影响剖宫产率与剖宫产指征的因素分析

目的：剖析近年来剖宫产率居高不下的主要影响因素，为制定降低剖宫产率的具体措施提供资料。方法：对1989年至2001年间吉林大学第二医院产科住院产妇的足月分娩病例进行回顾性分析。结果：①剖宫产率呈逐年上升趋势，而产钳率呈逐年下降趋势；②剖宫产占难产分娩的比例逐年增高，同期产钳助产占难产分娩的比例逐年下降；③2000年以前居于前四位的剖宫产手术指征是：相对头盆不称、胎儿窘迫、臀位、胎膜早破；1999年起珍贵儿指征已出现，2000年及2001年已跃居第二位；④2000年与2001年脐带绕颈作为剖宫产指征居于第五位和第六位；⑤因单因素指征行剖宫产的比例逐年增加，而因多因素指征行剖宫产的比例逐年下降。结论：现今，剖宫产手术指征已远远超过单纯医学指征的范围，来自孕产妇及医生的主观意愿影响着对分娩方式的合理选择。     

7年剖宫产率及指征变化临床分析

目的：总结我院7年来剖宫产率的变化,分析剖宫产率升高的原因及对策。方法：采用回顾性分析的方法,对我院2005年1月至2011年12月住院分娩的5483例剖宫产病例进行临床分析。结果：①剖宫产率呈逐年上升趋势。②剖宫产各因素所占的比例发生了变化,社会因素,羊水过少,巨大儿剖宫产率上升。结论：加强孕产妇围产期保健和监护,进一步提高产科医师及助产师的技术水平,注重产程观察,防治产科并发症,提高产科质量,正确掌握剖宫产指征。在一定程度上可降低剖宫产率。     

5年剖宫产指征变化分析

目的:剖析近五年来剖宫产率上升的原因及其影响因素,探讨降低剖宫产率的对策.方法:对我院2002～2006年剖宫产率及剖宫产指征变化进行回顾性分析.结果:剖宫产率呈逐年上升趋势,而阴道助产率呈逐年下降趋势;在剖宫产指征中,社会因素、妊娠合并症及并发症、羊水过少剖宫产率上升,而胎儿窘迫、产程异常剖宫产率下降;在各年度手术指征的顺位中,社会因素始终居前3位,且逐年上升至第1位.结论:近年来,剖宫产率上升的主要原因为社会因素.     

5年剖宫产手术指征变迁的因素分析

目的：剖析近5年来剖宫产率居高不下的主要影响因素,为合理控制剖宫产率的具体措施提供资料。方法：对近5年南京市第一医院所有剖宫产病例的手术指征的构成比及主要顺位的变化进行回顾性分析。结果：①剖宫产和难产占分娩总数的比例轻度下降,产钳助产占分娩总数的比例呈逐年下降趋势；②剖宫产主要手术指征的变迁因素,剖宫产构成比下降的有瘢痕子宫、骨盆狭窄、妊娠并发症等,变化不大的是胎儿窘迫、相对性头盆不称、胎位异常；有显著升高的是妊娠合并症、产程异常、社会因素。结论：如今,剖宫产手术指征已远远超过单纯医学指征的范围,随时代而发生相应的变化。     

非医学指征剖宫产影响因素分析

近20年来，我国各级医院中剖宫产率均显著升高，并有继续升高的趋势。资料显示，造成剖宫产率升高的原因是多方面的。剖宫产作为解决分娩的一种方法，需具有合理的医学指征，适度增加剖官产率，对保护母儿的健康和生命有积极、重要的作用。本文的资料显示，该院剖宫产率为49．6％，而其中非医学指征行剖宫产者为27．3％，占剖宫产指征的第一位。这反映了目前某些医院居高不下的剖宫产率中，不合理的、非医学指征所占的比例。本文通过总结一组资料分析了非医学指征剖宫产的影响因素和干预方法，值得同道们关注和借鉴。     

剖宫产指征10年变化分析

目的 探讨刮宫产指征变化及剖宫产率变化与围产儿死亡率关系。方法 选择10年间剖宫产病例，分析剖宫产指征变化及剖宫产率变化与围产儿死亡率。结果 剖宫产率逐年上升，在指征变化中，头盆不称、胎儿持续宫内窘迫占第一、二位，社会因素不断上升，而围产儿死亡率趋于平稳。结论 剖宫产率升高，围产儿死亡率无明显下降，剖宫产指征中社会因素不断上升，值得进一步探讨。     

孕产妇的心理状况与分娩方式的关系

目的研究孕产妇的心理状况随孕周进展的动态变化及其分娩结局,寻求降低剖宫产率的有效对策。方法采用自制问卷、症状自评量表(scL-90)、总体幸福感量表,对89例孕产妇分别于孕35周、38周、产后72小时进行心理状况的评定分析。结果89例孕产妇中自然分娩48例,占53.93％;剖宫产41例,占46.07％(其中无产科指征12例,占29.27％)。无指征剖宫产组分娩前后焦虑、恐怖、抑郁因子分均高于自然分娩及有指征剖宫产组,抑郁因子分均高于自然分娩组及有指征剖宫产组,差异显著(P＜0.01);无指征剖宫产组总体幸福感值低于自然分娩组,差异极显著(P＜0.001)。相关分析表明幸福感、对生育的期望、文化程度与孕产妇的症状水平呈显著负相关(P＜0.01),分娩方式与孕产妇心理状况呈显著正相关(P＜0.01)。结论无产科指征的剖宫产主要是与随孕周进展乃至分娩而渐进的焦虑、恐怖、抑郁有关。故有针对性的进行心理干预可望降低剖宫产率。     

2002—2010年剖宫产率升高的影响因素分析

目的探讨近年来剖宫产率升高的影响因素及其弊端。方法对解放军总医院妇产科2002年1月至2010年12月分娩的12522例孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较不同时期剖宫产率和剖宫产手术指征的变化。结果从2002年至2005年剖宫产率由44.50%（514/1155）升至66.02%（746/1130）,2008年（64.97%,1059/1630）至2010年（64.06%,1251/1953）剖宫产率仍保持较高水平,剖宫产率总体呈升高趋势。阴道分娩助产率从2002年的3.29%（38/1155）下降至2010年的0.05%（1/1953）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2006—2010年剖宫产指征中,社会因素、妊娠合并症并发症和胎儿窘迫位于前3位。瘢痕子宫作为剖宫产指征所占比例从2006年的3.57%（26/729）升高至2010年的6.95%（87/1251）;多胎妊娠作为剖宫产指征从2006年的2.33%（17/729）升高至2010年的3.52%（44/1251）。结论剖宫产率升高原因多种,其中社会因素、妊娠期合并症并发症和胎儿窘迫是重要的影响因素,严格掌握剖宫产指征是降低剖宫产率的关键。     

25年初产妇剖宫产率及适应证的变化分析

目的 从初产妇剖宫产率和适应证的变化中,探讨剖宫产率升高的原因.方法 抽样选择1970～1995年25年初产妇剖宫产病例562例,比较及分析其剖宫产率及适应证的变化.结果 初产妇剖宫产率自80年代逐年上升.在剖宫产适应证中,难产因素比例逐年下降,胎儿因素比例逐年上升;新生儿出生体重的增加和产妇年龄的增大也是影响初产妇剖宫产率增高的原因.结论 初产妇增多并不是引起剖宫产率增高的主要原因.应加强孕产期保健,鼓励产妇阴道分娩,严格掌握剖宫产指征.     

80年代国际剖宫产指征的比较

在70年代,每一个工业化国家都经历了剖宫产率的迅速增加,这种情况到80年代速度逐渐减慢。本文比较了美国,瑞典,挪威,苏格兰四个国家的剖宫产率的变化,并把剖宫产指征分为五种:剖宫产史、臀位、难产、胎儿窘迫和其他,分析各国家不同年代不同剖宫产指征所占比例的变化。 结果表明,从1980～1985年,苏格兰,瑞典剖宫产率略有上升而挪威、美国上升得多。进入80年代后期(1985～1990年),四个国家剖宫产率的增长速度明显下降。四国剖宫产的年增长百分率在     

Outcomes in the absence of the ductus venosus diagnosed in the first trimester

Purpose: To clarify the outcomes of the absence of the ductus venosus (DV) diagnosed in fetuses suspected to have a structural abnormality during a morphological assessment in the first trimester.

Methods: Infants in whom ultrasound fetal morphological assessments were attempted in the first trimester (11 to 13–6 weeks of gestation) and who were subsequently delivered between 2013 and 2015 at Showa University Hospital were enrolled. In cases in which the absence of the DV was diagnosed in the first trimester, the prognosis was assessed.

Results: First-trimester ultrasound screening was performed in a total of 2610 cases between 2013 and 2015. Fetal edema (n?=?38), hydrops (n?=?16), abnormal four-chamber view findings (n?=?2), and tricuspid regurgitation (n?=?1) were observed in a total of 52 cases (2.0%). In 4 of the 52 cases with abnormal ultrasound findings, the absence of the DV was detected.

Conclusion: If fetal edema or hydrops in early pregnancy is found without any other structural abnormalities, not only chromosomal abnormalities should be suspected but also an evaluation for the absence of the DV should be included. In addition, absence of the DV with fetal edema may be associated with the outcomes of cardiac dysfunction, chromosome abnormalities, and intrauterine sudden death. Severe fetal edema is associated with a poor prognosis, and the family must be carefully informed of the potential outcomes.     

Challenges in the Practice of Sexual Medicine in the Time of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom

BackgroundOn 23rd March 2020, the UK government released self-isolation/social distancing guidance to reduce the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The influence such guidance has on sexual activity is not known.AimTo investigate levels and correlates of sexual activity during COVID-19 self-isolation/social distancing in a sample of the UK public.MethodsThis paper presents preplanned interim analyses of data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study, administered through an online survey.OutcomesSexual activity was measured using the following question: “On average after self-isolating how many times have you engaged in sexual activity weekly?” Demographic and clinical data were collected, including sex, age, marital status, employment, annual household income, region, current smoking status, current alcohol consumption, number of chronic physical conditions, number of chronic psychiatric conditions, any physical symptom experienced during self-isolation, and number of days of self-isolation/social distancing. The association between several factors (independent variables) and sexual activity (dependent variable) was studied using a multivariable logistic regression model.Results868 individuals were included in this study. There were 63.1% of women, and 21.8% of adults who were aged between 25 and 34 years. During self-isolation/social distancing, 39.9% of the population reported engaging in sexual activity at least once per week. Variables significantly associated with sexual activity (dependent variable) were being male, a younger age, being married or in a domestic partnership, consuming alcohol, and a higher number of days of self-isolation/social distancing.Clinical ImplicationsIn this sample of 868 UK adults self-isolating owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of sexual activity was lower than 40%. Those reporting particularly low levels of sexual activity included females, older adults, those not married, and those who abstain from alcohol consumption.Strength and LimitationsThis is the first study to investigate sexual activity during the UK COVID-19 self-isolation/social distancing. Participants were asked to self-report their sexual activity potentially introducing self-reporting bias into the findings. Second, analyses were cross-sectional and thus it is not possible to determine trajectories of sexual activity during the current pandemic.ConclusionInterventions to promote health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic should consider positive sexual health messages in mitigating the detrimental health consequences in relation to self-isolation/social distancing and should target those with the lowest levels of sexual activity.Jacob L, Smith L, Butler L, et al. Challenges in the Practice of Sexual Medicine in the Time of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. J Sex Med 2020;17:1229–1236.     

Weaknesses in the case against prepatterning in the mouse

Serious weaknesses are exposed regarding recent claims to have demonstrated that there is no prepatterning of axes in the mouse. That the orientation of the axis of polarity of the blastocyst is dictated by the shape of the zona pellucida is contradicted by systematic observations on living conceptuses. Moreover, this 'mechanical constraint' hypothesis fails to account for key findings on which the case for prepatterning is based.     

Cyclosporine in transplantation of the liver in the dog

Orthotopic hepatic transplantation was performed upon 29 dogs. Four dogs received no immunosuppressant, 12 received cyclosporine and 13 received azathioprine. Dogs treated with cyclosporine at a dose of 20 milligrams per kilogram yielded histologic and functional data indistinguishable from those of the dogs in the sham transplant group. Histologic evidence of rejection consistently appeared when the dose was decreased to 10 milligrams per kilogram but was reversed upon resuming the administration of the higher dosage. Serum levels of bilirubin and hepatic enzymes, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase did not correlate with the development or resolution of histologic evidence of rejection in dogs receiving cyclosporine. Dogs receiving cyclosporine for 60 days had a prolonged survival when the drug was stopped, whereas the dogs receiving such therapy for less than 60 days did not have a prolonged survival period.     

Carcinoma in situ of the cervix in the postmenopausal female

Eleven cases of postmenopausal carcinoma in situ of the cervix (CIS) are reviewed. They comprised 7% of the 178 cases of CIS evaluated and treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between January 1, 1977 and June 30, 1980. The extensive involvement of the endocervical canal in the postmenopausal patient requires conization in addition to colposcopy and endocervical curettage in order to fully evaluate the cervical disease.     

Variations in the distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the uterine cervix of the pregnant woman

A study was made of the modifications of glycosaminoglycans in the uterine cervix and the relationship to gestation. These substances are essential constituents of connective tissue, and a modification of their concentration could affect the physical and chemical characteristics of the cervix.Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from cervical biopsies obtained from pregnant and non-pregnant women. This study showed dermatan sulfate to be quantitatively the most important glycosaminoglycan in the cervix of both the groups studied, and that a significant decrease in the concentration of both dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates occurred in the biopsies obtained just after delivery. This was related to a decrease of collagen in the cervix at the end of gestation, as the proteoglycans containing dermatan sulfate are principally associated with collagen.