老年脑出血患者的脑微出血与相关因素分析

对发病14 d内的79例老年脑出血患者行头部磁共振梯度回波T2*加权成像(GRE-T2*WI)检查,根据有无脑微出血(CMB)分为CMB组和NCMB组,对两组临床资料进行比较,分析老年脑出血患者CMB的独立相关因素.结果两组年龄、抗血小板治疗、脑白质病变方面差异显著(P＜0.05),卒中史、高血压病、认知功能与脑出血患者CMB的发生无明显相关.认为年龄、抗血小板治疗、脑白质病变可能是老年脑出血患者CMB的危险因素.     

老年稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动患者不同抗栓方案的有效性和安全性分析

目的 比较老年稳定性冠心病合并心房颤动患者不同抗栓方案的临床效果。方法 从解放军总医院医院信息系统筛选2018年1月至2020年12月住院的老年稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动患者1169例，根据抗栓方案不同分为双联抗血小板组280例，双通道抗栓组201例，单药抗凝组419例，未抗栓组269例。收集患者一般情况，采用Cox回归分析总结不同抗栓方案的有效性和安全性。结果 未抗栓组非甾体类消炎药、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原明显高于其他3组，国际标准化比值、活化部分凝血酶原时间、凝血酶原时间、高脂血症、心功能不全明显低于单药抗凝组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。未抗栓组较双联抗血小板组、双通道抗栓组、单药抗凝组全因死亡风险明显增加(P<0.01)。双联抗血小板组和单药抗凝组非致死性出血事件风险明显高于未抗栓组(P<0.01),双联抗血小板组明显高于单药抗凝组，双通道抗栓组非致死性出血事件风险明显高于未抗栓组(P<0.01)。双联抗血小板组、双通道抗栓组、单药抗凝组呼吸道出血风险明显高于未抗栓组(P<0.01),单药抗凝组呼吸道出血风险明显低于双联抗血小板组与双通...     

脑微出血部位和负荷与脑梗死抗血小板治疗的相关分析

目的探讨脑微出血(CMB)发生部位和负荷对脑梗死抗血小板治疗风险及获益的影响。方法选择伴CMB的急性脑梗死患者214例,根据CMB发生部位分为单纯脑叶组39例,深部/幕下组62例,混合部位组113例,随访各组新发脑梗死、脑出血情况,并比较各组治疗前及治疗1年后CMB的变化。结果深部/幕下组既往脑梗死、高血压和糖尿病比例明显高于单纯脑叶组和混合部位组(P<0.05)。混合部位组基线CMB数高于单纯脑叶组和深部/幕下组[(8.69±2.75)个vs(6.65±2.47)个、(6.58±3.17)个,P<0.05]。单纯脑叶组脑出血比例明显高于深部/幕下组和混合部位组(12.8%vs 3.2%、2.7%,P<0.05),且发生脑出血患者中4例基线CMB数>5个。深部/幕下组再发脑梗死比例明显高于单纯脑叶组和混合部位组(24.2%vs 7.7%、9.7%,P<0.05)。3组治疗1年后仅部分患者复查头颅MRI,其中单纯脑叶组28例,深部/幕下组40例,混合部位组56例。单纯脑叶组CMB进展比例明显高于深部/幕下组和混合部位组,差异有统计学意义(35.7%vs 12.5%、10.7%,P<0.05),且病灶以脑叶为主。结论抗血小板治疗风险与CMB部位和负荷相关,单纯脑叶CMB抗血小板治疗的脑出血风险增加,治疗后CMB更易进展。深部/幕下CMB患者脑梗死复发风险更高。     

70岁以上心房颤动患者109例抗栓治疗分析

目的分析70岁以上老年心房颤动(房颤)患者治疗情况,探讨老年房颤患者抗栓治疗策略、疗效、安全性和影响因素。方法 70岁以上老年房颤患者109例,按年龄分为3组:70～79岁组(22例),80～89岁组(70例),90岁以上组(17例),回顾性分析治疗疗效、安全性和影响因素。结果所有患者中,抗栓治疗81例。单用阿司匹林30例,单用氯吡格雷34例,阿司匹林合用氯吡格雷11例,使用华法林抗凝治疗6例。70～79岁组抗血小板治疗20例(90.9%),抗凝治疗1例(4.5%);80～89岁组抗血小板治疗43例(61.4%),抗凝治疗4例(5.7%);90岁以上组抗血小板治疗12例(70.6%),抗凝治疗1例(5.9%)。房颤并存肿瘤者24例(22.0%)。既往发牛过十二指肠球部溃疡、出血性胃炎或血小板减少等出血性疾病又发生过深静脉血栓或腔隙性脑梗死等缺血性疾病的患者10例(9.2%)。抗血小板治疗中发牛深静脉栓塞、心房血栓等患者4例(5.3%),治疗后发生胃肠道出血者2例(2.7%),抗凝治疗后发生胃肠道出血、恼出血者各1例(33.3%)。结论高龄老年房颤患者抗栓治疗不充分,且存在多种复杂的病理生理状态,导致了高血栓危险和高出血风险。     

老年脑梗死患者伴脑微出血的临床观察

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者伴脑微出血(CMB)的危险因素及治疗预后。方法连续入选2010年2～3月的100例老年脑梗死患者,根据MRI检查分为CMB组23例和无CMB组77例,记录一般临床资料、影像学表现及神经功能缺损评分。2组均给予丹红注射液治疗,无CMB组口服拜阿司匹林,14 d后再进行神经功能缺损评分及有效率的评价。结果与无CMB组比较,CMB组年龄更高,高血压和既往脑卒中患病率高,服抗血小板药物>3个月比例高(P<0.05)。CMB灶数目与腔隙性脑梗死灶数目及脑白质病变的程度呈正相关。治疗14 d后,无CMB组患者神经功能缺损评分低于CMB组(P<0.05),总有效率高于CMB组(P<0.05)。结论 CMB是由高龄、高血压及既往脑卒中等所致的血管壁病变。CMB可能在预测高血压患者发生脑出血的风险中产生作用。     

经颅多普勒微栓子监测评估心房颤动患者抗栓疗效

目的评价经颅多普勒监测微栓子评估心房颤动(简称房颤)患者抗栓疗效的价值。方法持续性房颤患者96例,其中40例给予华法林抗凝治疗(华法林组),56例给予阿斯匹林抗血小板治疗(阿斯匹林组),每例患者治疗前后分别行微栓子监测,比较治疗前后两组结果差异,两组治疗前后同时检测血浆D-二聚体水平作为微栓子监测的平行对照观察。结果华法林组治疗前,微栓子阳性14例,阴性26例,治疗后微栓子阳性5例,阴性35例,治疗后微栓子检出率显著降低(35.0%vs 12.5%,P﹤0.05);阿斯匹林组治疗前,微栓子阳性21例,阴性35例,治疗后微栓子阳性17例,阴性39例,治疗前后微栓子检出率降低无显著性差异(37.5%vs 30.4%,P=0.42);华法林组治疗后微栓子检出率显著低于阿司匹林组(P﹤0.05)。治疗前所有微栓子阳性患者血浆D-二聚体水平显著高于阴性患者[(353±71)μg/L vs(261±58)μg/L,P﹤0.05];两组治疗前后血浆D-二聚体水平均有显著降低[分别为(313±81)μg/L vs(170±67)μg/L、(327±73)μg/L vs(235±61)μg/L,P﹤0.05];华法林组治疗后血浆D-二聚体水平降低更明显(P0.05)。结论研究初步表明,微栓子可以作为房颤患者抗栓治疗的一个指标。     

脑微出血的研究进展

脑微出血(CMB)在原发性脑出血患者中的发生率为33%～80%,在缺血性卒中患者中为26%～68%,在健康老年人中为5%～7．5%。CMB可能与易出血的微血管病变相关。探讨CMB预测高血压患者发生脑出血和脑出血后再发出血的风险,以及缺血性卒中抗血小板、抗凝和溶栓治疗中发生出血性转化的可能性,对卒中患者防治方法的选择和预后判断有重要意义。     

无症状脑微出血

脑微出血(cerebral microbleed,CMB)表现为在梯度回波T2加权MPI(GE-MRI)上均匀一致的卵圆形T2信号减低区。8％-66％的脑出血(ICH)患者、21％-26％的缺血性卒中患者和5％-6％的正常老年人可检出CMB。CMB可能与易于出血的微血管病相关。CMB患者发生ICH的危险性较高,在卒中治疗时应加以考虑。溶栓治疗时,MRI检查有无CMB有很重要的价值。CMB可预测再发性ICH、抗凝后ICH或抗血小板治疗预防缺血性卒中时出现的ICH等并发症,还有助于评估淀粉样脑血管病的病程进展情况。     

泮托拉唑预防老年急性心肌梗死抗栓治疗中消化道出血的作用及安全性分析

目的观察分析采用泮托拉唑预防老年急性心肌梗死抗栓治疗中消化道出血患者的临床效果及安全性。方法选取2015年5月至2017年3月陕西省人民医院收治的老年急性心肌梗死患者83例,按随机数字表法分为治疗组(43例)与对照组(40例)。对照组患者入院后给予常规抗栓、抗血小板聚集、抗凝治疗及对症治疗,治疗组患者在对照组基础上给予泮托拉唑治疗。观察两组患者消化道出血、肝肾功能及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗组消化道出血发生率为4. 65%,显著低于对照组的22. 50%(P 0. 05)。两组治疗前后肝肾功能(ALT、AST、BUN、Cr)比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。治疗组不良反应发生率(6. 98%)与对照组(20. 00%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论泮托拉唑能有效预防老年心肌梗死抗栓治疗中引发的消化道出血情况,药物副作用小,不影响肝肾功能,安全性高,在老年急性心肌梗死抗栓治疗中具有重要作用。     

心衰并发永久性房颤患者两种抗栓治疗效果的比较

目的:对比分析充血性心力衰竭(CHF)并发永久性房颤(PAF)患者接受华法林和阿司匹林两种抗栓治疗的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择102例CHF并发PAF患者,根据抗栓治疗方案分为:华法林组(46例)和阿司匹林组(56例)。比较两组患者的短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)、脑梗死、外周动脉栓塞和颅内出血、胃肠道出血、泌尿系出血事件发生率的差异。结果:与阿司匹林组相比,华法林组的TIA(23.21%比13.04%)、脑梗死(28.57%比10.87%)、外周动脉栓塞(33.93%比17.39%)的发生率显著降低(P0.05或0.01);而两组患者颅内出血、胃肠道出血、泌尿系出血事件发生率无显著差异(P均0.05)。华法林组的猝死率发生率高于阿司匹林组,但无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:华法林能降低充血性心衰并发永久性房颤患者缺血性事件的发生率,但不增加出血性事件发生率及猝死率。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.