锌金属硫蛋白对镉致肝肾损伤的修复作用研究

目的：探讨锌金属硫蛋白（Zn-MT）对镉所导致的肝肾毒性的修复作用。方法：以小鼠为研究对象，建立镉中毒动物模型，然后经口给予不同剂量的Zn-MT,测定并分析肝、肾组织中脂质过氧化代谢产物丙二醛（MDA）水平、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶（GSH－Px）活性及电镜下观察肝肾组织形态学变化。结果：Zn-MT可明显降低肝、肾组织中MDA水平，使肝、肾组织中SOD、GSH－Px活力有一定程度的恢复，且上述作用呈明显的剂量－反应关系；电镜下观察到给予Zn-MT后，肝、肾组织形态学病变得到一定程度的恢复。结论：Zn-MT可对镉所致的肝肾组织脂质过氧化损伤起到一定的修复作用。     

亚甲兰、血液透析治疗松香水二甲苯中毒的疗效观察

松香水、二甲苯中毒早期症状很轻,容易被忽视,中毒3～4d随着毒性气体对机体重要脏器肝肾、呼吸系统、心肌及中枢神经系统的损害将造成不可逆的脏器功能破坏,所以在中毒早期既使症状很轻,也必须进行输血、换血应用1％亚甲兰和止血药物,血液透析,配合应用保肝、保肾、营养心肌、防治脑水肿及呼     

镉诱导猪肾近曲小管上皮细胞LLC-PK1的凋亡

镉(Cd)是环境和食物链中主要的的重金属污染物之一。动物实验和人群流行病学研究均表明镉可产生严重的毒性效应。大剂量、急性镉中毒可致肝、肺和睾九的损伤。而长期低剂量接触镉主要引起以近曲小管损害为主要特征的肾脏损害。体内动物实验研究表明，镉引起肾细胞凋亡是镉肾毒性的分子机制之一。近年来体外实验研究镉诱导肾细胞凋亡的分子毒理学机制已取得一定的进展。但尚未完全清楚。本研究选用猪肾近曲小管上皮细胞(LLC-PK1)为实验对象，观察了氯化镉对该细胞的毒性效应，以及诱导LLCPK1细胞凋亡的作用与细胞周期变化的影响，为进一步阐明镉诱导肾细胞凋亡及其分子机制提供依据。     

氯化镉和镉金属硫蛋白对大鼠肝细胞毒性的比较

无机镉(Cd)主要分布于肝脏,导致肝毒性损害。而镉金属硫蛋白(CdMT)则主要分布于肾脏,导致肾毒性损害。CdMT对培养的肾细胞毒性要比Cd大。但是CdMT对所有的培养细胞毒性是否都比Cd大,以及体内和体外毒性是否存在高度的相关尚不清楚。本研究旨     

米酵菌酸对小鼠肾组织毒性作用的超微结构观察

目的 观察米酵菌酸对小鼠肾组织毒性作用的超微结构改变,探讨米酵菌酸的中毒作用机制.方法 小鼠腹腔注射米酵菌酸,2 h后取其肾组织,通过电镜观察其组织的超微结构改变.结果 电镜下可见肾小管上皮细胞和肾小球足细胞及内皮细胞的线粒体水肿,嵴断裂或消失,部分线粒体髓样变和空泡样变性;粗面内质网扩张并脱颗粒;细胞核核周间隙增宽;毛细血管基底膜不匀性增厚.结论 本实验结果表明米酵菌酸可造成肾组织亚细胞结构的损伤,可对米酵菌酸中毒引起的肾功能变化提供理论依据.     

氟对体外培养的哺乳类细胞毒性试验

用体外培养的大鼠肝细胞及人胎肝、肾、肺细胞观察氟对软组织的损伤。结果表明,氟浓度在39μg/ml时对大鼠肝上皮细胞,156.2μg/ml对人胎肝、肾上皮细胞均产生明显的毒性作用。而此浓度时对人胎肺纤维母细胞未见任何形态改变。氟的非骨相损害尤其是对肝、肾的慢性损伤更应予以重视。     

BSO和NAC对镉急性毒性影响的实验研究

给仓鼠皮下注射不同剂量氯化镉后２４小时,测定血清ＬＤＨ、ＧＰＴ,尿ＬＤＨ和蛋白质,肝脏和肾皮质镉和ＧＳＨ含量。结果发现高剂量染镉后血清ＬＤＨ和ＧＰＴ活性,肝肾镉含量和肾皮质ＧＳＨ含量增高。表明急性染镉可引起仓鼠肝脏损害。给仓鼠ＢＳＯ或ＮＡＣ预处理后再投与镉,发现ＢＳＯ可增加镉的肝肾毒性,而ＮＡＣ能拮抗镉的肝毒性,增加镉的肾毒性。推测其机理与ＢＳＯ或ＮＡＣ预处理后使机体细胞内ＧＳＨ含量改变有关。     

J江某段有机污染物对大鼠肝肾毒性作用

目的探讨J江某段有机污染物对大鼠的肝肾毒性。方法固相萃取法提取江水中有机物,分别以相当于源水4,24,144 L/(kg.bw)的剂量给予大鼠亚急性(14 d)灌胃染毒,观察肝、肾组织病理改变、肝肾功能相关血清生化指标及脂质过氧化水平。结果在144 L/(kg.bw)剂量组,染毒大鼠肝、肾组织可出现以空泡变性为特征的病理损伤;谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿酸(UA)、甘油三酯(TG)水平与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肝、肾组织中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高。结论在较高的实验剂量时,J江某段有机提取物具有一定的肝肾毒性,脂质过氧化作用可能是其损伤肝肾机制之一。     

职业性急性三氯乙烯中毒致多脏器损害超声影像学分析

目的探讨职业性急性三氯乙烯中毒患者的肝胆脾肾超声影像学特征及其临床意义。方法通过对7例职业性急性三氯乙烯中毒患者入院时、治疗中和出院前分别进行肝胆脾肾超声影像学观察,同时测定其肝肾功能指标与之对照。结果职业性急性三氯乙烯中毒患者入院时肝胆脾肾声像图均有不同程度改变,且其改变程度与肝肾功能异常水平基本一致;随着病情的恢复,患者临床治愈,出院时肝肾功能恢复正常,其声像图也随之恢复正常。结论职业性急性三氯乙烯中毒患者大多伴发严重肝肾损害,其肝胆脾肾声像图改变具有一定特征性,可以作为判断患者肝肾损害程度和疗效观察的指标之一,有一定的临床实用价值。     

锰对镉致孕鼠毒性的拮抗作用研究

目的：为探讨锰对镉致孕鼠毒性的拮抗作用。方法：把Wistar孕鼠孕机分为镉中毒组、补充锰组和正常对照组,在大鼠妊娠第7、9、11天时称体重并给前两组孕鼠注射氯化镉使其中毒,于妊娠第20天处死时,取心脏血,观察胎鼠发育情况,同时取孕鼠肝和肾脏制作组织切片,分别在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下观察组织,细胞形态,并检测血液、肝和肾脏中镉和锰含量。结果：补充锰组孕鼠体重增长率,正常活胎的比例及平均体重均显大于镉中毒组：而畸胎和吸收胎发生率则明显降低（P＜0．01）;补充锰组孕鼠肝、肾组织结构接近正常;血液、肝和肾脏中镉含量显低于镉中毒组（P＜0．01）,而锰含量变化不大。结论：适量补充锰对镉中毒所致孕鼠生长发育障碍和肝、肾组织细胞损伤具有拮抗作用。     

1,2-二氯乙烷及其主要代谢产物对离体神经细胞的毒性研究

目的：探讨1，2－二氯乙烷（1，2－DCE）对培养神经细胞的毒性作用及致脑水肿的机制。方法：首先培养神经细胞，分别用1，2－DCE，2－氯乙醛，2－氯乙醇对生长良好的神经细胞进行处理，然后做相应的组织学观察和生化检测。结果：1，2－DCE和2－氯乙醛对神经细胞影响甚微，细胞在学上未见明显的变化；用2－氯乙醇处理过的神经细胞出现不同程度的变大，肿胀；Ca^2 -Mg^2 -ATP酶活性显著降低，最高剂量组与各组相比差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论：1，2－DCE的急性神经毒性主要是引起神经细胞水肿，2－氯乙醇可以引起ATP酶活性下降继而引起“Ca^2 超越”，可能是引起脑水肿的最主要物质。     

Individual and joint toxic effects of pentachlorophenol and bisphenol A on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo

Investigation of the toxicological effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and bisphenol A (BPA) alone and in combination was carried out following the method of the early life stage (ELS) test on zebrafish embryos. Both chemicals revealed lethal and sub-lethal effects, such as no blood flow, cardiac edema, delayed hatching, and tail malformations. According to their median effective concentrations (EC₅₀ values) in the single exposure, the toxic level of PCP was about two orders of magnitude higher than that of BPA. Result of the joint action modes varied depending on different endpoints. Synergistic action was observed based on the endpoint of 24 h mortality and antagonistic effect displayed based on the endpoint of 72 h cardiac edema. It was also found that the toxicity of PCP would be enhanced with the addition of BPA even below its no observed effect concentration (NOEC) level at the endpoint of 32 h with no blood flow, and the level of the increase was influenced by the toxic unit (TU) ratio.     

1,2-二氯乙烷对血脑屏障的损伤作用

目的 探讨1,2-二氯乙烷对血脑屏障的损伤作用.方法 用1,2-二氯乙烷静式呼吸道急性染毒复制大鼠急性中毒性脑病模型,用硝酸镧染色法测定脑组织的含水量并检测血脑屏障的通透性;同时在体外培养脑微血管内皮细胞和神经胶质细胞,用1,2-二氯乙烷对生长良好的脑微血管内皮细胞和神经胶质细胞染毒,在光镜和电镜下观察细胞形态学特征.结果 （1）脑组织主要表现为细胞外水肿,镧示踪法检测到血脑屏障有镧颗粒的大量渗漏.（2）中高剂量染毒组大鼠大脑皮质含水量较对照组明显升高,并且随着染毒后时间的延长更趋严重;大脑髓质含水量仅在染毒后观察6 h组有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（3）1,2-二氯乙烷能破坏脑微血管内皮细胞和神经胶质细胞的正常形态学结构,且对神经胶质细胞的损伤表现得较早、较严重.结论 1,2-二氯乙烷可造成血脑屏障的损伤,引起血管源性脑水肿.     

Guide to the Development of an Industrial Medical Records System

Biological parameters known to be affected in lead poisoning were measured in rats following ingestion of graded dosages of lead. Intranuclear inclusion bodies are formed in renal tubular lining cells with smaller doses of lead than produce other changes. Decreased body weight is the next most sensitive abnormality. This is followed by increased delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) excretion, reticulocytosis, renal edema, and aminoaciduria. Anemia only occurs at the highest lead dosage. Over a wide range of lead ingestion, urinary lead excretion remains constant, although renal lead content increases. Quantitative lead analyses of cell organelles show that lead is concentrated within the inclusion bodies. Relatively small amounts of lead are present in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. It is suggested that soft-tissue lead accumulates in the intranuclear inclusion body, thereby sparing toxic injury to cytoplasmic organelles.     

醋酸铅对体外培养人肾小球系膜细胞超微结构的影响

目的探讨醋酸铅对人肾小球系膜细胞(human renal mesangial cells,HRMC)超微结构的影响。方法醋酸铅处理HRMC后,Giemsa染色法观察细胞形态学变化;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构的变化;DNA梯(DNA Ladder)实验检测醋酸铅对HRMC基因组的影响;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率。结果 10μmol/L醋酸铅染毒HRMC 24、48h后,Giemsa染色显示出细胞成凋亡形态学改变。透射电镜观察细胞胞质内出现空泡,核固缩,核膜结构模糊,并出现凋亡小体。HRMC基因出现较为明显的DNA损伤现象。流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论醋酸铅可促进HRMC凋亡,影响肾脏正常功能。     

空心莲子草对钉螺肝肠超微结构影响

目的研究空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）杀灭钉螺的作用机制。方法将空心莲子草干燥细粉水提取液（1 g/100 ml）及去氯水分别浸泡钉螺24 h后,用透射电镜观察2组钉螺肝肠超微结构的变化。结果钉螺经空心莲子草干燥细粉水提取液浸泡24 h后,肝细胞明显破坏,其胞膜溶蚀,胞浆空泡化,线粒体和粗面内质网严重空泡变性,胞内分泌颗粒固缩,次级溶酶体和自噬体增多,细胞核浓缩,核膜残缺;肠上皮细胞核轻度肿胀,细胞间隙明显增大,胞质内及细胞间出现透亮区。结论空心莲子草干燥细粉水提取液对钉螺肝细胞有明显破坏作用,同时可引起肠上皮细胞内及细胞间水肿。     

Developmental effects of bioaccumulated selenium in eggs and larvae of two salmonid species

Elevated concentrations of Se have been detected in cold, flowing water habitats near uranium and coal mines in Canada. Fish from these systems have concentrations of Se in their tissues that exceed toxic effect thresholds that have been established for warm-water fishes. However, the applicability of toxic effect thresholds and guidelines to cold water, lotic habitats is a matter of contention in the literature since most cases of Se toxicosis have been documented in standing, warm-water systems. To examine the possibility of impaired reproduction in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) near coal mining activity in the northeastern slopes region of Alberta, Canada, spawn from both species were collected from exposure and reference sites. Gametes were fertilized in the laboratory, reared to the swim-up stage, and examined for deformities. A significant relationship was observed for rainbow trout between the amount of Se in eggs and the incidence of developmental abnormalities, specifically craniofacial defects, skeletal deformities, and edema. These associations approximate exponential functions with probabilities that 15% of the population would be affected occurring between 8.8 and 10.5 microg Se per gram of wet egg weight, based on probit analysis. These relationships are similar to those described for centrarchids inhabiting a seleniferous warm-water lake. No such relationships were established for brook trout.     

Systematic morphogenesis of the viral haemorrhagic disease virus in infected rabbits and in adapted cell culture.

The morphogenesis of viral haemorrhagic disease virus (VHDV) of rabbits in infected cell cultures and in tissues and cells from infected animals has been observed systematically by electron microscopy. Viral particles have been found to assemble through a condensation process within the nucleus of infected cells, having passed partially into the cytoplasm through disrupted nuclear membranes, enlarged nuclear pores or perinuclear space. Late in infection, both mature and immature virions are observed in the cytoplasm; these are often aggregated or interspersed and remain cell-associated long after infection. Release of the virus occurs when the cell finally lyses. In studies of the localisation and development of VHDV antigens, the viral antigens have been observed to appear first in the nucleus of infected cells and often thereafter in the cytoplasm. This finding is very similar to observations made by electron microscopy.     

Short-term toxic effects of 1-naphthol on the digestive gland-gonad complex of the marine prosobranchLittorina littorea (L): A light microscopic study

The short-term toxic effects of both sublethal and lethal concentrations of 1-naphthol were studied by light microscopy examination of the digestive gland-gonad complex of the common periwinkleLittorina littorea. Exposure to naphthol produced severe tissue alterations characterized by disruption of digestive cells and presence of a high number of basophilic cells in the digestive tubules and infiltration of digestive, connective and gonadal tissues by hemocytes. Morphologically, the infiltrating hemocytes comprised of hemocytes with a small nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm, and hemocytes with a large nucleus and scarce cytoplasm. In addition, breakdown of ripe ova and resorption of gametes occurred, even at the sublethal concentration of 2.075 mg/L of naphthol, apparently related to phagocytosis by hemocytes. Differences in the hemocytic infiltration incidence were observed between male and female individuals, suggesting a different sensitivity to the experimentally induced stress condition between the two sexes.     

Spent Pot Liner (SPL) induced DNA damage and nuclear alterations in root tip cells of Allium cepa as a consequence of programmed cell death

There are various toxic effects of environmental pollutants, including apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Spent Pot Liner (SPL) is solid waste from the aluminum industry. It has a highly variable composition, including cyanide, fluoride, organics and metals. Preliminary characterizations of the effect of SPL on Allium cepa show the presence of condensed nuclei. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the toxic effect of SPL in A. cepa root meristem in the context of programmed cell death (PCD). A lot of specific features of this process such as DNA fragmentation, condensed chromatin, spherical nuclei and the formation of apoptotic-like bodies were observed in root meristem after SPL treatment. Root meristem treated with SPL 25% solution exhibited an alteration in antioxidant enzyme activities; a reduction in NCR as a consequence of high percentage of condensed nuclei; DNA fragmentation, detected by electrophoresis and TUNEL assay; cytoplasm vacuolization and also a disturbance in root morphology. These features are associated with programmed cell death (PCD) under abiotic stress. Therefore, these data show that SPL induces apoptosis-like PCD in root meristem cells of A. cepa.