05),T2~T5时C组MAP明显升高、HR明显增快(P0.05);T2~T5时SGB组MAP明显低于C组,HR明显慢于C组(P0.05)。与T0时比较,T6~T8时两组血清cTnI和CK-MB浓度明显升高(P0.05);T6~T8时SGB组血清cTnI和CK-MB浓度明显低于C组(P0.05)。SGB组术后拔管时间及ICU滞留时间短于C组、术后24h多巴胺和硝酸甘油用量少于C组,但差异无统计学意义。结论星状神经节阻滞用于非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术,可稳定血流动力学,减轻心肌的进一步损伤,产生一定的心肌保护作用。     

腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在老年腹股沟直疝修补术中的应用

目的探讨老年患者腹股沟直疝修补术中,超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞(TAPB)联合腹直肌鞘阻滞(RSB)的应用效果。方法择期行腹股沟直疝修补术老年患者46例,均为男性,年龄65～82岁,BMI 20～27 kg/m~2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机数字表法分为TAPB联合RSB组(TR组)和TAPB组(T组),每组23例。TR组患者接受TAPB联合RSB,T组患者接受单纯TAPB,所有神经阻滞采取的局麻药均为0.25%罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定0.7μg/kg。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、手术开始时(T_1)、手术开始后20 min(T_2)、手术结束时(T_3)、术后12 h(T_4)、术后24 h(T_5)两组HR、SBP、DBP,并计算心率收缩压乘积(RPP)。记录T_1—T_3时静息时VAS评分,T_4—T_5时活动时VAS评分。记录围术期补救镇痛情况和神经阻滞失败、恶心呕吐、血压升高或降低幅度基础值30%、心脑血管意外、局麻药中毒等不良反应发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1—T_3时两组HR均明显增快(P0.05),SBP、DBP、RPP均明显升高(P0.05)。T_1—T_3时TR组HR明显慢于T组,SBP、DBP、RPP明显低于T组(P0.05)。T_1—T_3时TR组静息时VAS评分明显低于T组(P0.05),T_4—T_5时TR组活动时VAS评分明显低于T组(P0.05)。TR组术中补救镇痛和围术期恶心呕吐发生率均明显低于T组(P0.05)。两组术后均不需要补救镇痛,围术期均未发生血压升高或降低幅度基础值30%、心脑血管意外、局麻药中毒等不良反应。结论超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞用于老年患者腹股沟直疝修补术,麻醉效果确切,术后镇痛完善,恶心呕吐发生率低。     

右美托咪定对妇科腹腔镜手术患者麻醉恢复的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对妇科腹腔镜手术患者麻醉恢复的影响.方法 妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,随机均分为三组.D1、D2组术毕前30 min分别给予右美托咪定0.4、0.8μg/kg,C组患者给予等量生理盐水.患者均采用静-吸复合麻醉.记录患者入室时(T0)、苏醒时(T1)、拔管时(T2)和离开PACU时(T3)的HR和MAP.记录苏醒时间、拔管时间和离开PACU时间,以及苏醒和拔管时Ramsay镇静评分和Riker躁动评分,术后呕吐、寒战等不良反应,追加芬太尼的例数.结果 D1、D2组拔管时间明显短于C组(P＜0.05).D2组患者恢复期追加芬太尼例数明显少于C组(P＜0.05).苏醒时D2组Ramsay评分明显高于C组和D1组(P＜0.05),Riker评分明显低于C组和D1组(P＜0.05).与T0时比较,T1、T2时C组HR明显增快(P＜0.05);T2时D1组HR明显增快(P＜0.05);D2组HR变化差异无统计学意义;T2时C组MAP显著升高(P＜0.05),且C组和D1组明显高于D2组(P＜0.05);D2组MAP变化差异无统计学意义.结论 妇科腹腔镜手术结束前30 min给予右美托咪定0.8μg/kg可减少术后躁动,血流动力学稳定,不影响恢复时间.     

地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术的效果

目的 观察地佐辛复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉用于宫腔镜手术的临床效果.方法 选择行宫腔镜手术患者60例,随机均分为地佐辛组(D组)和对照组(C组).记录患者入室后(T0)、麻醉诱导后2 min(T1)、扩宫颈时(T2)、手术结束时(T3)、苏醒时(T4)的MAP、HR、SpO2及RR;记录患者手术结束至睁眼、指令下握手时间间隔、丙泊酚用药量及呼吸抑制(SpO2＜93％或呼吸暂停＞15 s)、恶心呕吐等不良反应的发生率;记录患者术后宫缩痛的发生情况.结果 T1时D组MAP、SpO2显著高于C组(P＜0.05),HR、RR显著快于C组(P＜0.05).T2时D组HR显著快于C组(P＜0.05).T4时D组MAP显著低于C组(P＜0.05).D组睁眼时间和定向力恢复时间明显短于C组(P＜0.05),丙泊酚用量显著少于C组(P＜0.05),呼吸抑制发生率显著低于C组(P＜0.05).D组术后宫缩痛显著好于C组(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉较单用丙泊酚麻醉血流动力学更平稳,且可明显缩短患者苏醒时间及定向力恢复时间,减轻患者术后宫缩痛,提高患者的舒适度.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.