脑卒中后单侧空间失认患者的康复治疗

目的从单侧空间失认的评测、治疗方法及其对患者功能恢复的影响三方面探讨提高脑卒中患者康复效果的方法。方法对86例脑卒中后单侧空间失认患者康复训练治疗前后进行对比分析。结果单侧空间失认患者占脑卒中患者的21．19％，其失认的发生与病变部位有关，治疗组46例患者在经过有关纠正单侧空间认知的康复训练后，删除试验结果及Fuel—Meyer评分改善均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论正确的康复训练方法有助于脑卒中后单侧空间失认患者认知障碍的及早改善，且空间失认的纠正也为肢体早期康复奠定了基础。     

脑血管病患者失认症的神经心理学研究

为了解脑血管病患者失认症的类型与半球侧向性,对35例经影像学证实为单一病灶的脑血管病患者进行了汉语失语症检查法及自行设计的失认症检查法测试。结果显示：左半球组出现了物体、图画、色彩的失认,失认性失算,听失认,触觉失认,忽视,地理失定向,身体失认和病觉缺失;右半球组出现了色失认,忽视,地理失定向和病觉缺失。结论：大多数右利手患者的视觉、听觉、触觉、身体认知的优势半球位于左侧大脑半球;右半球可以产生色失认;忽视、病觉缺失在任何半球病变均可产生,右半球的机率高于左半球     

脑卒中后左侧空间失认,偏盲的眼科康复护理

脑卒中后遗症之一为高级脑机能障碍,如失语、失行、失认等。偏盲以及左侧空间失认的病变定位在右侧枕叶距状裂的上方或下方,因为双眼视野在视皮层是有规律地排列的。眼睛的立体视觉是双眼视功能的最高级形式。对左侧空间失认、偏盲的患者在进行运动康复的同时,应注重视觉训练,这样既能改善患者的心理状态,重新认识自我,又能获得触觉视能,增强其行动的安全。对患左侧空间失认,偏盲的患者,在进行ADL 训练时,如病人健肢尚有动作能力,应注重于     

利手与语言优势半球关系的临床研究

目的：通过对在我院卒中单元住院的母语为汉语的脑卒中患者进行利手判定及失语症检查。揭示其利手与语言优势半球的关系。方法：对457例首次发病经CT或MRI证实病灶单一的脑卒中患者，进行记忆力及智力筛查。排除57例有智力、记忆力受损的患者，对剩余400例患者应用北京医科大学第一医院神经内科的利手判定标准进行利手判定，应用西部失语成套测验进行失语症的分类。结果：400例患者中，右利手为366例，非右利手为34例；右利手366例中，左侧半球病变218例，其中158例患者有失语，右侧半球病变148例，其中7例患者有失语：非右利手34例中，左侧半球病变19例，其中11例患者有失语，右侧半球病变15例，其中2例患者有失语。结论：母语为汉语的人种中，右利手者优势半球多为左侧大脑半球，少数为右侧大脑半球；非右利手者优势半球仍多为左侧大脑半球，极少数为右侧大脑半球。     

缺血性脑卒中患者吞咽障碍与病变部位的关系

目的 探讨缺血性脑卒中患者吞咽障碍与病变部位的关系。 方法 选取2015年1月至2022年3月在徐州市中心医院住院治疗的脑梗死患者178例，依据脑梗死的部位，将其分为幕上脑梗死组（幕上组）111例，和幕下脑梗死组（幕下组）67例，幕上组再根据其脑梗死的侧别，分为左侧大脑半球梗死组59例，右侧大脑半球梗死组34例，双侧大脑半球梗死组18例，共3个亚组。对所有入选患者的吞咽造影录像资料进行回顾性分析。所有患者均接受吞咽造影录像检查，对其唇闭合、食团成形、吞咽失用、舌与硬腭接触、食团后漏、口腔运送时间、咽期吞咽启动、会厌谿残留、喉上抬、梨状隐窝滞留、咽后壁残留、咽期通过时间、误吸、渗漏等14项指标进行分析和比较。 结果 幕上组与幕下组患者在食团成型（χ2=5.116，P=0.024）、吞咽失用（χ2=7.928，P=0.005）、口腔运送时间（χ2=14.152，P<0.01）、咽期吞咽启动（χ2=5.558，P=0.018）、喉上抬（χ2=19.424，P<0.01）、误吸（χ2=4.212，P=0.040）等方面，组间差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。左侧大脑半球梗死患者、右侧大脑半球梗死患者和双侧大脑半球梗死患者的误吸发生率（χ2=10.277，P=0.006），组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；两两比较，双侧大脑半球梗死患者与左侧大脑半球梗死患者在误吸方面，组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.017）。 结论 幕上脑梗死患者较幕下脑梗死患者更易发生口期吞咽障碍，包括食团成型障碍、吞咽失用及口腔运送时间延长；幕下脑梗死患者较幕上脑梗死患者更易发生咽期吞咽障碍，包括咽期吞咽启动延迟、喉上抬障碍及误吸。双侧大脑半球梗死患者较左侧大脑半球梗死患者更易发生误吸。     

不同脑半球损伤患者认知功能障碍的比较

目的探讨左、右大脑半球损伤患者在认知功能障碍方面的特点。方法用失语症筛查表、洛文斯顿作业疗法用认知评定成套测验 (LOTCA)对 5 5例左脑损伤患者和 43例右脑损伤患者的认知功能进行评定。结果右脑损伤患者组在地点定向、重叠图形识别、空间知觉、运用能力等方面的成绩明显高于左脑损伤患者组 (P <0 0 0 1— 0 0 0 5 ) ,而在形状视认、视运动组织等方面的成绩则明显低于左脑损伤患者组 (P <0 0 0 1— 0 0 2 ) ;右脑损伤后出现时间定向障碍、形状失认、图形背景分辨障碍、单侧忽略、注意力障碍的可能性明显多于左侧脑损伤 (P <0 0 0 5— 0 0 2 5 ) ,而出现失语、意念运动性失用的可能性明显少于左侧脑损伤 (P <0 0 0 5— 0 0 1) ;左右脑损伤后出现地点定向障碍、物体失认、颜色失认、空间失认、运用失用、结构性失用、思维障碍等方面的可能性无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论左右脑损伤后患者出现的认知功能障碍有其特征性表现     

脑卒中患者利手与语言优势半球的关系

背景利手一直作为判断语言优势半球的方法,汉字为表意文字,与拼音文字不同,语言优势半球可能也会不同.目的分析母语为汉语的脑卒中患者利手与语言优势半球的关系.设计病例观察.单位牡丹江医学院附属红旗医院神经内科.对象纳入牡丹江医学院附属红旗医院神经内科2003-02/2004-06住院的经CT或MRI证实的脑卒中患者400例.男249例,女151例;平均年龄(67.45±5.67)岁;病程2～4周.方法应用北京医科大学第一医院神经内科的利手判定标准进行利手判定,应用西部失语检查法进行失语症的分类.主要观察指标脑卒中患者利手与语言优势半球的关系.结果按实际处理分析,400例均进入结果分析.①右利手366例,非右利手34例.②左侧半球病变237例,有169例失语的患者;右侧半球病.变163例,有9例失语的患者.③右利手366例中,左侧半球病变218例,有158例失语;右侧半球病变148例,有7例失语.非右利手34例中,左侧半球病变19例,有11例失语;右侧半球病变15例,有2例失语.结论母语为汉语的人种中,脑卒中患者右利手者优势半球多为左侧大脑半球,少数为右侧大脑半球;非右利手者优势半球仍多为左侧大脑半球,极少数为右侧大脑半球.     

脑卒中患者利手与语言优势半球的关系

背景：利手一直作为判断语言优势半球的方法,汉字为表意文字,与拼音文字不同,语言优势半球可能也会不同.目的：分析母语为汉语的脑卒中患者利手与语言优势半球的关系.设计：病例观察.单位：牡丹江医学院附属红旗医院神经内科.对象：纳入牡丹江医学院附属红旗医院神经内科2003-02/2004-06住院的经CT或MRI证实的脑卒中患者400例.男249例,女151例;平均年龄（67.45&;#177;5.67）岁;病程2～4周.方法：应用北京医科大学第一医院神经内科的利手判定标准进行利手判定,应用西部失语检查法进行失语症的分类.主要观察指标：脑卒中患者利手与语言优势半球的关系.结果：按实际处理分析,400例均进入结果分析.①右利手366例,非右利手34例.②左侧半球病变237例,有169例失语的患者;右侧半球病.变163例,有9例失语的患者.③右利手366例中,左侧半球病变218例,有158例失语;右侧半球病变148例,有7例失语.非右利手34例中,左侧半球病变19例,有11例失语;右侧半球病变15例,有2例失语.结论：母语为汉语的人种中,脑卒中患者右利手者优势半球多为左侧大脑半球,少数为右侧大脑半球;非右利手者优势半球仍多为左侧大脑半球,极少数为右侧大脑半球.     

脑卒中后单侧空间忽略综合康复训练的疗效观察

<正>单侧空间忽略(unilateral spatial neglect,USN)多见于右侧大脑半球病变,是指患者对大脑半球病灶对侧空间或有意义的刺激不能感知或定向反映,其特征性表现为受损半球对侧肢体感知觉缺失,不能注意到来自对侧的视觉、听觉、触觉或嗅觉刺激,同时可伴随有空间定位与行为能力的异常。是患者康复的最大障碍之一,直接影响患者的预后。我科对近年收治的USN患者进行综合康复训练,现报告如下。     

标记测验与右侧大脑半球损害所致高级神经心理功能障碍的关系

目的探讨标记测验与右侧大脑半球损害所致神经心理功能损害的关系.方法对14例右侧大脑半球损害所致的各种高级神经心理功能障碍进行了标记测验的检查,同时作了标记测验与汉语失语检查以及与梗死面积之间的相关性检验.结果标记测验得分与汉语失语检查中各项测验之间有极显著的正相关性(P<0.01),与梗死面积大小呈显著负相关性(P<0.01).结论标记测验对右侧大脑半球病变所致的高级神经心理功能障碍的检验同样有效,可做为探讨右侧大脑半球病变机制的一种方法.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.