肾嫌色细胞癌临床病理特征及预后分析

目的 分析肾嫌色细胞癌的临床病理特征及预后,提高对肾嫌色细胞癌的认识. 方法 对1998年2月至2009年7月行根治性肾切除术后病理诊断为嫌色细胞癌的75例患者资料进行回顾性研究.男42例,女33例.平均年龄56(25～74)岁.均为单发肿瘤,左肾36例,右肾39例.比较患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、分级、分期与预后的关系,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析生存关系.结果 肿瘤平均直径7.3(2.5～17.0)cm,大体切面以灰黄、灰红色为主(50/75例),肿瘤细胞多为体积较大的多角形嫌色细胞和小圆形嗜酸细胞.T1N0M0 30例,T1N0M11例,T2N0M0 26例,T2N0M11例,T3N0M0 11例,T3N0M1 3例,T3N1M0 1例,T4N0M1 1例,T4N1M11例.依照Fuhrman分级系统,Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级24例,Ⅲ级46例,Ⅳ级2例.平均随访44(9～93)个月,死亡7例,其余均无瘤生存.3、5年生存率分别为93.3%和90.7%.单因素分析示肿瘤大小(P=0.028)、TNM分期(P=0.000)和肿瘤侵袭、预后有关;多因素分析显示,TNM分期可作为肾嫌色细胞癌独立的预后因素.结论 肾嫌色细胞癌是一种具有特殊形态的少见肾癌类型,多数瘤体较大,预后较好;细胞核分级较高,不适用Fuhrman分级系统;TNM分期可作为肾嫌色细胞癌预后的独立因素.     

原发性肾肉瘤的诊治及预后(附6例报告及文献复习)

目的：探讨原发性肾肉瘤的诊断方法、病理学特点、治疗手段及影响预后的因素。方法：回顾性分析1998～2007年期间收治的6例原发性肾肉瘤患者的临床资料：男5例，女1例，年龄39～72岁，平均58岁。左肾肿瘤3例，右肾肿瘤3例。表现为腹痛3例，腹部包块1例，阴囊坠胀1例，无症状1例。肿瘤直径2．5～13cm·平均8．1cm。T1N0M0期2例，T2T0M0期1例，L3bN1M0期1例，T4NxM1期2例。6例患者术前影像学资料均诊断为肾脏恶性肿瘤。2例T1N0M0期、1例T2N0M0期及2例T1N0M1期患者均行肾癌根治术，1例T3bN1M0期患者行肾脏姑息性切除术。4例术后实施化疗。结果：术后病理检查示平滑肌肉瘤5例，癌肉瘤1例。术后3例随访6个月～3年，其中1例（T2N0M0）于术后2年发现腹膜后转移，并于术后3年死亡，1例（T4NxM1）于术后2个月发现双肺转移，1例（T1N0M0）无瘤存活。结论：腹痛及包块是肾肉瘤的常见症状，其恶性程度高，预后差。病理分期是影响预后的重要因素。手术是其主要治疗方式，术后是否化疗尚存在争议。     

小切口后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术17例报告

目的总结小切口后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术的治疗经验。方法采用第12肋尖部向前下方5—6cm切口后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术治疗肾及肾盂输尿管肿瘤患者17例。男10例，女7例，平均年龄56岁。5例因无痛性肉眼血尿就诊，余12例为B超体检发现，腹部均未扪及肿块。左侧5例，右侧12例。肾肿瘤13例直径3～10cm，平均5cm。UICC临床分期；T1N0M0 10例，T2N0M0 2例，T3aN0M0 1例；分级：G1 1例、G3 12例。肾盂输尿管肿瘤4例：T1N0M0和T2N0M0各2例，G2 3例、G3 1例．结果17例手术均顺利，其中1例肿瘤直径10cm者扩大手术切口取出标本。手术时间平均111min，平均出血90ml。未出现并发症。病理报告：肾透明细胞癌10例，嗜色细胞癌2例，血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例；肾盂移行细胞癌3例，原发性输尿管移行细胞癌1例。17例随访2—21个月，平均12．8个月，均健在，未见肿瘤复发。结论该手术具有手术时间短，安全可靠，患者恢复快，操作简单等优点，是一种实用的手术方法。     

肾嫌色细胞癌(附15例报告)

目的　提高肾嫌色细胞癌的诊治水平和对此类型肾癌的认识。　方法　回顾性分析15例肾嫌色细胞癌的临床资料。男 10例 ,女 5例。年龄 4 7～ 74岁 ,平均 5 7岁。均行根治性肾切除术。　结果　术后病理证实为肾嫌色细胞癌。病理分期 :pT1N0 M0 6例 ,pT2 N0 M0 5例 ,pT3bN0 M0 2例 ,pT1N2 M0 1例 ,pT2 N2 M0 1例。病理分级 :G2 10例 ,G3 5例。 11例获随访 ,随访 2～ 31个月 ,平均19个月 ,1例死于心脏病 ,1例局部复发 ,9例无瘤生存。　结论　肾嫌色细胞癌是一种具有特殊形态的少见肾癌类型。肾根治性切除术是治疗肾嫌色细胞癌的首选方法。与同期、同级的其他类型肾癌相比 ,肾嫌色细胞癌预后较好。     

肾嫌色细胞癌21例临床分析及文献复习

目的 提高肾嫌色细胞癌的诊治水平和对此类型肾癌的认识.方法 回顾性分析21例肾嫌色细胞癌的临床资料.男11例,女10例.年龄27 ～ 85岁,平均52岁.11例行腹腔镜下肾癌根治术,8例行腹腔镜下肾部分切除术,2例行开放肾癌根治术.结果 术后病理证实为肾嫌色细胞癌.病理分期:pT1N0M0 13例,pT2N0M0 5例,pT3aN1 M0 2例,pT4N0M0 1例.Fuhrman病理分级:G1 6例,G2 14例,G31例.术后随访19例,时间3～36个月,平均17个月,1例死于心脏病,1例术后6个月局部复发,给予索拉非尼治疗2个月后肺部感染死亡,1例术后12个月后出现肺转移,给予索拉非尼治疗1个月后死亡,16例无瘤生存.结论 肾嫌色细胞癌是一种具有特殊形态的少见肾癌类型.肾根治性切除术是治疗肾嫌色细胞癌的首选方法.与同期、同级的其他类型肾癌相比,肾嫌色细胞癌预后较好.     

多房囊性肾细胞癌的临床特点及预后

目的评价多房囊性肾细胞癌的诊疗特点及预后。方法回顾性分析6例多房囊性肾细胞癌的临床特点、影像学表现、外科手术方法、病理特点,随访其预后。站果男3例,女3例,肿瘤最大直径3．0～7．5cm。CT示多囊性肿物,实性部位平扫CT值30～36Hu,皮质期88～130Hu,排泄期75～96Hu,为隔膜型增强型。腹腔镜肾部分切除术1例,根治性肾切除5例。病理TNM分期,pT1aN0M0 2例,pT1bN0M03例,pT2N0M01例,癌细胞核分级均为G1。中位随访24个月,随访期内未发现远处转移及肿瘤复发,无瘤存活100％。结论多房囊性肾细胞癌为一种特殊的病理类型,病理分期、分级低,预后良好,术前怀疑或术中证实为多房囊性肾细胞癌应考虑行腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。     

端粒酶活性表达在肾恶性肿瘤中的临床意义

目的　探讨端粒酶活性表达在肾恶性肿瘤中的临床意义。　方法　采用端粒酶 PCR ELISA法检测 3 1例肾恶性肿瘤、3 1例肿瘤旁组织和 6例正常肾组织标本端粒酶活性 ,按不同的临床病理参数分组分析。　结果　 3 1例肾恶性肿瘤组织端粒酶表达阳性率 80 .6% ,肿瘤旁组织及正常肾组织端粒酶表达均阴性 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;病理分级Ⅰ级者端粒酶表达阳性率 58.3 %(7/ 12 ) ,Ⅱ级者阳性率 91.7% (11/ 12 ) ,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级者阳性率 10 0 .0 % (7/ 7) ,Ⅱ～Ⅳ级者端粒酶表达明显高于Ⅰ级者 (P <0 .0 5) ;RobsonⅠ期阳性率 77.8% (14 / 18) ,Ⅱ期阳性率 81.8% (9/ 11) ,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期 2例均阳性 ;T1N0 M0 期 3例均阳性 ,T2 N0 M0 期阳性率 79.2 % (19/ 2 4) ,T3N0 M0 期阳性率 66.7% (2 / 3 ) ,T2 N2 M0期 1例阳性 ,端粒酶表达与肿瘤临床分期无明显相关 (P >0 .0 5)。　结论　端粒酶活性检测结合病理检查对肾恶性肿瘤的早期诊断及预后判断有重要价值。     

后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术并区域淋巴结清扫术40例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾癌根治性肾切除术并区域淋巴结清扫术的安全性和疗效。方法2002年1月至2006年7月,行后腹腔镜下肾癌根治区域淋巴结清扫术40例。男22例,女18例,年龄23～70岁,平均53岁。8例以无痛性全程肉眼血尿就诊,32例为体检时B超检查发现。B超检查肿物直径1．5～7．0 cm,平均5．0 cm;肿瘤位于肾上极16例,肾中部10例,肾下极14例。40例均行CT检查,31例行MRI检查,报告肿物大小与B超相符。术前临床分期：T1N0M09例, T2N0M025例,T3N0M06例。结果本组手术时间80～180 min,平均120 min。出血量20～300 ml,平均50 ml。无中转开放手术。术后肠道功能恢复时间（24±12）h,术后住院天数（7±2）d。术后无明显并发症。病理报告：肾透明细胞癌33例,囊性肾细胞癌4例,血管平滑肌脂肪瘤2例,嗜酸细胞瘤1例。送检清扫的淋巴结中,阳性4例,均为透明细胞癌,T21例、T23例。随访6～36个月,平均12个月,1例术后3个月局部复发,后因远处转移死亡,其余39例未发现局部复发和穿刺通道的种植性转移,未发现远处转移,均无瘤生存。结论后腹腔镜下肾癌根治性肾切除术并区域淋巴结清扫术安全可靠,疗效良好。     

多房囊性肾细胞癌手术治疗的预后特点分析

目的探讨多房囊性肾细胞癌患者手术治疗的预后特点。方法回顾性分析482例肾癌患者中22例多房囊性肾细胞癌患者资料，分析其手术治疗的预后特点。多房囊性肾细胞癌占同期肾癌病例的4．56％，男女比例为2．67：1．00，年龄32～74岁，平均47岁。结果22例患者中行肾癌根治术18例，行肾部分切除术4例。肿瘤直径1．8～11．0cm，平均4．8cm。其中透明细胞癌21例，透明细胞癌与颗粒细胞癌混合型1例；pT1N0M019例，pT2N0M02例；pT3bN0M01例；G15例，G217例。失访2例，20例获随访，随访时间9～56个月，平均27．6个月。其中1例因肝硬化、上消化道出血死亡，无瘤存活21例。结论多房囊性肾癌是肾癌的一种特殊类型，多为肾偶发癌，病理分期分级低，预后与肿瘤大小无关，手术治疗效果满意，预后佳。     

囊性肾癌27例诊治分析

目的:探讨囊性肾癌(CRCC)的临床特点,提高其诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析27例CRCC患者的症状与体征、影像学表现、手术方式、病理检查及随访结果。结果:综合B超、CT、MRI、超声造影等检查诊断CRCC 24例,疑似肾癌2例,误诊为肾囊肿1例。行保留肾单位手术15例,根治性肾切除11例,肾囊肿去顶减压后再行根治性肾切除1例。病理检查报告为透明细胞癌26例,乳头状肾细胞癌1例;临床分期T1aN0M08例,T1bN0M012例,T2aN0M05例,T2bN0M02例;组织分级G16例,G221例。27例随访6~78个月,平均21个月,除1例术后3个月局部复发外,其余26例均无复发和转移。结论:综合多种影像学检查能提高CRCC的诊断率,部分患者保留肾单位手术能达到与根治性肾切除术同样的治疗效果。除肾癌囊性坏死型外,其余类型预后较好。     

乳头状肾癌的诊治（附32例报告及文献复习）

目的：提高乳头状。肾癌的诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析32例乳头状肾癌患者的临床资料。28例行开放性根治性肾切除术,3例行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术,1例行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除。结果：术后病理均为乳头状肾癌。采用2002年AJCC肾癌TNM病理分期：pT1oNoMo4例,pT1bNoMo14例,pT2oNoMo10例,pT2bNoMo1例,pTzbN·Mo1例,pT3oNoMo2例,病理分级：G121例,G210例,G31例。28例获16～30个月随访,平均20个月,2例死于心脏病,3例死于脑血管意外,1例局部复发,22例无瘤生存。结论：乳头状肾癌是一种具有特殊形态和表现的少见肾癌类型,部分。肾切除及根治性肾切除术是治疗乳头状。肾癌的首选方法,与其他类型肾细胞癌相比,乳头状肾癌预后较好。     

经后腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾癌根治术（附247报告）

目的：报告经后腹腔途经腹腔镜下。肾癌根治术的临床效果。方法：肾癌患者247例术前均行B超、CT、KUB加IVu和（或）逆行造影确诊。右肾癌148例,左肾癌99例。TNM分期：T1N0M0188例,T2N0M059例。均行经腹或后腹腔径路腹腔镜下肾癌根治术。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、肠功能恢复时间和术后住院时间。结果：所有手术顺利完成,手术时间80～150min,平均120min。术中出血量100-300ml,平均200ml。术后引流量100-300ml,平均200ml。3～5天拔引流管。术后肠功能恢复时间,经腹途经2～3天,后腹腔径路1～2天。术后住院时间7～9天,平均8天。经腹和后腹腔径路无明显差异。术后病理报告均为透明细胞癌。随访3～36个月,平均15个月;未见肿瘤复发及转移。结论：经腹或后腹腔径路腹腔镜下肾癌根治术,对患者干扰少、创伤小、术后恢复快,明显优于开放手术。经腹途经视野好,后腹腔径路可能对腹腔无干扰。     

Associations with contralateral recurrence following nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma using a cohort of 2,352 patients

PURPOSE: We determined the incidence of and factors associated with the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the contralateral kidney after nephrectomy for localized RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1970 and 2000, 2,352 patients with sporadic, localized unilateral RCC and a normal contralateral kidney underwent nephrectomy for RCC. Cancer specific survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine associations with outcome. RESULTS: Of the 2,352 patients studied 28 (1.2%) had RCC in the contralateral kidney, including 20 with clear cell and 8 with papillary RCC. Mean time from primary surgery to contralateral recurrence was 5.2 years (median 4.8, range 0 to 18) for clear cell RCC compared with 5.6 years (median 1.3, range 0 to 21) for papillary cell RCC. Positive surgical margins (risk ratio 14.23, p = 0.010) and multifocality (risk ratio 5.74, p = 0.019) were significantly associated with contralateral recurrence following nephrectomy for clear cell RCC, while nuclear grade (risk ratio for grades 3/4 vs 1/2, 4.78, p = 0.040) was significantly associated with contralateral recurrence following nephrectomy for papillary RCC. In patients with clear cell RCC estimated cancer specific survival rates 1, 3, and 5 years following contralateral recurrence were 93.8%, 80.2% and 72.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with localized RCC and a normal contralateral kidney who underwent nephrectomy for RCC positive surgical margins and multifocality were significant predictors of contralateral recurrence for clear cell RCC, while nuclear grade was a significant predictor of contralateral recurrence for papillary RCC.     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗T1b期肾癌的临床疗效

目的：探讨后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗T1b期肾癌的临床疗效。方法：2008年3月～2012年10月我院行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗17例T1b期肾癌患者,所有患者均为单侧。肾肿瘤,对侧肾功能正常。其中男／女=9／8,左／右=7／10。所有患者TNM分期肾癌符合T1bN0M0（直径4．1～7．0cm）。患者年龄36～80（55．3±21．5）岁,肿瘤直径为4．1～5．7（4．6±0．4）cm。结果：所有手术均成功。手术时间103～210（160．2±36．2）min,肾动脉阻断时间14～35（23．1±7．3）min,术中估计卅血量20～360（170．5±70．4）ml,术后住院天数4～13（8．7±3．4）d,患者术前血清肌酐为55～120（89．3±20．2）μmol／L,术后3天内血清肌酐为63～126（101．2±19．8）μmol／L。术后病理：透明细胞癌15例,乳头状肾细胞癌1例,粘液小管状梭形细胞癌l例。术后随访4～60（25．3±19．2）个月,所有患者均存活,无肾脏肿瘤的局部复发及远处转移,末次随访时患者血清肌酐为58～114（93．2±20．6）μmol／L。术中2例患者行集合系统修补,术后所有患者均无尿漏发生。1例患者出现。肾周少量血肿,严格卧床后血肿逐渐吸收。结论：后腹腔镜肾部分切除手术治疗位置合适的T1b期肾癌患者安全有效,创伤小,恢复快,肿瘤中短期控制情况良好,但远期疗效尚待大规模随机对照研究及长期随访观察。     

Cyst-associated renal cell carcinoma: Clinicopathologic characteristics and evaluation of prognosis in 27 cases

BACKGROUND: No consistent clinicopathologic characteristics of cyst-associated renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) have previously been determined. METHODS: In total, 768 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) underwent radical or partial nephrectomy. Renal cell carcinoma was classified as CRCC in 27 of these patients (3.5%, subdivided into RCC originating in a cyst and cystic RCC), clear-cell RCC in 662 patients (86.2%), chromophobe cell renal carcinoma in 36 patients (4.7%) and papillary RCC in 43 patients (5.6%) according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The pathologic stage and nuclear grade were usually lower in those with CRCC (low stage/low grade; 89%/96%) or chromophobe cell renal carcinoma (low stage/low grade; 89%/80%) than in those with clear-cell RCC (low stage/low grade; 59%/65%) or papillary RCC (low stage/low grade; 53%/69%). Of the 27 CRCC patients, only 19 (70%) could be diagnosed through preoperative imaging studies. Patients with CRCC showed a favorable prognosis (survival rate: 95% at 1 year, 89.7% at 3 years and 84.4% thereafter) and, especially among the patients with RCC originating in a cyst, no cancer-related death was observed. Comparing the survival among four types of RCC, a favorable outcome was observed in cases of CRCC or chromophobe cell renal carcinoma compared with clear-cell RCC or papillary RCC (clear vs chromophobe: P = 0.002; chromophobe vs papillary: P = 0.019; clear vs cyst-associated: P = 0.001; papillary vs cyst-associated: P = 0.00079). CONCLUSIONS: In cases of CRCC, the disease was usually detected at lower stages and grades and therefore the prognosis was better than in cases of other types of RCC. Preoperative diagnosis of this disease was very difficult, especially in cases of RCC originating in a cyst.     

Clinicopathological factors predicting recurrence of N0M0 renal cell carcinoma: A case series analysis of one facility

BACKGROUND: Although many factors have been reported as predictors of the recurrence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), none of the factors are consistent among different studies. In the study presented here, the potential clinicopathological predictors of the recurrence of N0M0 RCC were examined. METHODS: A total of 201 patients who underwent nephrectomy for N0M0 RCC were examined to determine the pathological tumor stage (pT stage), pathological tumor grade of malignancy (tumor grade), symptoms, and tumor size. RESULTS: RCC recurred in 29 patients (14.4%), 50% of whom developed new tumors within 24 months after nephrectomy. The disease-free 3- and 10-year survival rates declined as the pT stage and tumor grade increased: these rates were, respectively, 98.6% and 86.5% for pT1a; 93.7% and 87.9% for pT1b; 100% and 100% for pT2; 78.6% and 58.0% for pT3a; and 88.9% and 16.7% for pT3b. Significant differences in the recurrence rate were noted between pT3 and pT1 or pT2, as well as between grade 3 disease and grade 1 or grade 2 tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that a combination of the pT stage, grade, and presence of symptoms was useful for predicting the recurrence of RCC. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that patients undergoing nephrectomy for N0M0 RCC should be followed-up carefully for 2 years postoperatively with special attention to high pT stage, high grade, and the development of symptoms.     

选择性肾段动脉阻断在腹腔镜保留肾单位手术中的应用(附17例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜选择性肾段动脉阻断保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾细胞癌的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年9月至2014年5月收治的17例T1期肾癌患者,肿瘤直径1.2~4.0 cm,平均(3.1±0.8)cm。术前均行肾动脉血管造影检查,采用后腹腔入路,根据肾动脉血管造影检查选择性阻断供应瘤体的肾动脉分支,距瘤体边缘0.3~0.5 cm切除肿瘤。术后随访3~20个月。结果:17例手术均获成功。术中输血1例。手术时间68~156 min,平均(112.0±20.8)min;肾段动脉阻断时间18~42 min,平均(26.0±8.9)min;术中出血量30~240 ml,平均(80.0±15.6)ml。病理结果:透明细胞癌13例、乳头状细胞癌2例、嫌色细胞癌1例、Bellini集合管癌1例,病理切缘均为阴性。其中1例孤立肾患者术后3 d血肌酐升高至240 mmol/L,放置双J管后血肌酐下降,随访12个月始终维持在120~150 mmol/L;另2例孤立肾患者及其余患者肾功能均正常,CT检查提示无肿瘤复发及淋巴结远处转移。结论:直径小于4 cm的T1期肾癌行腹腔镜超选择性肾动脉阻断保留肾单位的肾部分切除术,患者创伤小,安全性高,对预防术后肾功能不全具有较好的效果。