5-氟尿嘧啶控释植入剂在小鼠肿瘤组织的分布

目的 建立5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)在小鼠肿瘤组织中的分析方法,并用于考察5-Fu控释植入剂在小鼠肿瘤组织的分布.方法 荷瘤小鼠瘤周植入分别由PLGA 50/50和PLGA 75/25为载体制备的5-Fu控释植入剂,RP-HPLC测定小鼠肿瘤组织中的药物浓度.结果 肿瘤组织中5-Fu的线性范围为0.5～15.4 μg·g-1,准确度为97.5％～ 104.0％,提取回收率为81.9％～88.3％,日内RSD均＜2.0％,日间RSD均＜7.6％.以PLGA50/50、PLGA75/25为载体的5-Fu控释植入剂在荷瘤小鼠体内的药动学参数:tmax分别为9、15 d;Cmax分别为3.79、2.83 μg·g-1; AUC分别为41.15、43.50 (μg·g 1)×d.结论 该分析方法可用于5-Fu在肿瘤组织中的分布行为研究,2种载体的5-Fu控释植入剂均能维持小鼠肿瘤组织中较长时间的药物分布,延长药效作用时间.     

HPLC测定微球中盐酸左氧氟沙星的含量

目的建立测定壳聚糖微球中盐酸左氧氟沙星含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用Agilent 1200型高效液相色谱仪,色谱柱为ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),柱温:30℃,流速:1.0 mL.min 1,流动相:0.04 mol.L 1磷酸溶液(三乙胺调pH值为4)-乙腈(85∶15),检测波长:293 nm。结果盐酸左氧氟沙星浓度在1.021~51.15μg.mL 1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),日内和日间精密度RSD均<2%(n=5),平均加样回收率为99.1%,RSD为0.72%。结论本方法简便易行、灵敏度高、重复性好,结果准确可靠,适用于壳聚糖微球中盐酸左氧氟沙星含量测定。     

氟尿嘧啶炭纳米粒新型制剂在大鼠体内的药物动力学研究

目的对氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)炭纳米粒新型制剂在大鼠体内进行药物动力学研究。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠经腹腔注射5-Fu炭纳米粒新剂型与普通剂型(20mg/kg体质量)后在大鼠体内的血药浓度,得出药-时曲线图及相关药物动力学参数。结果 5-Fu在0.1～100mg/L范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9998),方法回收率为98.12%,日内和日间RSD均<12.0%。2种制剂药物体内处置均符合二室模型(W=1/C/C)。结论本文建立的5-Fu血药浓度测定方法及所获得的药物动力学参数,可为5-Fu相关制剂的临床研究提供参考;炭纳米粒新型制血药峰浓度显著大于普通剂型,且在较长时间内维持相对较高水平,有助于提高临床治疗效果。     

HPLC法测定关节腔引流液中头孢拉定的浓度

目的:建立简便快速的HPLC法,测定髋关节腔引流液中头孢拉定的药物浓度。方法:采用Hypersil C18(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.02 mol/L的醋酸铵(25∶75),流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm,测定关节腔引流液中头孢拉定的药物浓度。结果:关节腔引流液标本中头孢拉定的线性范围分别为5~50μg/mL(r=0.999 4)和51~500μg/mL(r=0.999 9),回收率(99.08±2.08)%,日内RSD为1.82%,日间RSD为2.10%,回收率和精密度均符合要求。结论:该方法简便、准确,可用于临床标本的测定。     

HPLC法快速测定吉米沙星尿药浓度及其尿排泄研究

目的:建立快速测定人尿液中吉米沙星药物浓度的方法,并考察其尿排泄情况。方法:尿样用甲醇处理后以高效液相色谱法测定,色谱柱为Kromasil C18,流动相为乙腈-10 mmol/L醋酸铵缓冲液(pH 2.2,含10 mmol/L高氯酸)(22∶78,V/V),柱温为40℃,流速为1.5 ml/min,检测波长为338 nm。结果:吉米沙星尿药浓度在0.1¹00μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),最低检测质量浓度为0.05μg/ml;平均方法回收率为93.0%100μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),最低检测质量浓度为0.05μg/ml;平均方法回收率为93.0%¹02.7%,平均提取回收率为103.2%102.7%,平均提取回收率为103.2%¹09.4%,日内RSD为1.3%109.4%,日内RSD为1.3%⁵.7%,日间RSD为5.3%5.7%,日间RSD为5.3%⁹.5%。国产及进口吉米沙星片48 h尿累积排泄率分别为(37.4±7.5)%和(41.2±14.0)%。结论:本方法简便、快速、灵敏、重现性好,适用于吉米沙星尿药浓度测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定兔血浆中盐酸氯胺酮质量浓度

目的 建立测定兔血浆中盐酸氯胺酮质量浓度的高效液相色谱法.方法 采用安捷伦1200型液相色谱仪,色谱柱为Hypersil ODSC18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(50:15:35),流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为220 nm.以布比卡因为内标检测血浆中盐酸氯胺酮的质量浓度.结果 盐酸氯胺酮的质量浓度在0.25～25 μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(R2=0.999 5),盐酸氯胺酮和布比卡因的保留时间分别为5.868 min和10.776 min,最低检测浓度为0.1 μg/mL,日内日间RSD均小于5%,其中低、中、高(0.5,2.5,25μg/mL)质量浓度的提取回收率分别为84.91%,79.80%,80.63%,方法回收率分别为97.19%,100.97%,99.62%.结论 提取方法可靠、专属性理想、稳定性好,适用于盐酸氯胺酮血药浓度的测定.     

大肠癌细胞体外药敏试验结果与临床疗效的相关性

目的 研究肿瘤体外药敏试验对大肠癌个体化治疗的应用价值及与临床近期疗效的相关性.方法 采用组织块培养-MTT终点染色-计算机图像分析法(TECIA),体外测定大肠癌细胞对氟脲嘧啶(5-Fu)、顺铂(DDP)、阿霉素(ADM)、丝裂霉素(MMC)、奥沙利伯(OXA)及联用化疗药物的敏感性.结果 42例大肠癌细胞对试验化疗药物的敏感性有高到低依次为OXA＞ DDP＞ 5-Fu＞ MMC＞ ADM＞ CBP＞MTX.联合用药试验中,5-Fu+ DDP、5-Fu+ MMC的敏感率及抑制率高于单用;临床随访中,CF敏感组和CF不敏感组采用CF方案的临床有效率分别为68.6％( 24/35)和28.6％( 2/7),差异有统计学意义(x2=3.96,P＜0.05).结论 以组织块培养为基础的MTT体外药敏试验,与临床相关性较好.筛选药物后进行针对性的个体化治疗,能预测化疗疗效,提高大肠癌患者的生存率.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定苯巴比妥血药浓度

目的:建立一种快速测定苯巴比妥血药浓度的方法.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,以卡马西平为内标,测定苯巴比妥协药浓度.色谱柱shimadzu Shimpack CLC-C_(18)不锈钢柱,流动相为甲醇一水(60:40),流速0.8ml/min,检测波长254nm.结果:在5~40μg/ml浓度范围内线性良好(r=0.9999),最低检测限为11.57ng/ml高、中、低三种浓度的平均回收率分别为100.24%,100.28%,99.41%,RSD分别为0.7%,2.7%,5.8%(n=9).日内和日间平均RSD分别为3.3%,5.2%,8.7%和7.3%,7.3%,9.2%(n=9).结论:该方法准确、快速、简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,可作为苯巴比妥血药浓度监测的常规方法.     

氟尿嘧啶磁性微球在小鼠体内的药动学

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定磁性微球中氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)浓度,研究5-Fu及其磁性微球在小鼠体内的药动学.方法采用Hypersil C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水(含0.25%醋酸)(397),检测波长265 nm,样品经醋酸乙酯萃取后测定,数据应用DAS程序拟合.结果血浆5-Fu在0.1～50 mg·L-1质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),血浆最低检测质量浓度为0.1 mg·L-1,日内及日间RSD分别小于1.63%,2.13%,方法回收率为102.56%～103.20%,平均提取回收率大于80%.小鼠静脉注射5-Fu及其磁性微球的药-时曲线符合二房室开放模型,二者主要药动学参数Co、AUC、t1/2β、MRT、Vd、CL差异具有显著性.结论5-Fu制备成磁性微球后在小鼠体内药动学行为发生了明显改变,具有明显的缓释作用,有效作用时间延长,更有利于其抗肿瘤作用.     

复方司帕沙星膜剂的制备与质量控制

目的:制备复方司帕沙星膜剂.方法:选用壳聚糖为成膜材料,按药剂学原理制备复方司帕沙星膜剂.采用紫外分光光度法测定司帕沙星的含量.结果:本法平均回收率为100.54%,RSD为0.32%(n=5)结论:本品制备工艺简便,质量控制方法可行,制剂质量稳定,临床疗效好.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.