空肠造瘘双向置管在高龄食管癌手术中的临床应用

目的:评价空肠造瘘双向置管在高龄食管癌手术中的临床价值.方法:对31例75岁及以上高龄食管癌患者术中行空肠造瘘双向置管,术后分别行肠内营养及逆行胃肠减压.结果:31例高龄食管癌患者术后并发心房纤颤4例,肺炎6例,术后鼻出血1例.无手术死亡.结论:空肠造瘘双向置管是高龄食管癌术后早期肠内营养支持及并发症防治的有效途径.     

两种不同肠内营养管置管法在食管癌术后营养治疗中的应用观察

目的探讨食管癌根治术患者术后空肠造瘘管和鼻空肠管行肠内营养的疗效。方法选取2013年1月至2016年12月在江苏省肿瘤医院胸外科食管癌根治术后行肠内营养的患者156例,以信封法分为空肠造瘘组(88例)和鼻空肠管组(68例)。两组患者均行心理护理、健康教育、空肠营养管护理、并发症防治、营养护理和口腔护理。比较两组患者意外脱管率、堵管率、置管时间和肛门排气时间、排便时间。结果护理期间,空肠造瘘组患者意外脱管率、堵管率低于鼻空肠管组(均P0.05),平均置管时间长于鼻空肠管组(P0.001)。空肠造瘘组患者肛门排气时间、排便时间显著短于鼻空肠管组(均P0.001)。结论对食管癌患者术后行肠内营养,空肠造瘘管与鼻空肠管途径相比,前者的意外脱管率和堵管率低,能够显著延长患者的置管时间,缩短肠道功能恢复时间,值得临床推广应用。     

《中国恶性肿瘤营养治疗通路专家共识（2018）》解读：外科空肠造瘘

恶性肿瘤患者大多处于营养不良状态，尤其是消化道肿瘤患者。由于上消化道肿瘤患者多伴长期进食受限，肿瘤本身的消耗，加上手术创伤性应激反应以及术后短期内需要禁食，患者全身营养情况将进一步恶化；营养状况的恶化将导致患者围术期并发症增加、住院时间延长，甚至死亡风险增加。因此，对这类患者围术期的营养治疗显得尤为重要。外科空肠造瘘是肠内营养的主要途径之一，它使得上消化道肿瘤患者可以术后早期并长期接受肠内营养，补充患者因进食困难或者长期进食量少所引起的营养不足，从而降低患者术后并发症的发生率及缩短住院时间，提高手术疗效，改善患者临床结局。本文主要从外科空肠造瘘的进展、适应证及并发症等方面介绍目前的研究现状。     

晚期恶性肿瘤患者经皮内镜下胃造瘘术及安全性评价

目的:探讨对需长期肠内营养的晚期恶性肿瘤患者经皮内镜下胃造瘘(percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)的手术方法及安全性。方法:从2011年5月至2012年8月,对36例经口进食困难需要进行肠内营养的晚期恶性肿瘤患者采用经典的经腹壁拉出法行PEG。结果:36例患者全部成功施行PEG,手术顺利,无手术死亡病例,PEG操作时间平均10 min±3 min。术后造瘘管松动脱落发生率2.8%(1/36),经重新安置造瘘管并行周围皮肤缝合固定后未再脱落。造瘘口感染、渗液发生率为5.6%(2/36),经抗感染治疗及造瘘口换药后痊愈。结论:PEG操作简便、安全、有效,适于多种原因不能经口进食的晚期恶性肿瘤患者。     

《中国成年患者营养治疗通路指南》 解 读:外科空肠造口

早期肠内营养对手术患者尤其是上消化道手术患者具有十分重要的意义。 早期外科空肠造口是肠内营养的一种 方式,消化道手术患者可在术中接受置管,术后即可早期进行肠内营养。 可以通过开放式手术包括隧道式空肠造口术(Witzel 空肠造口术)、Roux-en-Y 空肠造口术、穿刺针导管空肠造口术(NCJ)等术式以及开放胃进行空肠造口术和腹腔镜下外科空 肠造口技术实现。 食管切除手术患者,由于肠外营养的并发症较多以及不利于术后消化功能恢复,建议术中空肠造口建立肠 内营养治疗途径给予营养治疗。 同样的,腹部手术患者也可以在术中接受空肠造口置管。 而对于胰十二指肠切除患者,相比 于外科空肠造口,鼻肠管更适用。 对于术前已存在严重营养不良,或术后需要放化疗的患者,可通过空肠造口进行家庭肠内 营养,提高患者生活质量。 本文主要从外科空肠造口技术、适应证等方面介绍目前的最新进展。     

空肠造瘘双向置管在食管癌手术中的应用

目的:评价食管癌术中应用空肠造瘘双向置管的效果。方法:对12例经腹、胸、颈食管癌切除患者术中行空肠造瘘双向置管,术后经胃肠减压管减压、空肠营养管管喂肠内营养。结果:12例患者均无造瘘相关并发症,无肺部并发症,部分患者延长使用造瘘管时间,促进了食管癌术后并发症的好转。结论:空肠造瘘双向置管可在食管癌手术中选择性使用,有利于术后患者恢复。     

空肠造瘘双向置管在食管癌手术中的应用

目的:评价食管癌术中应用空肠造瘘双向置管的效果.方法:对12例经腹、胸、颈食管癌切除患者术中行空肠造瘘双向置管,术后经胃肠减压管减压、空肠营养管管喂肠内营养.结果:12例患者均无造瘘相关并发症,无肺部并发症,部分患者延长使用造瘘管时间,促进了食管癌术后并发症的好转.结论:空肠造瘘双向置管可在食管癌手术中选择性使用,有利于术后患者恢复.     

食管癌术中营养管的放置及围术期营养支持

  目的  探讨食管癌患者术中营养管放置和围术期营养支持的实施方法与临床效果。  方法  2012年1月至2013年12月单手术组513例食管癌手术患者术中均常规放置营养管, 其中鼻肠管497例, 空肠造瘘16例。术后24 h后经鼻肠管给予肠内营养(enteral nutrition, EN)治疗, 并辅以肠外营养(parenteral nutrition, PN)治疗, 至全量EN后停PN支持。  结果  所有患者均顺利放置营养管, 在观察期间无死亡、无营养代谢障碍。鼻肠管组吻合口瘘、肺部并发症及切口感染发生率与空肠造瘘组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);空肠造瘘组肠梗阻发生率高于鼻肠管组患者(P < 0.05)。  结论  食管癌患者术中有效放置鼻肠管及早期应用EN为食管癌术后安全有效的营养补给方法。      

食管癌及贲门癌术后早期肠内营养支持的应用

目的 :探讨食管癌及贲门癌术后早期肠内营养支持的作用及效果。方法 :实验组 5 6例手术患者在手术中置入十二指肠营养管 ,术后 2 4小时开始肠内营养 ,管饲安素 ,逐次逐日加量 ,共 7～ 8天 ,并观察术后并发症及管饲并发症。对照组 72例手术切除患者未行早期肠内营养 ;其中实验组有 30例分别于术前测体重 ,检测血浆白蛋白、总蛋白 ;术后 3天、7天测体重 ,检测白蛋白、总蛋白。结果 :实验组吻合口瘘、肺部感染发生率均为 0 ;对照组吻合口瘘、肺部感染发生率分别为 5 6 %、4 2 % ,两组经统计学比较没有显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :食管癌贲门癌术后早期肠内营养方法简单、安全、无副作用 ,且费用低 ,能改善术后营养状况、减少术后并发症 ,增强治疗效果     

十二指肠营养管在食管癌患者术后肠内营养治疗中的应用

目的  食管癌是人类常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,食管癌术后肠内营养治疗的途径主要包括经鼻十二指肠营养 管和空肠造瘘管两种。本研究旨在探讨经鼻十二指肠营养管在食管癌患者术后肠内营养治疗中的应用价值。方法  将50 例 我院2014 年 1 月至2016 年 10 月期间行食管癌根治术的食管癌患者随机分为A 组和B 组,两组患者年龄、性别等一般资 料经统计学分析,差异无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。其中A 组术中经鼻置入十二指肠营养管,术后常规行X-ray 检查确认 营养管位置;B 组行空肠造瘘术。两组患者均在术后24 小时后给予肠内营养治疗。结果  A 组患者术中均顺利置入十二指 肠营养管,平均置管时间为15 分钟,术后经X-ray 证实A 组营养管末端均位于合适位置。B 组患者均顺利完成空肠造瘘 术,平均置管时间为20 分钟,两组患者对营养管的耐受程度、导管相关并发症发生率无显著差别（P ＞ 0.05）。结论  经 鼻十二指肠营养管和空肠造瘘管在食管癌术后肠内营养治疗中各有利弊。经鼻十二指肠营养管在食管癌切除术后肠内营养 的应用是安全、经济、可行的,尤其具有更广泛的适应人群,值得推广应用。     

Proximal gastrectomy and jejunal pouch interposition: evaluation of postoperative symptoms and gastrointestinal hormone secretion

Reflux esophagitis, dumping syndrome and malnutrition are included in the postgastrectomy complications. To prevent or minimize such sequelae, proximal gastrectomy with an interposed jejunal pouch has been advocated as an organ-preserving surgical strategy to improve quality of life for the patients. Proximal gastrectomy was performed in 44 patients with tumors in the upper third of the stomach; 21 had reconstruction using jejunal pouch interposition between the esophagus and the remnant stomach (JP group), while 23 had reconstruction by esophagogastrostomy (EG group). Re-construction method was selected by each patient on the basis of the informed consent. Thirty-five patients had early gastric cancer. Postoperative courses of patients were reviewed in terms of symptoms, weight maintenance, nutritional status, blood chemistry values, endoscopic findings, and radiographic appearances after a barium meal. Concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones were measured in response to a test meal. The JP procedure permitted increased dietary volume. The JP group showed fewer severe postoperative symptoms than the EG group. After operation, all patients examined in both groups showed hypergastrinemia and all patients examined in the JP group showed hypersecretinemia. In proximal gastrectomy, the JP procedure improved patient's post-operative quality of life.     

胃癌经腹全胃切除空肠代胃术的临床应用

为了评价胃癌经腹全胃切除空肠代胃术在外科中的应用价值，回顾分析31例胃癌患者行全胃切除空肠代胃术的临床资料。结果31例全胃切除的胃癌患者，术中无死亡病例，术后发生食管空肠吻合口瘘1例，肺部感染15例，切口感染4例，切口裂开2例，心衰3例，胸腔积液3例，返流性食管炎5例，均经积极治疗得到有效的改善。目前生存5年6例，生存3年17例。回顾性分析结果提示，全胃切除空肠代胃术为中晚期胃癌患者提供了一种较为有效的治疗方法，重建的消化道均能满足患者正常的营养需求，对改善术后生活质量及短期延长生命有积极作用。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术联合预荷包缝合对早期上消化道肿瘤的病灶清除率、胃肠功能及并发症的影响

目的:内镜黏膜下剥离术联合预荷包缝合对早期上消化道肿瘤的病灶清除率、胃肠功能及并发症的影响。方法:选取2016年3月至2018年6月在本院住院并接受治疗的早期上消化道肿瘤患者70例作为研究对象,并采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组各35例。对照组仅进行内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗,研究组进行内镜黏膜下剥离术联合预荷包缝合治疗。观察治疗后患者病灶清除率、胃肠功能、并发症发生情况、临床疗效及患者治疗后复发情况。结果:治疗后,研究组患者病灶清除率显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;研究组患者肛门排气时间及排便时间均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;研究组患者出血、消化道狭窄及穿孔率均低于对照组,且总并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;研究组患者的总有效率明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗后随访半年及一年,研究组患者肿瘤复发率均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论:内镜黏膜下剥离术联合预荷包缝合治疗较单独使用内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗在提高早期上消化道肿瘤的病灶清除率和胃肠功能及减少并发症方面更有优势,且安全性较高。     

68例恶性肿瘤初次放疗前营养状态回顾分析

目的 回顾分析初次放疗恶性肿瘤患者的营养状态,旨在为放疗中合理应用营养支持提供临床依据。方法 对2016-2017年收治的68例初次放疗的恶性肿瘤患者营养状态行营养风险筛查表法评估营养风险,临床检测血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、C反应蛋白和体质量指数(BMI),并行χ²检验。结果 68例初次放疗患者中营养风险发生率为6.0%,营养不良发生率为5.9%。出现营养风险和营养不良的均为头颈部恶性肿瘤和妇科恶性肿瘤患者。24例C-反应蛋白升高,16例血红蛋白值降低,17例患者前白蛋白降低,1例患者白蛋白值降低,5例患者总蛋白值降低。放疗前已化疗及未化疗者在BMI评估营养不良、C-反应蛋白、血红蛋白及前白蛋白值变化均不同(P均=0.00)。放疗前手术者及未手术者在BMI评估营养不良、C-反应蛋白、血红蛋白及前白蛋白值变化均不同(P均=0.00)。结论 头颈部恶性肿瘤和妇科恶性肿瘤患者营养风险和营养不良发生率均高于其他恶性肿瘤,并证实疗前化疗或手术者的营养状况比未行治疗者差,C-反应蛋白、血红蛋白、前白蛋白变化比白蛋白、总蛋白显著。     

近端胃癌保功能手术后消化道重建及术后功能评价#br#

早期胃癌相对于进展期胃癌,淋巴结转移发生率低、预后较好,因此功能保留胃切除手术被广泛探索,并运用于早期癌患者的治疗中。对于食管胃结合部早期腺癌,根治性近端胃切除术与全胃切除相比,5年总生存率未见明显差异,同时具有术后胃部分功能保留、患者营养状态好的优点。近端胃癌根治术后消化道重建的方法有很多,如食管 管状胃吻合、空肠间置吻合、双通道吻合、Kamikawa吻合等,以及我国学者开展的giraffe吻合、胃间置吻合,这些重建方式降低了近端胃根治术后反流性食管炎等的发生。但目前尚缺乏重建标准方案。该文回顾了关于近端胃切除术后重建方式的文献,梳理消化道重建方式的演变和研究进展,期望为系统评估近端胃癌切除术后保留胃功能手术的改进及选择提供参考。     

全胃切除后消化道重建的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的　探讨全胃切除术后消化道重建的合理术式。方法　以 12例健康人为对照 ,对12 0例胃癌行全胃切除后 ,随机按食管空肠Roux y吻合 (A组 )、食管空肠“P”袢 +Roux y吻合 (B组 )、食管空肠Hunt Lawrence吻合 (C组 )及食管空肠原位间置代胃术 (D组 )等 4种术式行消化道重建 ,并比较其术后生活质量、预后营养指标 (PNI)指数、体重、血液营养学指标、胃肠激素水平、免疫功能 ,并以此判断各术式的优劣。结果　D组在PNI指数、体重变化和血液营养学指标上均优于A、B、C组(P <0 .0 5 ) ;D组餐后 30min胆囊收缩素 (CCK)水平及NK细胞、CD4 细胞、CD8细胞以及CD4 CD8值与对照组相似 ,亦均优于A、B、C组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,差异有具著性。结论　食管空肠原位间置代胃术是一较合理的消化道重建术式。其空肠“P”字型构造具有代胃的功能 ;食糜通过十二指肠刺激CCK等胃肠激素的分泌 ,有利于消化及营养的吸收 ;仅切断一端空肠以及适度大小的代胃 ,保持了空肠及系膜原来的连系 ,既简化了手术 ,又保证了间置代胃空肠的血运 ,吻合口无缺血坏死之忧。     

胃癌患者全胃切除术后两种消化道重建方式的比较

目的 探讨功能性空肠间置代胃重建术(FJI)和P型Roux-en-Y全胃切除空肠代胃术(PR)两种不同消化道重建方式对胃癌患者全胃切除术后生活质量、营养状态及术后辅助化疗耐受性的影响.方法 实施全胃切除的107例胃癌患者中,49例行FJI重建术,58例行PR重建术.其中79例患者(FJI组40例,PR组39例),术后3周按XELOX方案行辅助化疗,监测两组患者的术后消化道并发症发生率及化疔耐受性.结果 107例患者均未发生严重手术并发症,无围手术期及化疗相关死亡.FJI组反流性食管炎、倾倒综合征、滞留综合征及消瘦的发生率分别为18.4%、6.1%、4.1%和8.2%,PR组分别为19.0%、19.0%、15.5%和22.4%,两组倾倒综合征、滞留综合征及消瘦的发生率差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).FJI组接受辅助化疗的患者中,28例完成了6个周期的辅助化疗,中断化疗12例;PR组接受辅助化疗的患者中,19例完成了6个周期的辅助化疗,中断化疗20例.两组Ⅲ～Ⅳ度毒副反应发生率及化疗完成率差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 FJI和PR消化道重建术安全可行,FJI组术后远期并发症的发生率低于PR组,术后辅助化疗的耐受性优于PR组.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the influence of two different types of digestive tract reconstruction on the life quality,nutritional status and tolerance to adjuvant chemotherapy after total gastrectomy in patients with gastric carcinoma. Methods The clinical data of a total of 107 patients treated in our department from January 2005 to december 2008 were analyzed retrospectively.Among them,49 patients underwent digestive tract reconstruction with functional jejunal interposition(FJI group) and 58 patients underwent Roux en-Y jejunal P-type anastomosis(PR group) after total gastrectomy.79 of 107 (73.8%) patients received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with XELOX regimen.The digestive complications and tolerance to chemotherapy were assessed respectively.Resuits Neither severe complications nor surgery-related or chemotherapy-related death were observed among the 107 patients.There were statistical differences in the incidence rate of emaciation,dumping syndrome and retention syndrome between the FJI and PR groups(P＜0.05),but no significant statistical difference in incidence rate of reflux esophagitis(P＞0.05).28 of 40(70.0%) patients in the FJI group completed all six cycles of chemotherapy,while 12(30.0%) patients interrupted the treatment due to chemotherapy-related toxicity.39 patients in the PR group received chemotherapy,19(48.7%) of them completed 6 cycles of chemotherapy but 20(51.3%) patients interrupted.There was a significant difference in the incidence rate of grade Ⅲ/Ⅳ chemotherapeutic toxicity and completion rate of chemotherapy(P ＜0.05). Conclusions Both functional jejunal interposition and Roux-Y operation are reasonable and safe procedures of digestive tract reconstruction.The incidence rates of emaciation,dumping syndrome and retention syndrome are lower in the patients with FJI,showing a better tolerance to adjuvant chemothterapy than Roux en-Y jejunal p type anastomosis.     

Palliative nutritional intervention in addition to cyclooxygenase and erythropoietin treatment for patients with malignant disease: Effects on survival, metabolism, and function

BACKGROUND: The role of nutrition in the palliative treatment of patients with malignancy-related cachexia is unclear. The goal of the current study was to determine whether specialized, nutrition-focused patient care could improve integrated whole-body metabolism and functional outcome in unselected weight-losing patients with malignant disease who were receiving systemic antiinflammatory (cyclooxygenase [COX]-inhibitory) treatment along with erythropoietin (EPO) support. METHODS: Three hundred nine patients with malignant disease who experienced progressive cachexia due to solid tumors (primarily gastrointestinal lesions) were randomized to receive a COX inhibitor (indomethacin, 50 mg twice daily) and EPO (15-40,000 units per week) along with specialized, nutrition-focused patient care (oral nutritional support and home total parenteral nutrition [TPN]) provided on a patient-by-patient basis to attenuate inflammation, prevent anemia, and improve nutritional status. Control patients received the same indomethacin and EPO doses that study patients received without the added nutritional support. All patients were treated and followed until death. Biochemical assays (blood, liver, kidney, and thyroid), nutritional state assessment (food intake and body composition), and exercise testing with simultaneous measurement of whole-body respiratory gas exchange before and during exercise were performed before the start of treatment and then at regular intervals during the treatment period (every 2-30 months after treatment initiation). Statistical analyses were performed on 'intention-to-treat' and 'as-treated' bases. RESULTS: Home TPN was provided to approximately 50% of the study patients without severe complications. Over the entire observation period, rhEPO prevented the development of anemia in both study patients and control patients. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed an improvement in energy balance for nutritionally supported patients (P < 0.03); no other significant differences in outcome between study patients and control patients were observed. As-treated analysis demonstrated that patients receiving nutrition experienced prolonged survival (P < 0.01), which was accompanied by improved energy balance (P < 0.001), increasing body fat (P < 0.05), and a greater maximum exercise capacity (P < 0.04). A trend toward increased metabolic efficiency at maximum exercise (P < 0.06) for study patients relative to control patients also was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study strongly support that nutrition is a limiting factor influencing survival and that nutritional support protects integrated metabolism and metabolic function in patients with progressive cachexia secondary to malignant disease.     

Primary tumor of the small intestine--analysis of 102 patients

102 patients with primary tumors of the small intestine proved by pathology in our hospital from 1964 to 1983 are reported. It made up 4% of primary gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms during this period. Of the 102 patients, 32 were benign tumors, comprising 11.3% of all benign tumors of the GI tract. There were 70 malignant tumors, constituting 3.1% of all malignant tumors of the GI tract. Leiomyomas were very common in benign tumors while malignant lymphomas and carcinomas were predominant in malignant neoplasms. The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain, mass, obstruction and GI hemorrhage. Eight patients were complicated with perforation, 6 of them were malignant tumors. Multiple lesions were found in 22 and 16 of them were malignant tumors. Only 29.3% of primary tumors of the small intestine could be demonstrated by barium X-ray examination. Correct diagnosis was made preoperatively in 13.7% of all patients. Resectability and operative mortality rates in malignant tumors were 70% and 12.9%, respectively, 62.3% of the patients were followed with an overall 5-year survival rate of 36.9% (malignant lymphoma 62.5% and leiomyosarcoma or carcinoma (18.2%). The 5-year survival rate was 43.8% after radical operation and 38.9% after palliative operation. The overall 10-year survival rate was 16.2%. One patient with lymphosarcoma is alive 21.5 years after operation. The reasons of the low incidence, the high misdiagnosis rate and the related aspects of diagnosis and treatment of this tumor are discussed.     

人工智能在内镜诊断上消化道早癌领域的研究进展

随着深度学习算法的不断开发,人工智能在内镜辅助诊断中的应用也备受关注。上消化道肿瘤因其早期不易被发现的特点成为内镜医师镜下诊断的难题,而计算机辅助诊断等新技术有望实现对上消化道早期恶性病变及其相关危险因素的识别及诊断。本文阐述了目前人工智能在内镜诊断上消化道早癌领域的应用情况和发展前景。