不同信息框架对大学生决策行为的影响

目的 了解大学生风险偏好的基线水平及正、负信息框架对其决策行为的影响.方法 采用Tversky和 Kahneman原亚洲疾病问题决策问卷,以整群抽样的方法,抽取某大学237名大学生为研究对象,将其随机分成三组:正面框架组、负面框架组和平衡框架组.结果 正面框架组被试肯定和风险方案选择百分比分别为32.9%和67.1%;负面框架组为12.3%和87.7%,差异有显著性(P =0.002).能确认被试风险偏好基线水平的平衡框架中大部分被试仍选择风险方案(29.9%对70.1%).研究还发现,男女性别之间结果差异无显著性.结论 被试无论在正面还是负面框架下均倾向于风险方案,而且在负面框架下强度更大;被试风险偏好的基线水平表现为风险寻求倾向,而且负面框架对其影响更大.     

不同信息框架对大学生决策行为的影响

目的了解大学生风险偏好的基线水平及正、负信息框架对其决策行为的影响。方法采用Tversky和Kahneman原亚洲疾病问题决策问卷,以整群抽样的方法,抽取某大学237名大学生为研究对象,将其随机分成三组:正面框架组、负面框架组和平衡框架组。结果正面框架组被试肯定和风险方案选择百分比分别为32.9%和67.1%;负面框架组为12.3%和87.7%,差异有显著性(P=0.002)。能确认被试风险偏好基线水平的平衡框架中大部分被试仍选择风险方案(29.9%对70.1%)。研究还发现,男女性别之间结果差异无显著性。结论被试无论在正面还是负面框架下均倾向于风险方案,而且在负面框架下强度更大;被试风险偏好的基线水平表现为风险寻求倾向,而且负面框架对其影响更大。     

框架效应对军校大学生决策判断的影响

目的信息框架对军校大学生决策的影响.方法被试随机分成三组,分别接受三种不同的信息框架,就自己面临的情景进行方案选择.结果接受正面框架实验情景的被试,两种方案选择人数比例相当(46.3%,53.7%);负面框架组的被试,大部分选择冒险方案(83.1%,16.9%);作为控制组的第三组被试,大部分被试仍选择冒险方案(67.3%,32.7%).男性被试不论在正面框架还是负面框架中都倾向于冒险行为;而女性被试在正面框架中选择保守和选择冒险的人数比例几乎相等,但在负面框架中倾向于冒险行为的人几乎是保守行为的3倍.结论当信息从负面呈现时,军校大学生更喜欢冒险.     

正负信息框架下人格特征对决策的影响作用

目的: 探讨正负信息呈现方式对中国军校大学生决策行为及人格特征的影响作用. 方法: 采用自编决策问题问卷和大五人格量表中国修订版,以整群抽样的方法,抽取某军校大学生220人为研究对象,随机分为两组,剔除无效问卷后,正面框架组(n=110),负面框架组(n=104),对两组间被试的方案选择进行χ2检验,方案选择与人格特征的关系进行t检验. 结果: ① 接受正面框架实验情景的被试,保守和冒险方案选择人数比例相当,分别为45.45%和54.55%;负面框架组的被试,只有16.35%选择保守方案,差异有统计学意义. ②正面框架下,外向性维度得分高的被试个体倾向于冒险,愉悦性维度得分高的被试个体倾向于保守;但在负面框架中,差异无统计学意义. 结论: 负面框架下被试个体更倾向于冒险;外向性和愉悦人格特征与决策行为有关.     

框架效应对军校大学生决策判断的影响

目的 信息框架对军校大学生决策的影响。方法被试随机分成三组，分别接受三种不同的信息框架，就自己面临的情景进行方案选择。结果接受正面框架实验情景的被试，两种方案选择人数比例相当（46.3％，53.7％）；负面框架组的被试，大部分选择冒险方案（83．1％，16．9％）；作为控制组的第二组被试，大部分被试仍选择冒险方案（67．3％，32．7％）。男性被试不论在正面框架还是负面框架中都倾向于冒险行为；而女性被试在正面框架中选择保守和选择冒险的人数比例几乎相等，但在负面框架中倾向于冒险行为的人儿乎足保守行为的3倍。结论当信息从负面呈现时，军校大学生更喜欢冒险。     

风险情境中血缘关系对风险决策的影响

目的 探讨风险情境中的血缘关系对风险决策的影响.方法 采用生死问题决策问卷,以整群抽样的方式,抽取683名大学生,将其随机分成15组.结果 正、负框架之间出现框架效应的是24组(x2=10.83)、3-3组(x2=20.78)和6-0组(x2=7.47),3组均在负面框架下风险选择人数最多,分别为37(78.7%)、40(93.0%)和37(82.2%),差异具有显著性(P<0.01);与基线水平比较发现,仅在正面框架与基线水平间出现效应的是2-4组(x2=5.39)和6-0组(x2=5.83),差异具有显著性(P<0.05);正面、负面均与基线水平间出现框架效应的是3-3组(x2=4.09;7.91),正面、负面与平衡框架下风险选择人数分别为23(48.9%)、40(93.0%)和32(69.6%),差异具有显著性(P<0.05).此外,女性框架效应发生在24组(x2=13.09)、3-3组(x2=18.09)和6-0组(x2=6.189),均差异有显著性(P<0.05);男性仅在3-3组出现框架效应(x2=13.09,P<0.01).结论 血缘关系是影响决策的重要因素,风险情境中不同的人员构成会导致不同的风险偏好.     

不同信息框架下军校学员特质焦虑及人格特征对风险决策的影响

目的 探讨不同信息框架下军校学员特质焦虑及人格特征对风险决策的影响.方法 采用自编的风险决策问卷、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI),对某军校403名学员进行团体心理测评,分析不同信息框架下风险决策的差异.结果 ①正性信息框架下32.18％的被试倾向于保守,67.82％的被试倾向于冒险;负性信息框架下20.63％的被试倾向于保守,79.37％的被试倾向于冒险,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).男性在负性信息框架下80.71％的被试倾向冒险,而在正性信息框架下仅有67.55％的被试倾向冒险,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);女性两组之间决策差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).②正性信息框架下,高神经质的被试24.19％倾向于保守方案,75.81％倾向于冒险;低神经质的被试有46.00％倾向于保守,54.00％的被试倾向于冒险,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).负性信息框架下,两组间比较,决策差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05);无论正性还是负性信息框架,内外向人格的风险决策差异均没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 负面框架下军校学员个体更倾向于冒险决策,正性信息框架下高神经质人群倾向于冒险决策.     

The relationship between nurses' risky decision-making with personality traits in positive and negative framings

目的 探讨正负信息框架下护士风险决策与人格特征的关系.方法 采用风险决策问卷和大五人格量表调查了450名注册护士.结果 正面框架下护士选择冒险方案的人数占61.4%,负面框架下护士选择冒险方案的人数占68.3%(χ2=4.425,P＜0.05).多元线性回归分析显示,在控制了人口统计学变量之后,大五人格因素对风险决策有一定的预测作用.具体而言,正面框架下,愉悦性人格与风险决策有关(χ2=0.202,P＜0.05);负面框架下,外倾性人格与风险决策有关(χ2=0.082,P＜0.05).结论 在正面框架和负面框架下,护士都倾向于冒险,外倾性、愉悦性人格与护士风险决策有关.     

正负信息框架下护士风险决策与人格特征的关系研究

目的探讨正负信息框架下护士风险决策与人格特征的关系。方法采用风险决策问卷和大五人格量表调查了450名注册护士。结果正面框架下护士选择冒险方案的人数占61.4%,负面框架下护士选择冒险方案的人数占68.3%(χ2=4.425,P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,在控制了人口统计学变量之后,大五人格因素对风险决策有一定的预测作用。具体而言,正面框架下,愉悦性人格与风险决策有关(χ2=0.202,P<0.05);负面框架下,外倾性人格与风险决策有关(χ2=0.082,P<0.05)。结论在正面框架和负面框架下,护士都倾向于冒险,外倾性、愉悦性人格与护士风险决策有关。     

封面陈述与框架信息清晰度对脑梗死患者溶栓风险决策的影响

目的 在“急性脑梗死溶栓治疗”情境下,探讨封面陈述与框架信息清晰度对脑梗死患者溶栓风险决策的影响.方法 以2011年12月以后神经内科住院及门诊的脑梗死患者为研究对象,采用简单随机化方法将其分为详细封面陈述组（263人）和简单封面陈述组（278名）,每组被试均接受模糊信息和详细信息,被试只接受一种信息框架（正面/负面框架）.结果 在简单封面陈述组,无论是模糊信息组,还是在清晰信息组,被试均未受框架效应的影响,但均表现为风险寻求（溶栓治疗）（x^2=1.20,P＞0.05,x^2=0.15,P＞0.05）;在详细封面陈述组,清晰信息组被试未受框架效应影响（x^2=0.19,P＞0.05）,但在模糊信息组,被试受框架效应影响,而在正面框架中,表现为更为显著的风险寻求（x^2 =7.90,P＜0.01）.结论 封面陈述和框架信息清晰度会影响脑梗死患者的溶栓风险决策倾向,在溶栓治疗中,为提高溶栓率,建议给予详细封面陈述下的正面模糊信息框架.     

Faculty development fellowship programs in family medicine

A new format for training medical school faculty members was begun in 1978 when the federal government and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation simultaneously began funding separate faculty development programs for family medicine faculty members. The goals of these two programs were to recruit and prepare new physician faculty members for family medicine educational programs. In the present study, the authors assessed the impact of these programs by a review of grant proposals and a survey of alumni for each program. They found that very different fellowship programs developed under these two funding sources. Consequently, the two programs produced participants who went to different academic settings and became involved in quite different activities, especially in the area of scholarly work. However, regardless of the program the participants chose, common factors were found to characterize those who were active in scholarly areas and those who were less active. Based on these findings, recommendations are offered to future planners and funders of faculty development programs for preparing new physician faculty members.     

北京地区社区居民对首诊医疗机构选择及影响因素的探讨

采用随机抽样的方法,对北京市4个区17家社区医疗机构辖区居民进行调查,完成有效问卷385份。社区居民中47．5％（183名）首诊选择社区医疗机构52．5％（202名）首诊选择非社区医疗机构。文化程度高者倾向选择非社区医疗机构,低者倾向选择社区医疗机构（P=0．01）;患有慢性病者与无慢性病者相比,前者更倾向选择社区医疗机构（P=0．00）。     

巨细胞病毒核酸和抗体检测在不同特征患者中的一致性分析及临床指导意义

目的: 探讨巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribo nucleic acid,DNA)检测和免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)抗体检测在不同特征患者中的一致性及对临床工作的指导价值。方法: 2014年12月至2019年11月期间,北京大学国际医院检验科同时进行CMV-IgM抗体和CMV-DNA检测的患者共计507例,收集患者性别、年龄一般资料,同时收集患者的诊断、用药及转归等临床资料。根据患者CMV-DNA阴性或阳性、CMV-IgM抗体阴性或阳性,以及年龄、性别和是否接受免疫抑制治疗进行分组和分层,组别之间率的比较采用Pearson卡方检验或Fisher精确经验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果: 507例送检患者中,CMV-DNA阳性患者55例(10.85%),CMV-IgM抗体阳性患者74例(14.60%),CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体同时阳性患者20例(3.94%)。55例CMV-DNA阳性患者中,男性37例(67.27%),60岁以上者25例(45.45%),接受免疫抑制治疗者33例(60%),均高于CMV-DNA阴性组的47.35%(P=0.005)、31.86%(P=0.043)和46.02%(P=0.050)。CMV-DNA和IgM抗体双阳性患者中45%接受免疫抑制治疗,低于CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性患者(68.57%,P=0.086),也低于CMV-DNA阴性但IgM抗体阳性患者(68.52%,P=0.064)。CMV-DNA和IgM抗体双阳性患者接受更昔洛韦治疗后91.67%出现好转,而CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性患者的好转率仅为60%(P=0.067)。结论: CMV-IgM抗体检测受到年龄、性别、免疫状态等影响,不推荐对存在免疫抑制状态和年龄大于60岁的患者单独采用CMV-IgM抗体检测判断CMV感染;CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体联合检测可能有助于预判患者的免疫状态和抗病毒治疗的结局转归。     

Research letter: Feasibility of self-collection of specimens for human papillomavirus testing in hard-to-reach women

To study the feasibility of self-collected specimens for testing human papillomavirus (HPV) status among hard-to-reach women, outreach nurses recruited women in women's centres, shelters and alleys in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. Of the 151 participants for whom samples were available, 43 (28.5%) tested positive for high-risk HPV. Outreach nurses were able to recontact 81.4% of the participants who tested positive and referred them for further testing. About 14% (21/151) of participants had never received a Papanicolaou smear in British Columbia, as compared with 8.3% (608/7336) of women in the BC general population (p < 0.05). This difference suggests that self-collection of specimens for HPV testing is a feasible method to reach women who have not previously participated in cervical cancer screening programs.     

Delivery of medical care in an urban core

Seventy-six families who had an annual income under $3000, and who lived within half a mile of a medical centre were interviewed in their own homes. Their attitudes and opinions towards health care delivery service, family health and medical personnel, were obtained. They were found to be well aware of the freedom of choice which they possess by virtue of their medical registration certificate and the majority chose to go to private physicians for their care. As high as 55% of the consumers were chronically afflicted. Of these, 65% made medical visits every six weeks, and 20% went weekly. Forty per cent made well-care visits, and only 5% received no care at all. The data demonstrate a degree of satisfaction with, and acceptance of, health delivery service in this specific urban area.     

The prevalence of internet gaming disorder among medical students at King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) among King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia medical students and to determine the association of IGD with gender, age, academic achievement, amount of sleep, and accommodation.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study between October 2019 and April 2020 on KSU medical students with a sample size of 281 medical students currently studying at KSU chosen by a stratified proportionate random sampling. The questionnaire contained the IGD short scale and questions eliciting demographic data.Results:The sample comprised of 228 responses. The prevalence of IGD was 8.8% (n=20), while 19.3% (n=44) of the participants were risky gamers. There was a significant association (p=0.0040) between IGD and gender, with 10.1% (n = 15) of males having IGD compared to 6.3% (n=5) of females. Additionally, 25% (n = 37) of males were risky gamers, as compared to 8.8% (n=7) of females.Conclusion:There is a high prevalence of internet gaming disorder among KSU medical students, with higher frequency among males. However, there was no significant association between this disorder and age, sleep, academic achievement, or accommodation.     

A population-based study of school scoliosis screening.

CONTEXT: Although school-based screening programs for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are mandated in 26 states in the United States, few program outcomes data exist regarding the effectiveness of such programs. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a community-based school scoliosis screening program. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study of children who attended kindergarten or first grade at public or private schools in Rochester, Minn, during 1979-1982. Children were followed up until age 19 years or until they left the school district. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of children diagnosed and treated for scoliosis, based on results from scoliosis screenings performed annually in grades 5 through 9, linked to community medical records data; performance characteristics of the screening program. RESULTS: Of the 2242 children screened, 92 (4.1 %) were referred for further evaluation. Of these, 68 (74%) had documented medical or chiropractic evaluation of scoliosis. School screening identified 5 of the 9 children treated for scoliosis but resulted in referrals for another 87 children who were not treated. The cumulative incidence of diagnosed scoliosis in this population was 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2%-2.3%) for curves of more than 10 degrees, 1.0% (95% CI, 0.6%-1.5%) for curves of at least 20 degrees, and 0.4% (95% CI, 0.1 %-0.6%) for curves of 40 degrees or more; 0.4% (0.5% of girls and 0.3% of boys) were treated for scoliosis. The positive predictive value of the school screening program for the identification of treated scoliosis was 0.05 (95% CI, 0.048-0.052), with 448 children needed to screen to identify 1 child who subsequently received treatment. The percent positive agreement across consecutive years of screening varied from 7% to 30%. CONCLUSION: In this population, school scoliosis screening identified some children who went on to receive treatment but referred many more who did not. These data should be considered in making decisions regarding school scoliosis screening.     

Basic Training Program in Medical Pedagogy: a 1-year program for medical faculty.

In 1979 université de Montréal developed the Basic Training Program in Medical Pedagogy; the program has since been offered at two other Canadian medical schools. The learning activities are spread over an academic year so that the teachers are able to continue their clinical or research duties. The program, which follows a model of systematic instruction, comprises 17 self-instructional modules on basic educational topics adapted to medical teaching. The topics are related to four components of an integrated system: student needs and learning objectives, instructional methods, student evaluation and program evaluation. The instructional format is aimed at three levels--understanding, analysis and application--to which assignments and assessments are related. In addition to the modules, the program offers 15 half-day sessions for small groups (five participants and one instructor) to discuss aspects of the program, especially home assignments and the application of personal educational projects. A minimum of 100 hours of personal time is requested. The program's main goal is that students be placed at the centre of the educational process. Of 215 participants since 1979, 171 (80%) have completed the program and reported high satisfaction. Issues related to any faculty development program are discussed.