游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床应用及效果。方法自2000年6月至2011年6月,采取游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损20例,其中男12例,女8例,年龄6—14岁,平均11岁。新鲜创面8例,晚期感染创面12例。创面面积6cm×8cm～18cm×15cm,平均12cm×8cm,皮瓣切取范围7cm×8cm-18cm×16cm。结果20例均获随访,平均随访时间1年5个月。移植组织全部成活20例,愈合时间12～18d,皮瓣供区可采用游离皮片移植,各种组织移植供区无功能障碍。结论游离股前外侧皮瓣修复儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损,疗效可靠,是理想的治疗方法。     

扩大的足背动脉内侧皮瓣修复儿童足跟及其周围软组织缺损

目的 探讨扩大的足背动脉内侧皮瓣修复儿童足跟部皮肤缺损的效果.方法 2004年8月至2008年12月,共10例患儿足跟及其周围软组织缺损,男8例,女2例,年龄4～10岁.均为创伤所致.创面大小约6.5 cm×4.0 cm～9.5 cm×4.0 cm.10例小儿足跟及其周围软组织缺损采用对侧扩大的足背动脉内侧皮瓣修复.7例皮瓣行交腿皮瓣转移修复,3例皮瓣行游离移植,供区创面采用游离植皮修复.术中把皮瓣内隐神经与受区隐神经吻合.结果 扩大的足背动脉内侧皮瓣范用约7.0 cm×4.5 cm～12.0 cm×4.5 cm.所有皮瓣均完全存活.8例获随访9～18个月,再造足跟两点辨别觉5～9mm,外形良好、无溃疡发生.结论 扩大的足背动脉内侧皮瓣可修复对侧足跟及其周围软组织缺损.该皮瓣是隐神经的绝对支配区,移植后可重建精细感觉.     

吻合神经的邻指皮瓣修复儿童手指指腹软组织缺损22例

目的探讨采用吻合固有神经背侧支的邻指皮瓣修复儿童手指指腹软组织缺损的疗效。方法手指指腹软组织缺损患儿22例28指。男17例20指,女5例8指;年龄5～15岁。其中切割伤10例10指,挤压伤6例8指,机器绞伤6例10指。采用吻合神经背侧支的邻指皮瓣修复患儿指腹软组织缺损,术后3周断蒂。供区全厚皮片覆盖,缝合并留长线打结加压包扎。结果22例手指指腹软组织缺损患儿28指术后皮瓣及供区均成活。随访6～26个月,皮瓣皮片均生长良好,手指指腹饱满,色泽正常,静止2点辨别觉为3.5～6.5mm,创面均Ⅰ期愈合,皮肤色素沉着少许,手指伸屈功能无受限。结论采用吻合指固有神经背侧支邻指皮瓣修复儿童指腹软组织缺损不仅能修复指腹的外观,且能重建指腹感觉,是一种简单实用的手术方法。     

软组织扩张术在儿童下肢中的应用

报告软组织扩张术在儿童下肢的应用。本组５例儿童下肢组织缺损共９个部位，其中黑色素痣２个，皮肤瘢痕７个。置入皮肤扩张器到完成皮肤扩张时间７－１３周，其中有一个在完成皮肤扩张时扩张器外露。扩张的皮瓣在修复缺损时均采用推进皮瓣法。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣联合植皮修复儿童小腿大面积软组织缺损

目的:探讨应用游离股前外侧皮瓣联合植皮修复儿童小腿大面积软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法:自2015年1月至2019年6月,浙江省立同德医院骨科应用游离股前外侧皮瓣联合植皮修复儿童小腿大面积软组织缺损共11例。其中,男8例,女3例;平均年龄为8.4岁,年龄范围为4~13岁;平均病程时间为10. 5 d,范围为2~21 d;创...     

组织工程在小儿外科中的应用前景

许多复杂的先天性畸形在外科治疗过程中需要各种修复材料进行结构和功能的重建 ;某些严重的先天性畸形可导致一个或多个脏器完全失去功能。目前这类疾病的治疗仍是小儿外科的难点。对缺损的修复多采用自体组织移植效果满意。但自体组织移植必须从健康部位切取组织修复病损组织 ,增加创伤 ,对供区造成新的缺损 ,且自体组织供区也十分有限 ,因此这不是最佳的治疗方法。同种或异种组织移植克服了自体组织移植的缺点 ,但移植后的免疫排斥反应再加上供体来源的限制 ,至今尚不能广泛应用于临床。随着材料学的发展 ,目前人工材料的组织相容性、理化…     

自体静脉移植在儿童断指移植中的应用

目的总结自体静脉移植在儿童断指移植中的应用经验.方法对22例(36指)儿童复杂断指再植术中血管缺损,采用前臂远端掌侧自体小静脉移植修复.结果再植成活32指,失败4指,成活率为88.9%.其中9指术后发生血管危象,保守治疗后成活3指,对保守治疗无效的6指进行血管探查,重新吻合血管后成活2指.22例均随访4～24个月,根据断指再植后功能评定标准进行疗效评定:优20指,良9指,可4指,差3指,优良率为80.6%.结论自体小静脉移植取材方便,对供区影响小,疗效满意,适合在复杂儿童断指再植手术中进行血管移植.     

腹部带蒂皮瓣在修复儿童手部软组织缺损中的应用

目的报告应用腹部带蒂皮瓣修复儿童手部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法本院2001年至今收治26例手部皮肤软组织缺损患儿，均采用腹部带蒂皮瓣进行修复，皮瓣切取面积为2cm×1cm～7cm×4．5cm。结果26例皮瓣全部顺利存活，经6～30个月随访，皮瓣质地、外观优良，手功能恢复满意。术后供皮区伤口均Ⅰ期愈合，外形满意。结论腹部带蒂皮瓣是修复儿童手部皮肤创面的理想选择。     

小儿骨与关节缺损的重建

目的：探讨利用带血管蒂或吻合血管腓骨治疗小儿骨与关节缺损的手术方法。方法：收治２５例骨与关节缺损病例。修复方法包括带血管蒂腓骨段转位和吻合血管腓骨小头骨段移植。其中肩肱关节重建９例，桡腕关节重建６列，胫骨缺损修复１０例。结果：经手术后２－１０年随访，重建骨与关节外型和功能令人满意。结论：在小儿关节重建中，带腓骨小头骨段的游离腓骨移植可满足关节结构重建的需要。     

自体游离骨膜移植修复幼兔关节软骨大面积缺损的实验研究

目的采用自体游离骨膜移植修复幼兔关节软骨大面积缺损，并对其组织形态学进行观察，探讨髋关节软骨大面积缺损的修复方法。方法40只新西兰幼免用利刀切除股骨头全层关节软骨达关节软骨表面积的20％以上，制成关节软骨大面积缺损模型。实验组取股骨全层游离骨膜，移植修复股骨头关节软骨缺损；对照组关节软骨缺损不作任何处理。于术后4、8、12、24周取股骨头关节软骨进行大体、光镜观察，Weston—blot法检测关节软骨缺损的修复组织中Ⅱ型胶原蛋白。结果骨膜移植24周后，肉眼下实验组关节软骨缺损区被透明、光滑的软骨覆盖，与周围正常关节软骨组织已难以区分。而对照组软骨缺损区在24周后仍清晰可见基底部少量暗红色纤维结缔组织。光镜下，实验组移植4周后软骨缺损区被骨膜再生组织完全填充，为幼稚透明软骨；12周后新生软骨细胞明显增多，逐渐成熟，但排列紊乱；24周后新生软骨排列趋于规则，与周围正常透明关节软骨结构相似，甲苯胺蓝呈异染性。对照组24周后软骨缺损区仍由纤维样组织覆盖，与周围正常组织分界清晰，边缘可见少量幼稚软骨细胞，甲苯胺蓝异染性不明显。通过Weston-blot法检测证实自体骨膜移植后第四周起，关节软骨缺损的修复组织中Ⅱ型胶原蛋白呈持续高度表达。结论自体游离骨膜移植于幼兔受损髋关节软骨，在一定条件下能演化形成关节透明软骨，可用于修复关节软骨大面积缺损。     

Surgical treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle: a report of three cases and review of the literature.

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is a rare entity of unknown aetiology with predominance of the right side. Our therapeutic concept is discussed with special reference to surgical therapy, histopathological findings and the most recent literature. Two girls and one boy, aged 4, 6, and 8 years, presenting with congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle were surgically treated between 1994 and 2000. A resection of the pseudarthrosis and internal fixation with a small reconstruction plate was performed. A bone graft from the iliac crest was used for restoration of clavicular length. Histological examination revealed a false joint with the ends of the clavicle covered by hyaline cartilage. The patients showed radiographic healing after 12 weeks. At follow-up (mean 44 months), all patients showed excellent clinical and radiological results without functional impairment. The clinical features and histological examination of the resected pseudarthroses clearly proved the diagnosis of a true congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle. According to our clinical and radiological results and considering the recent literature, we recommend surgical therapy with resection, bone grafting, and osteosynthesis with a reconstruction plate around the age of 4 - 6 years.     

MRI evaluation of the knee in children with infantile Blount disease: tibial and extra-tibial findings

Background

Infantile Blount disease is a developmental condition characterized by disorganized endochondral ossification in the medial aspect of the proximal tibial physis.

Objective

To describe the MR imaging abnormalities in the proximal tibia, distal femur, menisci and ligaments of children with infantile Blount disease.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively evaluated 11 children (18 total knee MR examinations) with infantile Blount disease and compared them with an age-matched control group with normal MR examinations. Morphological and morphometric measurements were performed.

Results

The medial menisci were enlarged with increased T2 signal intensity in all MR examinations. The medial femoral epiphyseal cartilage showed abnormal foci of increased signal intensity in nine (50%). The mid-coronal thickness of the medial tibial epiphyseal cartilage was decreased with concomitant increase in the mid-coronal joint space distance. Angular measurements of the proximal tibia demonstrated posteromedial down-sloping configuration.

Conclusions

Most severe abnormalities of infantile Blount disease occur in the medial compartment of the knee, especially at the medial tibial physis and epiphysis. However, other important structures of the knee and the lateral compartment are often affected. MR imaging helps to delineate the extent of multiple tibial and extra-tibial abnormalities, including meniscal abnormalities, perichondrial membrane changes and premature physeal closure.     

Use of a donor iliac vein graft for reconstruction of the inferior vena cava in liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma with caval extension

Complete microscopic tumor resection is critical for successful treatment of hepatoblastoma, and this may include when liver transplantation is required. For tumors involving the IVC or PV, complete resection should include the involved IVC or PV to ensure full tumor clearance. When this is required, the venous reconstruction at transplant or post‐excision can be challenging. We present the management of an 18‐month‐old girl with PRETEXT Stage IV (P, V, F) hepatoblastoma and IVC involvement, where native caval resection and reconstruction was required. The preoperative staging following neoadjuvant chemotherapy was POSTTEXT Stage IV (P, V, F). An orthotopic liver transplantation was performed using a left lateral segment graft from a deceased adult donor. With native hepatectomy, retrohepatic IVC resection from just above the hepatic venous confluence to just above the entry of the right adrenal vein was performed. For caval reconstruction, a venous graft from a deceased donor was used. The graft included the lower IVC with the right common iliac vein and a short stump of the left common iliac vein. The common iliac was a perfect size match for the IVC, and the three natural ostia matched the upper cava, lower cava, and the outflow from the donor left hepatic vein. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and remains well and disease‐free 2 years after transplant with continued patency of the reconstructed cava. When indicated, a donor iliac vein graft with its natural ostia should be considered in caval reconstruction for pediatric liver transplantation.     

组织工程化骺板软骨修复兔部分骺板损伤的实验研究

目的 利用组织工程骺板软骨修复兔骺板缺损,防止肢体畸形发生.方法 取2周龄兔骺板软骨细胞,体外复合牛关节软骨细胞外基质后植入4周龄兔右侧股骨远端骺板缺损处,左侧仅造成缺损,无填充物,作为自身空白对照.于每周行X线检查,4、8、12、16周时行组织学和免疫组化检查.结果 X线显示移植侧股骨畸形明显比对侧轻,骺板缺损处未见明显骨桥生成,被结构紊乱的软骨组织填充,具有一定的生长能力.空白对照侧骨桥形成,骺板早闭.组织学显示移植侧骺板较窄,排列紊乱.免疫组化结果显示移植处染色阳性.结论 组织工程方法培养出骺板软骨不仅可以阻止骨桥产生,还具有一定的生长能力,有望成为治疗骺板早闭的一种合适的材料.

Abstract：

Objective The aim of this study is to establish the feasibility of acellular cartilage matrix as a scaffold for epiphyseal chondrocytes to form tissue engineering growth plate for the treatment of partial growth plate injury. Methods We collected and cultured the epiphyseal plate chondrocytes from 2 weeks old rabbit in vitro, seeded in acellular cartilage matrix to form a complex. It was then transferred to the rabbit right distal femur which was subjected to growth plate injury. The left femur was subjected to the same injury without further treatment (control). The femur recovery was monitored with weekly X-ray. The morphology was studied with hematoxylin- eosin stain and immunohistochemistry. Results The right femur recovery was significantly better than that of the left radiologically. Histology and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that the growth defects were filled with cartilaginous tissue, which has a similar structure as natural epiphyseal plate . On the left side (control), the epiphyseal defect was filled with bone bridge and epiphyseal plate growth was arrestted. Conclusions Epiphyseal cartilage tissue engineering prevents bone bridge generation and also has some growth potential. It may be a suitable treatment materials for repairing the epiphyseal plate defect     

组织工程化骺板软骨修复兔部分骺板损伤的实验研究

目的 利用组织工程骺板软骨修复兔骺板缺损,防止肢体畸形发生.方法 取2周龄兔骺板软骨细胞,体外复合牛关节软骨细胞外基质后植入4周龄兔右侧股骨远端骺板缺损处,左侧仅造成缺损,无填充物,作为自身空白对照.于每周行X线检查,4、8、12、16周时行组织学和免疫组化检查.结果 X线显示移植侧股骨畸形明显比对侧轻,骺板缺损处未见明显骨桥生成,被结构紊乱的软骨组织填充,具有一定的生长能力.空白对照侧骨桥形成,骺板早闭.组织学显示移植侧骺板较窄,排列紊乱.免疫组化结果显示移植处染色阳性.结论 组织工程方法培养出骺板软骨不仅可以阻止骨桥产生,还具有一定的生长能力,有望成为治疗骺板早闭的一种合适的材料.     

儿童腓骨移植对供腿功能影响的长期随访

目的:评价儿童腓骨切除后对小腿及踝关节功能的影响。方法:自1980年以来，对32例儿童作了腓骨移植术，其中对13例患儿作了长期随访，随访最长时间为14年，最短时间为5年，平均随访7年8个月。通过患儿小腿外观、功能活动及膝、踝关节X线片检查，观察外踝移位情况、关节间隙及胫腓两端骨骺结构变化。结果:随访结果显示，10例行走运动正常，但长时间大运动量后感小腿及踝关节乏力；2例踝关节外翻，内踝突出，供腿单足站立不稳；1例腓骨移植11年后，两小腿胫骨相差2．5cm。X线片结果显示：3例外踝上移或伴有后移，胫骨远端骨骺呈“楔形样变”，1例下胫腓关节分离；2例腓骨小头轻度下移外，膝关节外形活动正常，所有患儿未发生胫骨骨折和拇趾屈曲挛缩畸形。结论:儿童腓骨切除后对踝关节的结构有影响，腓骨切除位置愈低，影响愈大。     

Extra-articular triplane fracture of the distal tibia: a case report

The triplane fracture of the distal tibia is anatomically complex. It typically consists of a coronal fracture of the metaphysis, a transverse fracture of the physis, and a sagittal, intra-articular fracture of the epiphysis. We report an unusual variation of the triplane fracture which includes an extra-articular epiphyseal component involving the medial malleolus. This is an important variant to recognize because it does not disrupt the distal tibial articular surface. This lack of articular involvement allows for non-surgical management in contrast to the usual triplane fracture which often requires open reduction and internal fixation. Received: 11 June 1997 Accepted: 3 October 1997     

MR findings of bowlegs in toddlers

Background. Toddlers with severe physiologic tibial bowing are considered to be at risk for the development of Blount's disease. Objective. To correlate MR findings of the knee with the clinical outcome in toddlers with severe physiological tibial bowing. Materials and methods. MR findings were evaluated in 22 affected legs of 14 children with severe tibial bowing (mean age 1.9 years). In 18 affected legs, MR findings were compared with the transition of the tibial metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (MDA) and tibiofemoral angle (TFA) measured serially between 2 and 3 years of age. Results. MR findings of severe tibial bowing comprised undulation of the posteromedial physis of the tibia (3/22), signal alterations in the medial tibial metaphysis (10/22), T2 prolongation in the posteromedial tibial epiphyseal cartilage (14/22) and signal changes in the medial menisci (18/22). The decrease in the TFA was different in the legs with and without increased signal in the epiphyseal cartilage, and the decrease in the MDA was different in the legs with and without physeal undulation. Conclusion. MR imaging findings can predict the retarded resolution of tibial bowing, which may be a risk factor for the development of Blount's disease. Received: 16 December 1998 Accepted: 20 May 1999     

Peri-cardiac arrest following blunt bicycle handlebar trauma to the iliac vessels: management of a rare case

Iliac vessel disruption following blunt trauma is an unusual presentation, particularly in the absence of an orthopaedic injury. We present the unique case of a 14-year-old boy who sustained a blunt bicycle handlebar impalement that resulted in complete transection of the external iliac artery and laceration of the external iliac vein, without a skeletal fracture. The patient deteriorated rapidly, entering hypovolaemic shock and peri-cardiac arrest at anaesthetic induction. Once haemodynamic stability was achieved, the lacerated external iliac vein was used to form an interposition graft to repair the external iliac artery. The rare occurrence and lack of familiarity with this injury, combined with the potential for fatal exsanguination if not swiftly diagnosed makes this case crucial to highlight. Blunt bicycle handlebar injury should carry a high suspicion of severe vascular compromise. If diagnosed this should be rapidly managed with aggressive resuscitation and revascularisation.