肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿2例并文献复习

目的探讨肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿的诊断及处理方法。方法回顾2例肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿的病例资料,并复习文献进行分析总结。结果 2例肾动静脉瘘致妊娠期血尿患者,年龄分别为28、30岁,均为妊娠期间出现反复间歇性全程肉眼血尿,曾行超声、CT检查,未能明确病因。分别于妊娠7周、8周就诊。均行选择性肾动脉造影或(和)超选择性肾段动脉造影确诊为肾动静脉多瘘,采用明胶海绵微粒、微弹簧圈对病变血管予以选择性栓塞。2例均采用超选择性栓塞供血动脉治疗,栓塞当天肉眼血尿即消失,术后72h内术侧腰部均出现酸痛,尚有低热、腹胀、恶心等症状。结论肾动静脉瘘有血流动力学改变并可发生破裂,妊娠期的高动力循环状态使畸形血管易于破裂,导致血尿。选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞术是肾动静脉瘘主要的诊断和治疗方法。     

医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的介入诊疗

目的探讨超选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的临床价值。方法对11例肾穿刺活检或经皮肾镜取石术后大量肉眼血尿患者实施超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞术,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵与弹簧圈。结果 11例中,假性动脉瘤2例,动-静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动脉-肾盏瘘2例;损伤血管为肾脏后段、下段动脉及其叶间动脉分支,单支血管损伤10例,多支血管损伤1例。单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞4例,单纯采用弹簧圈栓塞4例,二者联合栓塞3例,其中1例为明胶海绵栓塞24h后复发尿血改用弹簧圈栓塞。栓塞后10min造影示出血征象消失,1~3天后患者血尿逐渐消失,未发生严重并发症。结论动静脉瘘为医源性肾动脉损伤的主要表现,以单发病变多见;超选择性动肾脉造影可迅速明确诊断,超选择性肾动脉栓塞微创、安全、有效,应作为治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的首选方法。     

肾动脉介入栓塞治疗肾动静脉瘘的临床观察

目的：提高肾动静脉瘘（AVF）的诊治效果。方法：应用肾动脉造影或数字减影血管造影（DSA）诊断肾动脉静脉瘘15例,并作超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞治疗。结果：15例均经肾动脉造影明确诊断。栓塞术后当天肉眼血尿.消失。结论：肾动脉造影是诊断肾动静脉瘘的最佳方法;超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞既保存了肾功能,又达到了止血目的。     

经动脉栓塞治疗肾内动静脉畸形后血管再通的治疗

目的探讨经动脉栓塞治疗肾内动静脉畸形后畸形血管再通的原因和治疗。方法回顾性分析4例肾内动静脉畸形经动脉栓塞治疗,术后畸形血管发生血管再通患者的临床资料。本组共4例,男1例,女3例,年龄19~70岁。左肾2例,右肾2例;1支肾动脉2例,2支肾动脉2例。经动脉造影明确诊断,并应用明胶海绵栓塞治疗,术中见栓塞确实,出血停止。术后1~24 h再次出现血尿,发生畸形血管再通。结果行二次动脉造影证实原动静脉畸形处血管再通,应用弹簧圈超选择性栓塞治愈。随诊未发现畸形血管再通。结论经动脉栓塞治疗先天性肾内动静脉畸形应采用超选择性动脉栓塞技术,用明胶海绵栓塞易发生血管再通。应用合适大小的弹簧圈超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾内动静脉畸形可以取得确实疗效。     

数字减影血管造影在先天性肾动静脉瘘的应用

目的:探讨数字减影血管造影(DSA)对先天性肾动静脉瘘的应用价值。方法:对5例反复、间歇性肉眼血尿及肾绞痛、一般检查无阳性发现的患者,均经肾动脉行DSA确诊;采用不锈钢圈和(或)CO2行超选择性动脉栓塞。结果:5例均栓塞成功。栓塞后当天,肉眼血尿消失。随访4个月~6年,无一例复发。结论:DSA是对先天性肾动静脉瘘确诊,并行超选择性动脉栓塞治疗的可靠方法。     

先天性肾动静脉瘘的DSA诊断与治疗

目的提高先天性肾动静脉瘘的诊治效果。方法应用肾动脉数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞方法诊治先天性肾动静脉瘘３例。结果３例经ＤＳＡ明确诊断,在栓塞术后当日肉眼血尿消失,２４～７２小时后尿常规正常。术后７２小时内有腰酸痛、低热、腹胀,无肾性高血压发生。结论ＤＳＡ是明确肾动静脉瘘的最佳诊断方法,可同时进行超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞,既保存了肾功能又达到止血目的     

医源性肾动脉损伤的肾动脉造影表现及栓塞治疗

目的探讨医源性肾动脉损伤的肾动脉造影表现及栓塞治疗效果。方法收集2005年8月至2008年11月间我院于肾脏手术后出现持续性或间断性肉眼血尿患者共14例。均经肾动脉造影证实为医源性肾动脉损伤,其中继发于经皮肾镜取石术11例,继发于肾穿刺活检术、肾贯穿伤缝合修补术、输尿管镜检查并双J管置放术各1例。血尿出现距手术操作时间为3～346d(中位时间8d)。肾动脉造影检查后均行经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗。栓塞材料为弹簧圈、正丁基-2-氰基丙烯酸酯(NBCA)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒、无水乙醇。术后随访10～49个月。结果病变位于肾脏上极4例,下极10例。肾动脉造影表现为肾假性动脉瘤1例,肾动静脉瘘6例,肾假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘7例。栓塞后肾动脉造影显示病变均达到完全性栓塞,术后2～12d肉眼血尿消失。随访期间,1例右肾下极动静脉瘘栓塞后13个月因术侧肾区钝性外伤再次出现血尿,经造影证实原动静脉瘘未见复发,但右肾下极发现由另一叶间动脉供血形成的假性动脉瘤,再次使用弹簧圈栓塞,随访14个月未见血尿复发。其余13例随访10～49个月未见血尿复发。本组术后均无严重并发症。结论肾动静脉瘘、假性动脉瘤是医源性肾动脉损伤的主要类型,应用弹簧圈行肾动脉节段性栓塞治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

先天性肾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨先天性肾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析以突发性、持续性严重血尿为主要症状的5例先天性肾动静脉瘘患者的临床资料。均行彩色多普勒超声、静脉肾盂造影(IVU)、CT及膀胱镜检查，未能明确病因。1例行肾切除术，术后病理检查证实为肾动静脉瘘；4例行超选择性肾动脉造影确诊，同时行栓塞治疗。结果：4例栓塞治疗患者术后肉眼血尿立即得到控制，5天后尿常规检查正常，随访3个月～8年，均无复发，无高血压情况，双肾放射性核素扫描提示患侧肾小球滤过率轻度降低。1例肾切除患者术后血尿消失，对侧肾功能代偿正常。结论：超选择性肾动脉造影是诊断先天性肾动静脉瘘的关键检查，同时行栓塞治疗是最佳方法，具有创伤性小、疗效确切、并发症少的特点，可最大限度地保留患侧肾功能。     

肾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗（附6例报告）

目的探讨肾动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗方法。方法1996年至2006年经超选择性肾动脉造影确诊的6例肾动静脉瘘患者,原发性动静脉瘘5例,获得性动静脉瘘1例;临床表现严重血尿5例,高血压1例。4例行经皮超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗,2例行肾切除术。结果4例栓塞后血尿得到控制,随访5个月-8年,均无复发;2例肾切除者血尿消失,血压下降。结论影像学是诊断肾动静脉瘘的主要手段,超选择性肾动脉造影是确诊的首选方法;动脉栓塞是最佳治疗方法,创伤小、疗效确切,还可最大限度保留患侧肾功能;肾功能丧失者可考虑肾切除。     

介入栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形(瘘)11例报道并文献复习

目的通过分析肾动静脉畸形影像学征象并通过介入栓塞治疗,提高肾动静脉畸形的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析2004年4月至2014年12月期间在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院行肾动脉造影和选择性栓塞治疗的11例肾动静脉畸形患者的临床资料。通过呈现典型的栓塞前后影像特点,对常见栓塞方法及疗效进行讨论。结果 11例肾动静脉畸形患者的影像特点可分为2类:1一个或多个小动脉和一个或多个引流静脉之间成迂曲血管团状病灶,共6例;2单个动脉和扩张静脉间交通,肾动静脉之间直接形成瘘而无畸形血管团,5例。其中治疗后1例患者在栓塞8d后复发,行肾切除后血尿消失,对侧肾功能代偿正常;1例患者在栓塞1d复发后加用无水乙醇,随访6年无复发。结论选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞术是肾动静脉畸形主要的诊断和治疗方法,组合使用栓塞材料较使用单一栓塞材料临床效果更好,但仍需要密切随访。     

Traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula treated by ligation and preservation of the kidney.

A case with traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula is presented. The diagnosis was established by selective renal angiography. The fistula was treated by ligation and division of the feeding artery. Postoperative angiography revealed complete closure of the fistula. The aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of renal arteriovenous fistula are discussed.     

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??Diagnostic and treatable experience of the iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistulas: retrospective analysis of 6 cases LIANG Si-yuan*, LIU Xiao-bing, MOU Yong-hua ??et al.*Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, China
Corresponding author ??LIANG Si-yuan??E-mail??24245857@qq. com
Abstract Objective To evaluate the diagnostic and treatable experience of the iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistulas. Methods We analyzed 6 patients with iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistulas in the methods of diagnosis and treatment during January 2004 to August 2009 retrospectively. Results 6 patients were all detected post catheterization, diagnosed with color doppler ultrasonography as arteriovenous fistulas, 3 in common femoral artery, 2 in superficial femoral artery, 1 in profound femoral artery. The size of the fistula was between 2~4 mm. All the patients were treated with open surgery of fistula repairment. Conclusion Color doppler ultrasonography could be the first choice in the diagnosis of iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistulas, and promptly open surgery is still the economical and maneuverability treatment in low morbidities.     

A dural arteriovenous fistula of the tentorium successfully treated by intravascular embolization.

BACKGROUND: Dural arteriovenous fistulas of the tentorium are rare lesions that often present with intracranial hemorrhage. Definitive treatment is therefore necessary, but transarterial embolization has rarely been curative. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 59-year-old man presenting with sudden onset of severe headache had subarachnoid hemorrhage demonstrated by computed tomography. Left carotid angiography showed a tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula fed by a tentorial branch from the internal carotid artery and by a middle meningeal artery; the fistula drained to the marginal sinus via a dilated varicosity. Transarterial embolization successfully obliterated the fistula, and the patient was discharged with no neurologic deficit. CONCLUSION: This tentorial fistula, that showed extremely rare angiographic features, particularly venous drainage, was embolized successfully. The literature concerning tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas is discussed in terms of effective therapeutic choice.     

Farbduplexsonographische Befunde bei iatrogener arteriovenöser Fistel der A. vertebralis

The report describes a rare case of an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery to the vertebral vein which arose after insertion of a central venous catheter via the jugular vein. We give special attention to the role of colour duplex sonography in the primary diagnosis of such fistulas. As can be seen from published reports with this non-invasive examination, the diagnosis of fistulas could not be established in all cases, where an abnormal communication between the vessels was later revealed by angiography. The most probable reason is the particular feature of the anatomical course of the vertebral artery which in its middle third is protected in a bony canal through the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae and can be only partially visualised by sonography. Consequently only fistulas in the visible parts of the artery can be detected by sonography. In our case the most important criteria of duplex sonography for an arteriovenous fistula were fulfilled and the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. This procedure with primary use of colour duplex sonography and additional clarification of uncertain findings by angiography, seems to be reasonable if the symptoms are compatible with the diagnosis of an arteriovenous fistula of the neck vessels.     

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: the use of intraoperative microvascular Doppler monitoring

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by an abnormal communication between the dural branch of the radiculomedullary artery and an intradural medullary vein. Although the optimal treatment strategy is still debated, a complete interruption of the flow in the fistulas should be obtained. The authors report four cases operated on with intraoperative microvascular Doppler monitoring assistance. In all cases, microDoppler confirmed the location of the fistula and revealed an arterial spectrum on the redundant dorsal medullary veins. After the clipping of the feeder of the arteriovenous shunt, the intraoperative monitoring documented a complete disappearance of the arterial spectrum and the reappearance of the venous pattern. The ultrasonographic changes suggested the complete interruption of the fistulas. Postoperative angiography showed no residual abnormality in all patients. Doppler monitoring during surgery confirms satisfactory interruption of the arterial feeder and may prove useful where initial identification of the feeding vessel is difficult.     

Lumbar peritoneal shunt containing a programmable valve for intracranial hypertension caused by Borden type 1 dural arteriovenous fistulas

Three male patients underwent lumbar peritoneal (LP) shunt for intracranial hypertension caused by intracranial Borden type 1 dural arteriovenous fistulas (D-AVFs). Endovascular treatment was performed initially, but it was ineffective in all cases. Before LP shunt, the Mariotte blind spot expanded in all cases and severe papilledema was observed in two cases. We managed the opening pressure of the shunt system in accordance with patient symptoms. Mariotte blind spot expansion and papilledema disappeared after LP shunt. Follow-up cerebral angiography revealed spontaneous closure of D-AVFs in one case and aggressive conversion in two cases. D-AVFs were completely closed by transvenous embolization. Because the angioarchitecture of the fistula frequently worsens without deterioration of the symptom after LP shunt, follow-up angiography and additional treatment are important.     

Arterioportal fistulas: twelve cases

During the last 20 years, we encountered 14 arterioportal fistulas in 12 patients. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage or mesenteric artery insufficiency were the most frequent conditions found after the diagnosis. Arterioportal arterial fistulas were congenital in two cases and acquired in 10; seven of these 10 were iatrogenic. One patient had three successive and different sites of arterioportal fistula. The fistula originated from a branch of the celiac axis in nine cases, the superior mesenteric artery in three, and the inferior mesenteric artery in two. One patient died of massive anal bleeding before any treatment was possible. Eight fistulas were treated surgically and five by arterial embolization. After treatment there was no early mortality, while hemorrhagic and ischemic complications regressed in all cases. Three hemorrhagic recurrences were observed in patients with preexisting cirrhosis (two cases) or by recurrence of a congenital arteriovenous fistula (one case). Closure of symptomatic arterioportal fistula is justified. The choice of the most appropriate method for each patient should be discussed between the surgeon and interventional radiologist on a case by case basis.     

Hybrid therapy for rapid enlargement of hibernating coronary arteriovenous fistulas

The use of hybrid therapy for recurrent multiple coronary arteriovenous fistulas in a 56-year-old woman is reported. The patient underwent surgical closure of a coronary arteriovenous fistula of the right coronary artery under cardiopulmonary bypass at 47 years of age. Reoperation was required 9 years later for recurrence of the same fistula. It was divided under a beating heart. Early postoperative angiography showed complete occlusion of the right coronary fistula. However, hibernating fistulas of the left circumflex artery, which had been left untouched because of insignificant shunt with no remarkable change for 9 years, increased in size rapidly. Transcatheter embolization was successfully performed for these residual fistulas.     

Renal arteriovenous fistula associated with fibromuscular dysplasia

A case is reported of a woman with long-standing progressive hypertension and an abdominal bruit who on angiography demonstrated fibromuscular dysplasia of the right renal artery and an arteriovenous fistula in the upper pole of the right kidney. The various causes of renal arteriovenous fistula are reviewed. The relationship of mural aneurysms seen in fibromuscular dysplasia and the formation of arteriovenous fistulas by rupture of these aneurysms is discussed. Review of the English literature indicates a probable causal relationship between fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries and intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas.     

Bilateral congenital renal arteriovenous fistulas

Bilateral renal arteriovenous (AV) fistulas were discovered in a patient with refractory hypertension. The lesion in the right kidney appeared to be congenital, whereas the etiology of the left-sided lesion could not be determined. Ablation of both fistulas effected a significant decrease in blood pressure. The angiographic appearance of a renal AV fistula often reveals its cause. These fistulas can cause significant morbidity. A review of 49 cases of congenital renal AV fistulas reveals that most are found in women and in the right kidney. Bilateral renal AV fistulas have not been previously described. Hypertension commonly develops in patients with renal AV fistulas and may resolve or improve upon fistula ablation. Improvement in blood pressure after fistula ablation occurs more frequently in traumatic fistulas than in congenital ones. Although the pathophysiology of hypertension is felt to be the shunting of the blood flow by the fistula from the renal parenchyma and subsequent stimulation of the renin system, renal vein renin sampling may be of little diagnostic value.