组织多普勒技术对2型糖尿病性心脏病患者右室功能的研究

目的探讨组织多普勒技术评价2型糖尿病性心脏病患者右室功能的应用价值。方法选取单纯2型糖尿病性心脏病患者30例(糖尿病组)和健康志愿者30例(正常对照组),两组均行常规超声心动图检查后,再应用M型超声测量右室侧壁三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE),脉冲多普勒检测三尖瓣口舒张期早、晚期峰值流速(E、A),并计算E/A;Simpson法测量右室射血分数(RVEF);组织多普勒技术分析右室侧壁三尖瓣环处等容收缩期速度(IVCv)、收缩期运动速度(Vs)、舒张期早、晚期运动速度(Ve、Va),并计算IVCv/Vs和Ve/Va值,比较两组上述参数的差异。结果糖尿病组与正常对照组的RVEF、TAPSE均正常,两组比较差异均无统计学意义。糖尿病组Vs和Ve/Va值较正常对照组减低,IVCv和IVCv/Vs值均较正常对照组增高,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病性心脏病患者存在右室舒张、收缩功能异常,组织多普勒技术可为评价右室功能提供更为敏感的定量指标。     

定量组织速度成像评价二尖瓣置换术后左、右心室长轴方向运动特点

目的 通过定量组织速度成像评价二尖瓣置换术后左、右心室长轴方向运动特点.方法 二尖瓣置换术的患者60例分为A、B两组,A组患者35例于二尖瓣置换术同期行三尖瓣人工瓣环成形术,B组患者25例为二尖瓣置换术同期未行三尖瓣手术,另选取健康对照组20例.分别于术前、术后2周通过超声心动图测量左室射血分数(LVEF)和右室射血分数(RVEF),定量组织速度成像测量二、三尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度(Vs).舒张早期峰值速度(Ve),舒张晚期峰值速度(Va)和收缩期位移(Ds).结果 A组与B组术前二尖瓣环Vs、Va、Ds及LVEF与对照组相比均显著减低,术后Vs、Ve、Va及LVEF均较术前减低(P＜0.05);A组术前三尖瓣环Vs、Va、Ds及RVEF与对照组相比均显著减低,术后A组与B组三尖瓣环Vs、Ve、Va、Ds均较术前减低(P＜0.05),而RVEF虽有所减低,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组术前二、三尖瓣环Ve/Va＞1,术后Ve/Va＜1;B组术前Ve/Va＜1,术后Ve/Va＞1.结论 二失瓣置换术的患者术后左、右室长轴方向收缩运动均减低,术后LVEF减低,而RVEF无显著减低;二尖瓣置换术患者术后左、右心室舒张功能发生改变.     

组织多普勒成像评价艾滋病患者右室功能的临床研究

目的应用组织多普勒成像技术(TDI)测量三尖瓣环运动速度评价艾滋病(AIDS)患者右室功能,探讨组织多普勒评价AIDS患者右室功能的临床价值。方法对72例AIDS患者行超声心动图检查,测量各项常规参数。应用TDI采集三尖瓣环三个位点的运动频谱,测量各位点的收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Va),计算右心平均-Vs、-Ve、-Va。并与健康对照者进行对照分析。结果病例组三尖瓣环各位点Vs、Ve、Va及-Vs(11.33±1.91)cm/s、-Ve(11.69±2.41)cm/s、-Va(10.61±2.45)cm/s较对照组明显降低,差异具统计学意义。结论AIDS患者右室心肌的收缩和舒张均较正常人减弱,右室功能降低。TDI可准确、定量、无创地评价AIDS患者右室功能。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价系统性红狼疮患者不合并肺动脉高压时右心室早期收缩功能改变

【】 目的 应用斑点追踪技术(STI)评估系统性红斑狼疮患者(SLE)早期不合并肺动脉高压(PH)时右心室纵向收缩功能的改变,探讨其临床应用价值。 方法 入选系统性红斑狼疮患者(SLE)41例,健康对照组33例。采用组织多普勒技术测量反映右心室收缩功能参数(右心室侧壁三尖瓣环平面位移(TAPSE)、右心室侧壁三尖瓣环收缩期峰值运动速度(PSv)、三尖瓣环等容收缩期峰值速度(IVCv));应用2D-STI技术测量右室游离壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值应变(Ss),计算右室收缩期整体应变(GSs),并对各研究对象的参数进行比较,分析患病时间、SLEDAI评分与右室GSs的相关性。结果 ① 与对照组比较,SLE组TAPSE、PSv、IVCc低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);② SLE组右心室游离壁基底段、中间段Ss低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),心尖段Ss与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);SLE组GSs低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);③SLE组中GSs与TAPSE、PSv、IVCV相关性好(P均<0.001);GSs与患病时间、SLEDAI评分相关性好(P<0.001);SLE组SPAP与GSs、PSv、IVCv、TAPSE间相关性好(P<0.001);结论 SLE患者早期无肺动脉高压时已经出现右心室收缩功能降低,同时二维超声斑点技术(2DSTI)能敏感的评估无肺动脉高压的SLE患者右心室局部及整体收缩功能。     

定量组织多普勒技术在评价早期2型糖尿病左心室舒缩功能中的临床应用

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术在评价早期2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)左室功能方面的临床应用价值。方法对早期T2DM患者(T2DM组)及正常组(NC组)各45例,应用TDI技术检测二尖瓣环左室壁侧运动频谱,测量收缩期、舒张早期、舒张晚期运动峰值(分别为Vs、Ve、Va),并计算Ve/Va;应用脉冲多普勒(PDE)检测二尖瓣口血流频谱,测量二尖瓣口舒张早期、舒张晚期血流速度(分别为E、A),并计算E/A;常规超声心动图用Simpson′s法测量左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果收缩功能指标:T2DM组与NC组的LVEF均在正常范围,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而T2DM组二尖瓣环室壁侧Vs低于NC组(P<0.05)。舒张功能指标:T2DM组Ve、Ve/Va、E/A均低于NC组(P均<0.05);T2DM组Va、A均高于NC组(P均<0.05);T2DM组舒张功能异常检出率TDI法为51.1%,高于PDE法的26.7%(P<0.01)。结论 T2DM患者早期即存在舒张、收缩功能异常,TDI技术测量二尖瓣环运动速度可为评价左心室功能提供新的、更为敏感的定量指标。     

应变率成像评价不同左心室构型原发性高血压患者右心室局部功能

目的 探讨应变率成像技术检测不同左室构型原发性高血压(HBP)患者右室收缩、舒张功能的应用价值.方法 HBP患者38例,根据左室质量指数(LVMI)和相对室壁厚度(RWT)值分为左室正常构型(LVN)组和左室重构(LVR)组,对照组23例.获取各受试者心尖四腔观清晰组织速度成像(TVI)图存盘供脱机分析.测量三尖瓣环处心肌收缩期峰值运动速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值运动速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值运动速度(Va),计算Ve/Va;右室游离壁中部心内膜下心肌收缩期峰值应变(Ss)、收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)、舒张早期峰值应变率(SRe)、舒张晚期峰值应变率(SRa),计算SRe/SRa.结果 与对照组比较,高血压LVN组患者三尖瓣环Vs和Ve差异无统计学意义,Ve/Va减低;与对照组及高血压LVN组比较,高血压LVR组患者Vs差异无统计学意义,Ve、Ve/Va均显著减低;与对照组比较,高血压LVN组、LVR组患者右室游离壁中部心内膜下心肌SRs差异无统计学意义,Ss、SRe、SRe/SRa均显著减低;与高血压LVN组比较,高血压LVR组患者SRs差异无统计学意义,Ss、SRe、SRe/SRa均显著减低.结论 HBP患者无论左室构型有无变化,其右室局部收缩、舒张功能已受损,应变率成像技术能准确评价其右室局部功能.     

定量组织速度成像评价酒精性心肌病右心室功能的价值

目的探讨应用定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价酒精性心肌病右心室功能的临床应用价值。方法酒精性心肌病(ACM)患者35例,正常对照组30例。对两组行常规超声参数及QTVI参数测定,在标准四腔切面下应用QTVI获取三尖瓣前叶及隔叶瓣环处的运动速度曲线,记录包括:收缩期峰值运动速度(Vs),舒张早期运动速度(Ve),舒张晚期运动速度(Va),计算舒张早期运动速度与舒张晚期运动速度之比(Ve/Va)及右心室Tei指数。分析ACM组侧壁瓣环Tei指数与Vs、Ve、Ve/Va相关性。结果常规超声心动图参数比较,ACM患者左心室舒张末内径(LVDd)、右心室前后径(RVEDd)明显增加(P<0.05),左心室射血分数(LVEF)明显减低(P<0.05),右心室射血分数(RVEF)无明显变化(P>0.05)。QTVI参数ACM组与对照组比较,Vs、Ve、Ve/Va显著减低(P<0.05),Tei指数显著增高(P<0.05)。相关分析显示:ACM组侧壁瓣环Tei指数与Vs、Ve、Ve/Va均具有相关性(P<0.05)。结论 QTVI可作为有效评价ACM右心室功能的一种无创性的新方法,具有重要的临床价值。     

超声心动图组织多普勒技术对2型糖尿病左心室功能的研究

目的讨论组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术在评价2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)左室功能方面的应用价值,分析T2DM患者左室功能变化。方法对T2DM患者50例(T2DM组)及正常组50例(NC组)人员,常规超声心动图测量左室各数值后,Simpson's法测量射血分数(LVEF);应用脉冲多普勒(PDE)检测二尖瓣口舒张期血流频谱,分别为E、A,并计算E/A。应用TDI技术获取二尖瓣环平面左室运动频谱,分别为Vs、Ve、Va,并计算Ve/Va,然后计算六个壁平均值分别为mVs、mVe、mVa、mVe/Va。对以上结果进行比较分析。结果收缩功能:T2DM组与NC组的LVEF均在正常范围,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而T2DM组二尖瓣环mVs明显低于NC组(P0.05)。舒张功能:T2DM组Ve、Ve/Va、E/A均低于NC组(P0.05);T2DM组Va、A均高于NC组;T2DM组舒张功能异常检出率TDI法为68.3%,高于PDE法的33.3%(P0.01)。结论 T2DM患者存在左室收缩、舒张功能异常,TDI技术可为评价左室功能提供更为敏感的定量指标。     

定量组织多普勒技术评价糖尿病患者左室功能

目的探讨定量组织多普勒技术(QTVI)技术评价糖尿病(DM)患者左室心肌收缩与舒张功能的价值.方法应用QTVI获取35例正常人和48例DM患者左室长轴方向不同室壁节段即左室前壁、后壁、下壁、侧壁及室间隔的心肌多普勒速度曲线,分别比较以下参数1.不同室壁中部心肌运动收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、快速充盈期和心房收缩期的速度(Ve和Va);2.二尖瓣舒张期血流频谱E/A值、左室射血分数(LVEF)、LVMI(左室质量指数)、Vs/Ve比值.结果 (1)DM患者Vs、Ve、Va、Vs/Ve 、LVEF均比正常人降低(P＜0.05);(2) 若以Vs>4.5 cm/s、Vs/Ve>0.80、LVEF>45%作为判定患者心功能符合临床NYHA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、客观评分A～B级的界定值,其敏感性80%,特异性85%,阳性预测值86%;(3)DM患者Vs 的测值越低,临床NYHA分级越差,它们之间有一定的负相关性(r＝-0.75).结论 QTVI定量评价DM患者左室心肌功能,为进一步了解DM局部心肌收缩舒张功能变化及其局部与整体心肌功能的变化提供较为敏感、精确的方法.     

定量组织速度成像技术评价高血糖对2型糖尿病左室舒张期充盈模式的影响

目的探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)技术评价2型糖尿病左室舒张功能的临床价值.方法应用QTVI技术获取86例健康志愿者(NOR),77例糖尿病患者(DM)左室各室壁的房室瓣环、基底段、中段和心尖段的心肌组织运动曲线,测量其收缩期速度(Vs),舒张早期充盈速度(Ve),以及左房收缩期速度(Va),并将各室壁侧房室瓣环的收缩期和舒张期测值和Ve/Va比值平均.比较两组间二尖瓣环水平各个参数的差异性.以二尖瓣环Ve/Va<1,以二尖瓣口舒张期血流频谱E/A<1分别作为评判左室舒张功能异常的标准,比较两种方法对DM组左室舒张功能异常的检出率.根据空腹血糖(FPG)及糖化血红蛋白水平(HbA1C%)将糖尿病组进一步分为DM1组(n=35),DM2组 (n=42),比较两组间Ve/Va<1的室壁节段数.结果①糖尿病组二尖瓣环Ve/Va比值明显低于正常组(P<0.001).②QTVI法和多普勒血流频谱法对DM组左室舒张功能异常的检出率差异有显著性(P<0.001),而在正常组两种方法无显著性差异(P>0.05).③在DM1组中的Ve/Va<1的节段数明显少于DM2组(P<0.001).结论 QTVI能够准确定量评价糖尿病的左室舒张功能,并能敏感反映血糖水平对左室舒张功能的损害,为临床选择合理的治疗措施及对疗效的评判提供了定量指标.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."