食管贲门粘膜撕裂症与上消化道出血39例分析

食管贲门粘膜撕裂症是胃的贲门、食管远端的粘膜和粘膜下层撕裂，并发出血。一般可以自限止血，如累及小动脉可引起严重出血。剧烈干呕、呕吐是胃内压力骤然升高引起贲门粘膜撕裂伤并发出血的主要因素，随着内镜的普遍开展及诊断技术提高，在非静脉曲张上消化道出血病因中所占比例逐渐上升，本文分析食管贲门粘膜撕裂症出血病人的临床与内镜下表现。     

354例食管贲门炎的内镜诊断体会

３５４例食管贲门炎的内镜诊断体会郭翠兰白文龙孟凡书李绍森我所１９９２年至１９９４年，进行了１３２０例上消化道内镜检查，其中内镜下表现为食管及贲门粘膜炎症性改变者３５４例，占２６．８％。食管炎２０５例，占５７．９％；贲门炎１４９例，占４２．１％。男１９...     

进展期食管贲门胃底癌内镜下三联治疗

目的研究失去手术、放疗、全身化疗机会的进展期食管＿贲门＿胃底癌内镜下三联疗法的疗效。方法采用激光光动力学加微波局部注射化疗药物的内镜下三联治疗法，共治疗１９例患者，并根据患者食管梗阻程度、内镜下肿瘤类型、病变范围，对进展期食管贲门胃底癌采用不同方法进行治疗。结果获得显著疗效者１４例，有效者５例。结论内镜下三联治疗法，是一种安全、有效治疗进展期食管＿贲门＿胃底癌的方法     

内镜下微波姑息性治疗食管贲门晚期癌25例临床分析

内镜下微波姑息性治疗食管贲门晚期癌２５例临床分析青海红十字医院（８１００００）郭德忠，聂宝利，张宇我院自１９９０年１２月应用内镜微波经内镜活检孔插入微波同轴导线姑息性治疗食管贲门晚期癌性狭窄２５例，取得满意效果，现报告如下。临床资料：食管贲门晚期癌２...     

内镜下哑铃型气囊导管扩张器治疗食管贲门狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨内镜下治疗食管贲门狭窄的新方法。方法 对食管贲门狭窄病人40例实施内镜下哑铃型气囊导管扩张器治疗。结果 40例中除1例扩张失败外，余39例狭窄程度均得到了不同程度改善，总有效率97．5％。结论 内镜下哑铃型气囊导管扩张器治疗食管贲门狭窄是一种有效的治疗途径，值得临床推广。     

内镜套扎黏膜切除术治疗食管贲门早期表浅癌

目的：评价内镜套扎黏膜切除术和单独内镜套扎术治疗食管、贲门早期表浅癌的疗效。 方法：在食管癌高发区人群普查确诊的14例食管、贲门早期表浅癌中，7例采用内镜圈套结扎后行黏膜切除术，另外7例接受了单独内镜圈套结扎治疗。根据切除标本和治疗一个月后内镜复查活检标本病理组织学检查结果评价其疗效。     

超声内镜及微超声探头诊治贲门失弛缓症

贲门失弛缓症是以下食管括约肌蠕动停止及不能松弛为特征的食管动力性疾病,传统的诊断方法包括食管测压、钡餐及内镜检查,但难以区别原发性贲门失弛缓症与继发于恶性肿瘤的早期假性贲门失弛缓症．超声内镜（ｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＥＵＳ）及微型超声探头（ｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｉｃｐｒｏｂｅ,ＵＳＰ）可以获得消化道壁及邻近脏器的高分辨率图象,为消化系疾病诊断增添了新的方法．１９８９年,Ｄｅｖｉｅｒｅｅｔａｌ［１］首先将超声内镜应用于贲门失弛缓症的诊断．１９９６年,Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎｅｔａｌ［２…     

食管和贲门早癌内镜激光治疗的五年存活率和预后因素

为探索食管和贲门早癌激光治疗的五年生存率和影响其预后的因素，对内镜Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光治疗后癌细胞消失的３２例食管和贲门早期浅表癌病人进行了３３－７８个月（平均５５．３个月）的前瞻性随访。应用Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｌｉｍｉｔ ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅ方法计算其存活率；并与１１７例食管和贲门早期浅表癌的自然病程进行了对比分析。内镜激光治疗五年存活率为９７％，未经治疗的早期食管贲门癌五年存活率为６７％，（Ｐ＜０．０１），表明内镜Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光是一种有效的治疗方法。在对影响疗效因素的分析中，发现癌基因ｐ５３是一个有价值的独立预后因素。     

特发性贲门失弛缓症患者食管测压的异质性

贲门失弛缓症患者表现为进行性咽下困难,常用上消化道内镜和食管吞钡检查诊断该病。但在一组新近诊断为贲门失弛缓症患者中上述两种检查方法的阳性率分别为56％和64％。而食管测压是诊断贲门失弛缓症最敏感的检验。在某些贲门失弛缓症病例中,尤其在疾病的早期,食管可能仅有轻度扩张导致轻度或不能觉察的放射影象和内镜异常,这时诊断主要依靠食管测压所见。虽然该测压对确诊贲门     

食管和贲门早癌内镜激光治疗的五年存活率和预后因素

为探索食管和贲门早癌激光治疗的五年生存率和影响其预后的因素，对内镜ＮｄＹＡＧ激光治疗后癌细胞消失的３２例食管和贲门早期浅表癌病人进行了３３～７８个月（平均５５．３个月）的前瞻性随访。应用Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｌｉｍｉｔｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅ方法计算其存活率；并与１１７例食管和贲门早期浅表癌的自然病程进行了对比分析。内镜激光治疗五年存活率为９７％，未经治疗的早期食管贲门癌五年存活率为６７％，（Ｐ＜０．０１），表明内镜ＮｄＹＡＧ激光是一种有效的治疗方法。在对影响疗效因素的分析中，发现癌基因ｐ５３是一个有价值的独立预后因素。     

Endoscopic examination of the upper esophagus by withdrawal of endoscope over guide wire.

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy is an important diagnostic modality in evaluation of patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. However, lesions located in the cricopharyngeal area and upper esophagus can be missed, as this area may not be well visualized during endoscopy. This study was conducted to study the utility of a new technique of endoscopic examination of the upper esophagus by withdrawal of endoscope over guide wire in diagnosing esophageal disorders. Patients with suspected upper esophageal disorders on history and radiological investigations were assessed using guide wire assisted endoscopic examination during withdrawal of the endoscope. In this technique, endoscope is inserted into the esophagus under vision and thereafter the whole of esophagus, stomach and proximal duodenum is examined. The endoscope is then withdrawn into the mid-esophagus, a guide wire is fed into the biopsy channel, and thereafter inserted into the esophagus. Once guide wire has been advanced into the esophagus, the endoscope is withdrawn gently over the guide wire into esophagus carefully examining for lesions in upper esophagus and cricopharyngeal area. Twenty cases of various abnormalities localized to the upper esophagus were studied. The final diagnosis in these patients was cervical esophageal web (10), post transhiatal esophagectomy leak (4), heterotopic gastric mucosa (3), posttraumatic esophageal perforation (2), and Zenker's diverticulum (1). Intact web was detected in 2 patients and in 8 patients fractured web was seen. Guide wire assisted examination of upper esophagus improved the ability to visualize and characterize these lesions and no complications were encountered as a result of this procedure. Endoscopic examination of the upper esophagus by withdrawal of endoscope over guide wire is safe and effective in diagnosing anatomical abnormalities of the upper esophagus that may be missed or poorly characterized during standard endoscopy.     

Barrett's esophagus and achalasia

Two unusual cases of achalasia with endoscopic and histologic documentation of Barrett's esophagus are presented. One patient had Barrett's esophagus at the time of initial endoscopy for achalasia, before any treatment. The other patient developed specialized columnar epithelia in the esophagus after treatment with pneumatic dilation. Each patient had evidence of low-grade dysplasia. Including these two patients, 30 cases of Barrett's esophagus in patients with achalasia have been reported in the literature. In 73% (22 of 30) of the cases, Barrett's esophagus was detected after esophagomyotomy. In 20% (6 of 30) of the cases of achalasia and Barrett's esophagus, adenocarcinoma developed. The current two cases are unusual because Barrett's esophagus in achalasia generally develops from gastroesophageal reflux after esophagomyotomy. No other patients have been reported to develop Barrett's esophagus after pneumatic dilation alone. Patients with achalasia and Barrett's esophagus may be at a particularly high risk for developing dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.     

Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Are Common After Treatment for Achalasia

Background

Achalasia is characterized by esophageal aperistalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This contrasts with an insufficient LES, predisposing to gastro-esophageal reflux and Barrett’s esophagus. The co-incidence of achalasia and BE is rare. Pneumatic dilatation (PD) may lead to gastro-esophageal reflux, Barrett’s esophagus development, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Aims

To determine the incidence of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in achalasia patients treated with PD.

Methods

We performed a single-center cohort follow-up study of 331 achalasia patients treated with PD. Mean follow-up was 8.9 years, consisting of regular esophageal manometry, timed barium esophagram, and endoscopy.

Results

Twenty-eight (8.4 %) patients were diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus, one at baseline endoscopy. This corresponds with an annual incidence of Barrett’s esophagus of 1.00 % (95 % CI 0.62–1.37). Hiatal herniation was present in 74 patients and 21 developed Barrett’s esophagus compared to seven of 257 patients without a hiatal hernia. Statistical analysis revealed a hazard ratio of 8.04 to develop Barrett’s esophagus if a hiatal hernia was present. Post-treatment LES pressures were lower in patients with Barrett’s esophagus than in those without (13.9 vs. 17.4 mmHg; p = 0.03). Two (0.6 %) patients developed esophageal adenocarcinoma during follow-up.

Conclusions

Barrett’s esophagus is incidentally diagnosed in untreated achalasia patients despite high LES pressures, but is more common after successful treatment, especially in the presence of hiatal herniation. Patients treated for achalasia should be considered for GERD treatment and surveillance of development of Barrett’s esophagus, in particular, when they have low LES pressures and a hiatal herniation.     

Technical modifications for improving the success rate of PEG tube placement in patients with head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) benefit from nutritional support by means of PEG tubes, but endoscopy may be impossible when there is partial or complete trismus and/or stenosis or occlusion of the upper aerodigestive tract. METHODS: PEG tubes were placed in 277 patients with HNC. Oral insertion of an endoscope into the esophagus was impossible in 27 patients. Transnasal endoscopy was performed (n = 4). In the cases of high-grade tumor obstruction, the endoscope was introduced into the esophagus through a straight laryngoscope (n = 9). When upper aerodigestive tract occlusion was present, endoscopy with PEG placement was successfully performed during surgery by means of the opened pharynx after tumor resection (n = 12). RESULTS: In 25 of the 27 cases PEG tubes could be placed by using the above alternative techniques. There were no immediate complications, and no complications occurred within 30 days of PEG placement. CONCLUSIONS: Transnasal, straight laryngoscopic, or intraoperative open endoscopy can improve the success rate for PEG tube placement in patients with HNC.     

Pseudoachalasia: a case series and analysis of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Pseudoachalasia frequently cannot be distinguished from idiopathic achalasia by manometry, radiologic examination or endoscopy. Mechanisms proposed to explain the clinical features of pseudoachalasia include a circumferential mechanical obstruction of the distal esophagus or a malignant infiltration of inhibitory neurons within the myenteric plexus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1980 and December 2002, the clinical features of 5 patients with pseudoachalasia and 174 patients with primary achalasia, diagnosed in a single center, were compared. A literature analysis of the etiology of pseudoachalasia for the time period 1968 to December 2002 was performed. The search concentrated on the databases and online catalogues PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Current Contents Connect. RESULTS: In our case series, patients with pseudoachalasia reported a shorter duration of symptoms and tended to be older than patients with primary achalasia. Conventional manometry, endoscopy and radiologic examination of the esophagus proved to be of little value in distinguishing between the diseases. In the majority of cases only surgical exploration revealed the underlying cause. A coincidence of primary achalasia and disorders of the gastroesophageal junction was excluded by showing return of peristalsis following treatment. The analysis of the literature showed a total of 264 cases of pseudoachalasia in 122 publications. Most cases of were due to malignant disease (53.9% primary and 14.9% secondary malignancy), followed by benign lesions (12.6%) and sequelae of surgical procedures at the distal esophagus or proximal stomach (11.9%). In rare instances, the disease was an expression of a paraneoplastic process due to distant neuronal involvement rather than to local invasion with destruction of the myenteric plexus (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of pseudoachalasia is difficult to establish by conventional diagnostic measures. The main distinguishing feature of secondary versus primary achalasia is the complete reversal of pathologic motor phenomena following successful therapy of the underlying disorder.     

Diagnosis of achalasia--comparison of methods for the evaluation of severity

To determine the value of endoscopy, manometry, and scintigraphy in predicting the severity of achalasia, 25 patients with primary achalasia of the esophagus were posprectively studied; 17 patients could be examined prior and post pneumatic dilatation. According to the symptoms, the severity was graded from I to IV. While endoscopic findings did not well correlate with the symptom score, the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and the resting pressure in the esophageal body were significantly correlated with the severity of the disease (p less than 0.01). The esophageal retention of radioactivity rose parallel to the symptom score (p = 0.07). Both manometric and scintigraphic findings changed significantly after therapy (p less than 0.01). Manometry and scintigraphy of the esophagus can be used to measure treatment related effects in patients with primary achalasia. Endoscopic findings are not related to subjective complaints, but an endoscopic examination should always be performed to exclude malignancies of the esophago-gastric junction.     

Infiltrating carcinoma simulating achalasia.

Three cases of carcinoma infiltrating the esophagus and simulating achalasia are presented and the differential diagnostic problems discussed. The radiologic distinction between achalasia and carcinoma can be extremely difficult. Any rigidity, irregularity, nodularity, or ulceration of the distal-most esophagus or gastric fundus or symptoms of short duration in older patients should alert the radiologist to the possibility of carcinoma. It is suggested that all patients with suspected achalasia undergo esophageal and gastric endoscopy with biopsy and esophageal manometry to confirm the diagnosis, expecially if pneumatic dilatation is contemplated.     

Laparoscopic myotomy in achalasia: intraoperative evidence for myotomy of the gastric cardia

The myotomy performed for achalasia of the esophagus should divide all of the constricting, diseased muscular elements that obstruct the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). Whether the disease process includes proximal gastric as well as esophageal components is as yet unclear, but anatomic evidence complemented by clinical data suggest that the disease process does not end at the evanescent and poorly defined EGJ. Clinical reports from enthusiastic proponents of a particular operative approach for achalasia have not been illuminating in this regard, because all patients are improved to some degree post-operatively, and there are no objective parametric standards for the evaluation of swallowing function. This study reports a series of patients in whom endoscopic viewing was used to judge the adequacy of myotomy after ‘esophageal’ myotomy. The question posed by this study was, ‘Does esophageal myotomy remove all constricting elements at the gastroesophageal junction?’ Laparoscopic myotomy was performed in 48 patients with a diagnosis of achalasia; these patients are the most recent in a total cohort of 72 patients operated upon for achalasia during the past 20 years. Myotomy was begun on the esophagus, and extended to the esophagogastric junction; anatomic landmarks, including the appearance of submucosal veins, guided the initial dissection. Intraoperative endoscopy was then performed to determine whether there was residual constriction of the channel between the esophagus and stomach; if so, myotomy was extended onto the gastric cardia until visual evidence of obstruction had disappeared. All patients had either Toupet fundoplication or Dor fundoplication after myotomy. There were obvious constricting elements distal to the gastroesophageal junction in 90% of the patients. These patients required extension of the myotomy onto the stomach for an average of 15 mm. All but one patient had improved swallowing post-operatively. Eight patients required ‘stretch’ of the distal esophagus/cardia within the first year post-operatively; one patient was reoperated for fibrous scar obstruction of the distal esophagus. Esophageal myotomy limited to the esophageal muscle does not remove all constricting elements at the gastroesophageal junction; as a result, the extended myotomy must be complemented by an antireflux procedure during operations for achalasia.     

Comparison of pseudoachalasia and achalasia

Malignancies involving the gastric cardia or distal esophagus can result in a clinical syndrome termed pseudoachalasisa that mimics idiopathic achalasia. If not promptly recognized, pseudoachalasia can result in inappropriate pneumatic dilatation of the lower esophageal sphincter segment and delay appropriate treatment of the underlying malignancy. During the past 14 years, six patients with pseudoachalasia and 161 patients with primary idiopathic achalasia were encountered. Pseudoachalasia occurred mainly in the elderly and represented about 9 percent of these patients over 60 years of age with suspected achalasia. Five of the six pseudoachalasia cases were secondary to adenocarcinoma that originated in the gastric fundus, and one was caused by a squamous cell carcinoma of the distal esophagus. Conventional esophageal manometry did not discriminate achalasia from pseudoachalasia. On the other hand, esophagogastroscopy with biopsy resulted in a diagnosis of pseudoachalasia in five of these cases and in 24 of 32 cases reported previously. Ominous endoscopic findings are mucosal ulceration or nodularity, reduced compliance of the esophagogastric junction, or an inability to pass the endoscope into the stomach. Radiographic evaluation, particularly in conjunction with amyl nitrite inhalation, was also useful in discriminating pseudoachalasia from primary achalasia. It is concluded that pseudoachalasia generally mimics idiopathic achalasia imperfectly and can usually be diagnosed prior to surgery by fastidious endoscopic and radiographic examination.     

Barrett's Esophagus after Cardiomyotomy for Esophageal Achalasia

Heller's myotomy for esophageal achalasia was performed on 64 patients in the 24 yr up to 1988. After follow-up averaging 13 yr, 46 patients were reexamined with endoscopy, biopsy, and manometry. Barrett's metaplasia of the distal esophagus was found in four patients 6, 13, 20, and 23 yr after the myotomy. These four also underwent ambulatory 24-h pH monitoring. They had the lowest distal esophageal sphincter pressures (1–5 mm Hg), and all four had symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and pathologic pH values (<4 in the distal esophagus for 32–62% of the total recording time). Because of heightened risk for the development of Barrett's metaplasia following cardiomotomy for esophageal achalasia, with increased liability to carcinoma of the esophagus, regular endoscopic surveillance of these patients is advisable.