经舟骨月骨周围脱位的早期手术治疗

目的 研究经舟骨月骨周围脱位早期复位并进行切开内固定和修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊和韧带的治疗方法。方法 从1995年6月～2001年6月，共7例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者接受这种治疗方法。手术均在受伤后2周内进行，所有患者均为后脱位。结果 7例都得到随访，平均随访时间20．5个月。6例舟骨骨折愈合，腕关节功能恢复良好；1例出现骨不连，腕关节功能部分受限。尚未发现月骨坏死者。采用Cooneyr评分法：优2例、良3例、可1例和差1例，优良率71．4％。结论 经舟骨月骨周围脱位应早期复位及切开内固定治疗，同时修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊、桡舟头韧带和桡舟月韧带。可早期提供腕舟骨稳固的固定，有利于舟骨近段和月骨血供的恢复。     

经舟骨月骨周围脱位早期诊断和手术的重要性

目的：评价切开复位内固定同时修复损伤韧带治疗经舟骨月骨周围脱位重要性。方法：1995年6月至2001年6月,采用切开复位内固定同时修复损伤韧带治疗14例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者,其中男13例,女1例;年龄21～38岁,平均25.4岁。手术均在受伤后2周内进行,所有患者均为后脱位。结果：14例患者均获得随访,时间24～60个月,平均28.3个月。13例舟骨骨折一期愈合,腕关节功能恢复良好;1例出现骨不连,腕关节功能部分受限。未发现舟骨和月骨坏死者。采用Cooney评分法：优9例,良3例,可1例和差1例。结论：对于经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者,如能得到早期诊断,采取早期复位及切开内固定治疗,同时修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊、桡舟头韧带和桡舟月韧带,可早期提供腕舟骨稳固的固定,有利于舟骨近段和月骨血供的恢复。     

掌侧入路手术治疗急性月骨周围骨折-脱位

目的评价掌侧入路手术治疗急性月骨周围骨折-脱位的方法及疗效。方法对2010-2017年收治的11例急性月骨周围骨折-脱位患者采用掌侧入路,术中复位月骨周围脱位,固定合并的骨折,修复掌侧关节囊韧带,术中判断月骨周围关节稳定则不再行关节内固定术,术后石膏托制动4周。末次随访采用Mayo腕关节评分评定疗效。结果术中修复掌侧关节囊韧带及固定合并的骨折后,10例月骨周围关节稳定,1例仍存在舟月关节分离,加用克氏针固定。11例均获得随访,随访时间9~17个月,末次随访,所有患者均重返原工作岗位。患侧腕关节平均屈伸活动度为106.2°,平均握力相当于健侧的87%。采用Mayo腕关节评分评价腕关节功能:优6例,良4例,可1例。结论采用掌侧入路切开复位、修复掌侧关节囊韧带、不常规使用关节内固定的方法治疗急性月骨周围骨折-脱位疗效满意。     

经舟骨月骨周围脱位手术治疗分析

目的 探讨分析经舟骨月骨周围脱位手术治疗方法和疗效。方法 术前通过拍摄标准的患侧腕关节正位、侧位X线片，观察月骨的旋转和倾斜移位来判断腕关节的稳定性。对不稳定的腕关节手术时可采用克氏针贯穿固定头月桡关节，同时修复损伤的腕部韧带，新鲜的腕舟骨骨折选用双克氏针内固定，陈旧性腕舟骨骨折应选用微型螺丝钉加压固定，舟骨断端有骨缺损者给松质骨植骨。结果 腕舟骨骨折均顺利愈合，陈旧性损伤者舟骨骨折的愈合时间明显延长。腕关节僵硬、屈伸受限、头月关节半脱位是常见并发症，与原始损伤重有关。结论 正确的早期诊断，准确的手术复位和坚强的内固定是获得良好疗效的关键。     

早期切开复位无头加压空心螺钉及克氏针治疗经舟骨月骨周围脱位

目的探讨早期切开复位无头加压空心螺钉及克氏针内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围脱位的临床疗效。方法17例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者,均行早期切开复位,克氏针固定月骨和头状骨,无头加压空心螺钉对舟骨骨折端进行加压固定,同时修复关节囊和韧带。结果17例均获随访,平均10（3-12）个月,腕关节活动范围在106°-128°之间。X线片示舟骨完全愈合,腕关节轴线恢复好。根据Cooney评定标准,本组优11例,良4例,中2例,优良率88．2％。结论无头加压空心螺钉及克氏针内固定能达到舟骨解剖复位,恢复腕关节轴线,术后腕关节功能恢复较好,是治疗经舟骨月骨脱位的有效方法。     

背侧入路切开复位治疗经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位

目的评价切开复位螺钉固定舟骨、锚钉修复月三角韧带治疗急性期经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位的临床疗效。方法采用背侧入路切开复位螺钉固定舟骨、锚钉修复月三角韧带治疗13例经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位患者。末次随访时进行评估:疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、腕部活动度(ROM)、握力、Cooney腕关节评分、舟骨愈合情况。结果 13例均获随访,时间13～24个月。VAS评分0～6(1.8±0.9)分,其中9例患腕基本无疼痛。患腕屈伸ROM和尺桡偏ROM分别为对侧的73.9%和74.1%。患腕握力达对侧的91.1%。末次随访时Cooney评分:优1例,良9例,可2例,差1例。舟骨骨折愈合时间10例为12～18周,3例为30～39周。结论经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位早期诊断、早期手术,采用背侧入路切开复位内固定舟骨、修复月三角骨间韧带,可取得满意的临床效果。     

切开复位内外固定结合锚钉修复腕骨间韧带治疗月骨周围损伤

目的 :探讨切开复位内、外联合固定结合锚钉修复腕骨间韧带治疗月骨周围损伤的可行性、技术要点及临床效果。方法:2012年9月至2016年9月采用克氏针行腕骨间关节固定,3.0 mm空心钉固定舟骨骨折,可吸收锚钉修复腕骨间韧带,联合跨腕关节支架固定治疗月骨周围损伤患者11例,男7例,女4例;年龄29~68岁,平均43.6岁。其中经舟骨骨折月骨周围脱位5例,月骨周围脱位6例,观察内容包括舟月角、桡月角、腕骨高度指数、腕关节活动度等。结果:所有患者伤口Ⅰ期愈合,11例患者均获得随访,时间12~24个月。X线片示舟月角平均51°(35°~65°),桡月角平均7°(-10°~15°),腕骨高度指数平均0.51(0.50~0.53),5例舟骨骨折均Ⅰ期愈合,未见舟骨及月骨坏死。临床检查腕关节活动度平均为91.5°,握力达健侧的78.5%。腕关节无痛者6例,轻度疼痛者3例,中度疼痛者2例。按照Cooney腕关节评价标准,优8例,良2例,可1例。结论:早期切开复位内固定,超腕关节支架固定,联合腕骨间韧带修补治疗月骨周围损伤具有手术时间短、创伤小等优点,临床操作安全可行,疗效满意。     

切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位

目的评价切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位的临床效果。方法采用切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位9例。结果经平均18个月随访发现9例腕关节平均屈曲70°,背伸50°,Mayo腕关节评分平均为80分:优4例,良3例,可1例,差1例。X线片检查舟骨完全愈合,腕关节轴线恢复好。结论切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位能达到舟骨解剖复位、恢复腕关节轴线,术后功能恢复较好,是治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位的良好方法。     

近排腕骨切除治疗的探讨

1992年以来,作者共对11例腕部损伤、创伤性关节炎行近排腕切除术治疗,取得了较为满意的疗效,现报告如下。1　临床资料11例中男9例,女2例;新鲜创伤2例,陈旧性损伤9例。月骨、舟骨近端骨折、脱位2例,其中1例术后舟骨骨折不愈合;经舟骨月骨周围脱位2例,其中1例术后舟骨骨折不愈合;桡骨远端骨折损伤关节面、复位不良致后期桡腕关节炎3例;陈旧舟骨骨折不愈合致后期桡腕关节炎4例,其中2例外固定时间超过4个月。2　治疗方法在腕关节背部,由尺骨茎突至桡骨茎突作一长横形切口。切开后保护桡神经浅支,尺神经背侧支。切开腕背部韧带,保护拇长伸肌。切…     

经舟骨月骨掌侧脱位1例

患者,男,２８岁,因手持钻机在井下采煤时右腕桡背侧被煤矸石砸伤,痛疼、活动受限、手指麻木２ｈ入院。查体：右腕部明显肿胀,活动受限,鼻烟壶及桡骨茎突处压痛。Ｘ线片示：腕部舟骨骨折,月骨向掌侧脱位,桡骨茎突骨折。入院后次日在臂丛麻醉下手术,取腕掌侧正中切口入路,见月骨向掌侧脱位,舟骨腰部骨折,舟骨近段和月骨相连并与之一起向掌侧脱位,桡月前韧带完整,将腕关节背伸,复位月骨,舟骨近段随之一同复位,证实骨折解剖复位后,细克氏针交叉固定,修复腕掌侧韧带。术后掌屈２５°石膏外固定。６周后复查舟骨骨折线欠清晰,…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.