大鼠灌胃给予维血宁颗粒后虎杖苷血药浓度测定及药动学研究

目的:建立大鼠血浆中虎杖苷浓度的反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)测定方法。方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(20∶80,V/V),流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为35℃,检测波长为303nm。大鼠ig维血宁颗粒后,测定不同时间血药浓度。采用DAS2.0药动学软件对血药浓度-时间数据进行拟合,计算相应药动学参数。结果:大鼠灌胃给予维血宁颗粒后,虎杖苷在大鼠体内药动学主要参数为:tmax=(0.403±0.063)h,Cmax=(1.715±0.097)mg·L-1,Ka=(6.894±3.275)h-1,t1/2α=(0.202±0.142)h,t1/2β=(2.484±1.624)h,CL/F=(32.229±22.027)L·h-1·kg-1,V1/F=(14.447±12.013)L·kg-1,AUC(0～t)=(1.511±0.550)mg·h·L-1,AUC(0～∞)=(1.955±0.765)mg·h·L-1。结论:虎杖苷在大鼠体内的药动学过程符合二室模型,进入体内分布迅速,代谢消除速度也较快。     

盐酸莫西沙星片剂的血药浓度及药动学分析

目的 分析盐酸莫西沙星在人体内的血药浓度及药动学.方法 10名志愿受试者单剂量口服莫西沙星400mg后,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱方法测定盐酸莫西沙星的血药浓度及药动学参数,用DAS2.0软件自动拟合处理,计算药动学参数.结果 莫西沙星的药动参数:t1/2α=(5.26±0.20)h;t1/2 β=(7.80±0.50)h;AUC(0～t)=(111.8±10.3)μg/ (mL·h);tmax=(3.13±0.32)h;Cmax=(13.5±0.42) μg/ mL;莫两沙星在体内的药-时曲线符合二室开放模型,在体内消除半衰期为12h,生物利用度约为95.4％.结论 该方法操作简单、准确可靠,可用于莫西沙星的临床药动学研究及临床特殊人群的血药浓度测定.     

鸡屎藤次苷在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的:测定大鼠血浆中鸡屎藤次苷的含量,并研究其在大鼠体内的药动学过程.方法:采用HPLC -UV法测定大鼠尾静脉注射给药后血浆中鸡屎藤次苷的血药浓度.色谱条件为:DiamonsilTM C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇一乙腈-0.1％冰醋酸(3:2:95,v/v/v),流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:230 nm.通过BAPP2.0软件求算其药动学参数.结果:鸡屎藤次苷血浆浓度在0.2～40μg·mL-1(Y=0.07321X-0.00939,γ=0.9940)范围内线性关系良好.日内精密度不大于7.1％,日间精密度不大于13.5％,准确度RE值在一4.5％～1.8％之间.鸡屎藤次苷提取回收率为64.5％～73.1％,内标物提取回收率为74.5％.主要药动学参数为t1/2=(33.5+4.39) min,AUC0-180mm=(922±129) μg·min· mL-1.结论:该法专属、准确、灵敏,适用于鸡屎藤次苷在大鼠体内的药动学研究,为进一步研究鸡屎藤次苷体内药动学行为提供了依据.     

氯法拉滨注射液在白血病患者中的单剂量及多剂量临床药代动力学研究

目的:研究氯法拉滨注射液单剂量及多剂量静脉滴注的人体药动学过程.方法:4例白血病患者单剂量恒速静脉滴注氯法拉滨注射液52 mg·m-2·d-1,单剂量试验结束后进入多剂量给药试验,52 mg·m-2·d-1,连续给药5d.采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定血浆及尿液中氯法拉滨的浓度,并采用DAS药动学软件对试验数据进行处理,求算有关药动学参数.结果:4例受试者单剂量静脉滴注氯法拉滨注射液后,主要药动学参数分别为Cmax(414±205) μg/L,tmax(3.0±1.4)h,t1/2z(4.4±2.0) h,AUC0-t(2475±659) μg· h· L-1,AUC0-∞(2566±606)μg·h·L-1,CLz(21.2±5.1) L· h-1·m-2,Vz(142±97) L/m2,MRT(0-t)(6.3±2.2) h,Zeta(0.18±0.07) h-1,24 h平均尿液累积排泄率为(39.53±20.98)％.52 mg·m-2·d-1静脉滴注氯法拉滨注射液,连续给药5d,第5日达稳态,主要药动学参数为Cmax(581±126) μg/L,tmax(2.0±0.8) h,t1/2z(6.4±3.1)h,AUC0-t(2451±349) μg· h· L-1,AUC0-∞ (2603 ±409)μg·h·L-1,CLz(20·4±3.7)L·h-1·m-2,Vz(187±80) L/m,Zeta(0.13±0.05) h-1,MRT(0-t)(5.1±1.8) h,Css(102.14±14.53) μg/L,蓄积因子R(1.04±0.28),血药浓度波动度DF(576.26±226.89)％.结论:氯法拉滨注射液静脉滴注给药52 mg· m-2·d-1,连续给药5d,药物在体内无蓄积,安全性好.     

山柰酚静脉注射后在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的:研究静脉注射山柰酚后大鼠体内药动学特点。方法:将60只大鼠随机分为10个时间组,每组6只。均静脉注射给药,给药容积0.1mL·kg-1,剂量5mg·kg-1。于给药后1、3、5、10、20、40、80、120、180、240min分别从相应时间组每只大鼠取血0.5mL(n=6),采用高效液相色谱法检测大鼠血浆中山柰酚浓度;色谱柱为PhenomenexC1(8100mm×4.6mm,6μm),预柱为DikmaEasyⅡGuardC18Kit(8mm×4mm),流动相为乙腈-水(1∶2,V/V),流速为0.5mL·min-1,检测波长为370nm,柱温为35℃,进样量为80μL;采用3p97软件计算药动学参数。结果:大鼠静脉注射山柰酚的浓度-时间曲线符合二室模型,t1/2α=(0.95±0.35)min;t1/2β=(5.68±0.94)min;AUC0～t=(155.10±7.43)μg·min·mL-1;AUC0～∞=(199.84±14.07)μg·min·mL-1;CL=(45.90±1.90)mL·kg-1·min-1。结论:山柰酚原型在大鼠体内消除迅速,血药浓度下降快,30min后消除95%以上。     

毛冬青皂苷元ilexgenin A在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的探讨静脉给予ilexgenin A后大鼠体内的药物动力学特征。方法采用HPLC测定大鼠血浆中的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0药动学软件求算其药动学参数。结果 Ilexgenin A在大鼠体内呈二室模型分布,主要药动学参数为:t1/2α=0.545min,t1/2β=18.338 min,Cl=0.019 L·min-1.kg-1,AUC0→t=2.5902 g·min·L-1。结论所用方法可用于大鼠血浆中ilexgeninA的检测及其体内药动学研究;静脉给药后,ilexgenin A在大鼠体内分布和消除迅速。     

Pharmacokinetic study of ilexgenin A in rats

目的 探讨静脉给予ilexgenin A后大鼠体内的药物动力学特征.方法 采用HPLC测定大鼠血浆中的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0药动学软件求算其药动学参数.结果 Ilexgenin A在大鼠体内呈二室模型分布,主要药动学参数为:t1/2α=0.545min,t1/2β=18.338 min,Cl =0.019 L·min-1·kg-1,AUC0→1=2.5902 g·min·L-1.结论 所用方法可用于大鼠血浆中ilexgenin A的检测及其体内药动学研究;静脉给药后,ilexgenin A在大鼠体内分布和消除迅速.     

盐酸莫西沙星片Beagle犬体内药代动力学

目的建立Beagle犬血浆样品中莫西沙星HPLC测定方法,研究Beagle犬口服盐酸莫西沙星片后体内药动学。方法色谱柱:依利特C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.05mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(含0.01mol/L四丁基硫酸氢铵,pH=3.8)=15:85;检测波长:295nm;柱温:25℃;流速:1.0mL/min;进样量:20μL。Beagle犬口服盐酸莫西沙星片后定时取血,HPLC法测定血浆药物浓度,DAS2.0软件计算药动学参数。结果莫西沙星在Beagle犬体内的药-时曲线符合二室开放模型,主要药动学参数Tmax为(3.33±0.23)h,Cmax为(7.35±0.40)μg/mL,AUC为(118.37±13.05)μg/mL.h,t1/2α为(3.64±0.34)h,t1/2β为(13.49±0.50)h。结论此测定方法操作简单,专属性强,重现性好,所得药动学参数有助于对莫西沙星的进一步研究。     

地西泮亚微乳注射液大鼠体内药动学

目的:研究地西泮亚微乳注射液在大鼠体内药动学特征.方法:大鼠股静脉注射地西泮亚微乳注射液(4 mg·kg-1),采用HPLC法测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中的药物浓度,并用3P87药动学程序对血药浓度进行处理.结果:地西泮可与血浆中的其他成分较好地分离,在0.05～5 mg·L-1的血药浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系.地西泮亚微乳注射液和地西泮注射液2种制剂大鼠静脉给药后体内药动学符合三室模型,主要药动学参数t1/2β,AUC0～∞,MRT和Vc分别为:(10.97±1.89)和(5.72±1.24)h,(6.10±1.25)和(6.24±1.80)mg·L-1·h,(15.67±1.48)和(9.98±1.31)h,(0.34±0.03)和(0.10±0.01)L·kg-1;2种制剂的t1/2β,MRT和Vc均存在统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论:地西泮亚微乳注射液可在一定程度上延长药物体内循环时间.     

高效液相色谱法测定辅酶Q_(10)冻干乳在大鼠体内血药浓度及其初步药动学研究

目的建立大鼠体内辅酶Q10血药浓度测定方法,并研究辅酶Q10冻干乳在大鼠体内初步药动学。方法 Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-无水乙醇(30∶70);柱温:30℃;流速:1.0 mL/min;检测波长:275 nm。结果辅酶Q10在0.17～21.46μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8,n=6),最低定量浓度为0.17μg/mL,相对回收率均在90%～110%范围内。RSD小于15%。辅酶Q10冻干乳静脉注射后在大鼠体内药动学呈二室开放模型。其主要药动学参数:AUC0-∞为26.82(μg.h)/mLt、1/2α为0.15 ht、1/2β为6.31 h。结论该方法简便、准确,可用于测定大鼠体内辅酶Q10血药浓度。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.