海绵窦上壁的应用解剖学研究

目的为经海绵窦(CS)上壁的手术提供解剖学资料。方法解剖观测15例(30侧)成人头颅标本CS上壁的解剖三角、脑膜及相关结构。结果①CS上壁为不规则的四边形,可分出3个解剖三角:颈动脉三角、动眼神经三角及前内侧三角;②动眼神经门的长径为(5.67±0.87)mm,短径为(1.09±0.35)mm;动眼神经鞘膜袋前深(4.69±1.31)mm,后深(6.50±1.58)mm;③上壁的脑膜结构有镰状韧带、前岩床皱襞、后岩床皱襞、床突间韧带,颈动脉床突韧带、颈动脉穴及颈动脉领、动眼神经鞘膜袋、远环及近环等,膜结构在前床突(ACP)尖形成复杂的膜复合体。结论CS上壁的解剖三角可作为CS的手术入路,其脑膜结构对于手术也具有重要意义。     

脑神经海绵窦段的显微解剖及其临床应用

目的　为海绵窦 (cavernoussinus,CS)直接手术提供解剖学基础。方法　在手术显微镜下对 15例 (30侧 )成人头颅标本CS内脑神经位置、行径以及与颈内动脉CS段的毗邻关系进行观测。结果　①动眼神经入窦点在前床突尖后方 (4 5 7± 1 0 5 )mm ,与滑车神经、眼神经垂直距离分别为 (2 2 0± 0 6 7)mm和 (4 37± 1 35 )mm。②滑车神经入窦点与眼神经垂直距离为 (5 5 2± 1 0 6 )mm。滑车神经CS段行程形状可分为三型。③颈内动脉后曲顶高出眼神经和展神经上缘分别为 (5 5 2± 1 84)mm和 (6 6 0± 1 94)mm。④经前床窦尖外侧或外下方时 ,动眼神经、滑车神经及眼神经与前床突尖垂直距离分别为 (1 85±0 75 )mm、(5 30± 1 0 4)mm和 (6 6 1± 1 6 3)mm。结论　掌握脑神经CS段的显微解剖对CS的直接手术具有重要意义。     

脑神经海绵窦段的应用解剖

目的 :为海绵窦手术避免脑神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 17例成年头部标本的海绵窦内脑神经的位置、走行、毗邻进行解剖学观察。结果 :动眼神经入窦点在后床突的前外侧 7.8± 2 .1mm ,在颈内动脉床突上段后方 5 .0± 2 .0mm处。滑车神经窦内段长度为 10 .1± 3 .9mm ,其走行可分为窦内直行、中份凸向眼神经、“S”型双弯曲、前 1/2段凸向眼神经 4种类型。眼神经在窦内的长度为 15 .8±6.2mm。展神经在窦内为单干者占 5 2 .9% ( 18侧 ) ;2干者占 2 9.4% ( 10侧 ) ;3干者占 17.7% ( 6侧 )。结论 :滑车神经的走行变化较大 ,经Pakinson三角行海绵窦手术时 ,应注意保护滑车神经。切开海绵窦上壁分离窦腔时 ,应注意保护经上壁入窦的动眼神经。     

眶上裂区的显微外科解剖学研究

目的:为眶上裂(superior orbital fissure,SOF)区手术提供显微解剖学基础。方法:①观测30例(60侧)成人头颅干标本SOF骨性结构;②在手术显微镜下观测15例(30侧)成人头颅湿标本SOF区穿行神经、血管位置及毗邻关系。结果:①sOF外侧壁上、下半边夹角144.27°±20.03°;②泪腺神经距SOF外侧端(4.17±1.70)mm;③动眼神经上支至SOF内侧壁(1.83±0.62)mm;④滑车神经紧贴Zinn腱环外侧人SOF;⑤眼上静脉海绵窦段具有静脉窦结构。结论:SOF区穿行神经、血管位置的观测,对临床开展SOF区手术有参考意义。     

滑车神经的应用解剖研究

目的 :为颅底和眶内手术提供滑车神经的解剖依据和补充国人滑车神经的体质学资料。材料与方法 :在 2 1例 (4 2侧 )正常成年人头颅标本上 ,观测滑车神经的走行及各段长度和外径。结果 :滑车神经连脑处位于下丘的外下方 ,离中线 4 5± 0 .6mm ;穿小脑幕处在后床突后外方 1 3 .7± 3 .8mm ;在海绵窦外侧壁 ,与动眼神经相距 4.5±2 .1mm ,与眼神经相距 4 2± 1 .4mm。测得滑车神经颅段、幕潜行段、海绵窦段、眶上裂段和眶段的长度及各段中部的宽度和厚度。结论 :在颅底和眶内手术时 ,应重视该神经的解剖位置并加以保护。     

视觉假体微电极经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经的应用解剖

目的为经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经视觉假体微电极提供解剖学依据。方法选用经4%甲醛固定及动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人头湿性标本30例,观测眶内眼动脉及相关分支的起始、数量和外径与穿入视神经鞘膜动脉的起始、外径和穿入部位、视神经外径等参数。结果泪腺动脉1～2支,经外直肌上缘上方(3.83±1.43)mm前行。外直肌-视神经间隙的深度为(8.14±0.90)mm,内有睫状短神经5～10条,颞侧睫状后动脉1～2支。穿入视神经鞘膜动脉的方位,内侧20%,上方29.3%,外侧6.7%,下方44%。视网膜中央动脉主要经下方穿入视神经,穿入处距球后(0.85±0.28)cm,该处动脉外径为(0.40±0.09)mm。眼动脉斜跨视神经处远侧端距球后(1.44±0.22)cm。在球后与总腱环中点处,视神经左右径(3.96±0.35)mm,上下径(4.18±0.33)mm。结论宜经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经视觉假体微电极,植入微电极的部位以视神经球后4～8mm处的外侧较好,植入深度应小于1.5mm。     

天幕裂孔区的应用解剖

目的:为天幕区手术入路提供可靠的解剖学数据和资料。方法:将成人尸头开颅去脑,分别测量天幕裂孔区相关的颅神经及血管等结构之间的距离。结果:天幕窦通常引流入直窦、窦汇、横窦和岩上窦;动眼神经在前床突的后方(7±4)mm;滑车神经进入小脑幕距小脑幕游离缘为(1.6±0.6)mm;三叉神经感觉根在颅后窝开口的前缘距后床突(15.92±0.62)mm;Labbe静脉从离开颞叶到进入横窦的距离:左侧(2.8±1.3)cm,右侧为(2.4±1.2)cm。结论:在天幕内侧区和中间区的前方很少有静脉窦的存在,此区可以作为天幕切开的部位。天幕区手术时宜注意保护动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经感觉根和Labbe静脉。     

动眼神经的应用解剖学

目的 :为颅底区手术提供与动眼神经相关的应用解剖学和补充国人体质学资料。材料和方法 :选用正常成人头颅标本 2 1例 (4 2侧 ) ,测量动眼神经的颅段、海绵窦段和眶上裂段的长度和外径 ,观测该神经在海绵窦内与周围结构的毗邻关系。结果 :动眼神经在后床突前外方 6.0± 1 .6mm处入海绵窦 ;在窦的中部 ,位于滑车神经内侧4.5± 2 .1mm。动眼神经在眶上裂内已分成上、下二支的占 86% ,在眶内分支的为 1 4%。结论 :在枕骨斜坡区、海绵窦上缘和蝶骨小翼外下方手术时 ,应特别注意辨认和保护动眼神经。     

收肌管压迫综合征的解剖学研究

目的 :为收肌管压迫综合征的临床诊断和手术治疗提供相关的解剖学依据。方法 :使用游标卡尺 ,对 6 0侧福尔马林固定下肢标本的收肌管及其血管鞘的相关形态结构进行观测。结果 :收肌管长为 (6 7.2 9± 9.33)mm ,收肌管大收肌腱板厚、长和上口处宽径分别为 (1.2 3± 0 .4 5 )mm、(5 7.6 1± 7.0 1)mm、(13.11± 2 .6 6 )mm ,血管鞘在收肌管上口处的前后径和左右径分别为 (13.5 5± 3.4 5 )mm、(9.84± 2 .70 )mm ,下口处的前后径和左右径分别为 (8.4 6±2 .36 )mm、(18.17± 5 .4 0 )mm ;收肌管上口的横断面为三角形 ,可分为前壁、后壁和外侧壁 ,三者宽度分别为 (16 .15±2 .4 9)mm、(17.11± 3.16 )mm、(17.33± 3.5 9)mm ;下口 (收肌腱裂孔 )的横断面为近椭圆形 ,左右径和前后径分别为(30 .10± 5 .77)mm、(11.73± 2 .19)mm。结论 :收肌管相关结构测量结果可为收肌管压迫综合征的病因诊断及手术治疗提供参考。     

股深动脉及其分支的应用解剖学观察

在50侧成人尸体上观察股深动脉类型,测量其长度和外径.股深动脉主要从股动脉后方(60%)和后外侧(2 6%)发出;可分为4种主要类型深全干型(60%)、深外干型(20%)、深内干型(14%)和深孤独干型(6%).各主要血管长度和外径分别为股深动脉18.0±8 .7mm,5.7±1.6mm;旋股内侧动脉17.6mm±10.7mm,3.6±1 .0mm;旋股外侧动脉14.8±9.6mm,3.7±1.1mm.研究数据为显微外科学和介入放射学提供解剖学依据.     

海绵窦外侧壁的冠状断层解剖及临床意义

目的通过对海绵窦外侧壁冠状断层观察,了解海绵窦外侧壁的毗邻关系。方法选择30个成人尸颅,采用火棉胶包埋技术制作海绵窦冠状薄层切片,利用数码相机获取数字资料,观察其内部结构和毗邻结构。结果①海绵窦外侧壁为两层结构,外层是硬脑膜,内层是动眼神经、滑车神经和三叉神经分支的神经鞘膜;②56%海绵窦外侧壁的内层不完整,发生在Parkinson三角后部或Mullan三角前部。结论冠状断面能清晰显示海绵窦外侧壁的毗邻结构,对该区域的神经外科手术和影像诊断具有重要意义。     

Safe zone for lateral pin placement for external fixation of the distal humerus

External fixation is a common, efficient technique used for humeral shaft stabilization and elbow fractures. There are reports of radial nerve injuries associated with this procedure. In this study, we investigated the course and variability of the radial nerve along the lateral humerus in relation to the elbow joint to determine a relatively safe zone for lateral pin placement in external fixation. Twenty upper extremities from 10 cadavers were studied. The nerve branches and course of the radial nerve along the lateral humerus were carefully dissected. Straight lines (a, b, and c) were made connecting three landmarks (the acromion, coracoid process, and anterior wall of the axilla) in the proximal upper extremity to the lateral condyle (LC) of the humerus; their intersections with the radial nerve (A, B, and C) were marked. We analyzed whether the intersection positions were correlated with the connecting line lengths. The mean lengths of the connecting lines were (a) 27.24 ± 2.57, (b) 26.18 ± 2.79, and (c) 20.95 ± 1.44 cm; the distance between the intersection points and the LC of the humerus were (Aa) 7.56 ± 1.31, (Bb) 6.90 ± 2.27, and (Cc) 5.01 ± 0.83 cm; and the measured intersection points of the radial nerve in the lateral aspect of the humerus were (A) 18.48%–34.82%, (B) 13.48%–40.00%, and (C) 19.27%–28.05% of the lengths of lines a, b, and c, respectively. Our data provide a more reliable reference to predict the course of the radial nerve on the lateral humerus and define a safe zone for pin placement. Clin. Anat., 33:637–642, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

滑车神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨滑车神经在MRI图像上的识别,为滑车神经相关疾病的影像学诊断和临床治疗提供形态学依据。方法：选取国人成年尸体头部标本51例,以冷冻切片法分别制成连续横断层标本36例和连续冠状断层标本15例;采用3D—CISS序列,结合3D—TOF序列,对20名正常体检者及23例眼运动神经麻痹患者行1．5T磁共振扫描;应用3．0TMRI扫描仪,获取10例志愿者头部的SE序列T2WI图像;在上述连续断层标本和MRI图像上,观察分析滑车神经的位置、走行、毗邻及识别标志等。结果：在横断面上,滑车神经起始段走行在上髓帆后部的四叠体池内,其外侧为小脑幕切迹,后方为小脑上动脉;其环池段绕中脑大脑脚两侧的环池走行,由背侧转至腹侧。在冠状断面上,滑车神经环池段位于小脑幕下方,其外上方有大脑后动脉;其海绵窦段走行在蝶骨体两侧的海绵窦外侧壁,动眼神经的外下方。结论：横断面能较好地显示滑车神经的起始段和环池段,而冠状断面则能清晰地显示其海绵窦段。     

One-third, two-thirds: relationship of the radial nerve to the lateral intermuscular septum in the arm

The radial nerve penetrates the lateral intermuscular septum of the arm before dividing into deep and superficial branches. It may be encountered in both anterior and posterior approaches to the humerus. An ability to accurately predict the point at which the nerve pierces the septum would be valuable during surgery in the arm, and would facilitate planning an approach to exploring the radial nerve after fractures of the distal humeral shaft. It would, in particular, make minimally invasive surgical techniques less dangerous. We dissected 20 cadaver upper limbs to establish whether the radial nerve enters the anterior compartment of the arm at a predictable level. We found that in almost every case the radial nerve entered the anterior compartment at a point within 5 mm of the junction of the distal and middle thirds of a line joining the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the most lateral point of the acromion process of the scapula. This has not previously been described, and we believe is a useful aide-de-memoir to predicting the level at which the radial nerve penetrates the lateral intermuscular septum.     

Anatomic relationship of the radial nerve to the elbow joint: Clinical implications of safe pin placement

The percutaneous placement of lateral distal humeral pins risks injury to the radial nerve. We aimed to provide a reliable and safe parameter for the insertion of lateral distal humeral pins. A secondary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pin/screw placement in the intended zone of fixation at the lateral distal humerus. We dissected 70 fresh cadaveric upper limbs and the radial nerve was identified and its course followed into the anterior compartment. The point where the radial nerve crosses humerus in mid lateral plane was identified and the distance between this point and lateral epicondyle was measured, as was the maximum trans‐epicondylar distance, along with the olecranon fossa height. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The average trans‐epicondylar distance was measured at 62 ± 6 mm (range 52–78 mm), and the average lateral radial nerve height was 102 ± 10 mm (range 75–129 mm). The ratio of the lateral nerve height to the trans‐epicondylar distance was an average of 1.7 ± 0.2 (range 1.4–2.0). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the lateral nerve height and the trans‐epicondylar distance was r = 0.95. A relative dimension, the trans‐epicondylar distance is both reliable and easily accessible to the operating surgeon. The absolute safe zone for pin entry into the lateral distal humerus is that area lying within the caudad 70% of a line, equivalent in length to the patient's own trans‐epicondylar distance, when projected proximally from the lateral epicondyle. Clin. Anat. 22:684–688, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Surgical anatomy of the sural and superficial fibular nerves with an emphasis on the approach to the lateral malleolus

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk and to analyse the significance of laceration of the sural and superficial fibular nerves during the surgical approach to the lateral malleolus. The sural and the superficial fibular nerves, and their branches were dissected under ×3 magnifying lenses in 68 embalmed leg‐ankle‐foot specimens. The specimens were measured, drawn and photographed. In 35% of specimens the superficial fibular nerve branched before piercing the crural fascia, and in all these specimens the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was located in the anterior compartment while the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was located in the lateral compartment. In 35% of specimens the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was absent or did not innervate any toe. The deep part of the superficial fibular nerve was in contact with the intermuscular septum. Its superficial part was parallel with the lateral malleolus when the nerve pierced the fascia more proximally and oblique to the lateral malleolus when the nerve pierced the fascia distally. In one case the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was in danger of laceration during a subcutaneous incision to the lateral malleolus. In 7 cases (10%) the sural nerve overlapped or was tangent to the tip of the malleolus. Malleolar nerve branches were identified in 76% of the cases (in 28% from both sources). The sural nerve supplies the lateral 5 dorsal digital nerves in 40% of cases. Our study indicates that during the approach to the lateral malleolus there is a high risk of laceration of malleolar branches from both the sural and the superficial fibular nerves. There is less risk of damage to the main trunk of these nerves, but the 10% chance of laceration of sural nerve at the tip of the malleolus is significant. As the sural nerve supplies the superficial innervation to the lateral half of the foot and toes in 40% of cases, the risk of its laceration is even more important than indicated by the common anatomical teaching.     

膝关节外侧疼痛诊疗的外侧支持带神经定位及应用解剖研究

目的　观察并测量外侧支持带神经（lateral retinacular nerve，LRN）的临床解剖学参数，探讨LRN的体表定位方法，为膝关节前外侧疼痛的诊治提供解剖依据。 方法　随机选取17具正常成年尸体下肢（34侧）进行解剖，确定坐骨神经（sciatic nerve，SN）的位置、走形和主要分支，选取位于膝关节后方的分支膝上外侧神经（SLGN）进行研究。追踪SLGN走形确认其第一个分支LRN，测量LRN分叉点分别到外侧胫股关节关节线与股骨外上髁的外侧端两个测量点的距离，从而确定LRN在体表的定位标志，并验证其准确性。 结果　LRN分叉点到第1个测量点的平均距离为（55.00±3.22）mm，到第2个测量点（26.00±2.42）mm。有性别差异，男性LRN分叉点到第1测量点平均（57.00±3.64）mm，到第2测量点平均（27.00±2.72）mm；女性分别为（51.00±1.14）mm，（23.00±0.54）mm。对两个定位标志的准确性评估，第1测量点（55.00 mm）准确率为100%，第2测量点（26.00 mm）准确率为67%。 结论　LRN在体表有两个较为可靠的定位标志，准确定位LRN并描述其路径，可以为诊治外侧膝关节疼痛提供理论依据。