超声波辅助提取赤豆中总黄酮的工艺研究

目的 确定超声波辅助提取赤豆中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺,测定赤豆中总黄酮的含量.方法 通过单因素实验考察了超声时间、超声功率、提取温度、乙醇浓度、液料比和pH值对总黄酮提取率的影响.在单因素实验的基础上,利用正交实验法确定超声波辅助提取赤豆中总黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件.结果 所考察的因素中,对赤豆中总黄酮提取的影响程度为:乙醇浓度>超声时间>液料比>pH值.结论 超声波辅助提取总黄酮的最佳提取条件为:超声时间30 min,超声功率600 w,提取温度60℃,乙醇浓度为60%,液料比25:1,pH值为4.提取3次,总黄酮提取率为1.081%.     

正交试验法优选云南松松塔总黄酮的提取工艺

目的:优选云南松松塔总黄酮的提取工艺。方法:采用超声波辅助法提取云南松松塔总黄酮,以总黄酮提取率为指标,考察料液比、提取温度、乙醇体积分数和提取时间对总黄酮提取率的影响,通过正交试验法优选总黄酮的提取工艺。结果:最佳提取工艺为加30倍量60%乙醇于60℃超声辅助提取30 min,云南松松塔总黄酮质量分数3.23%。结论:优选的提取工艺省时、稳定、提取率高。     

新疆产血苋总黄酮提取工艺初步研究

目的:探讨新疆产血苋总黄酮提取工艺优化的方法。方法:采用分光光度法,以芦丁为对照品测定新疆产血苋总黄酮含量,采用单因素试验法对新疆产血苋中黄酮类化合物提取率的主要影响因素进行分析,利用正交试验优化总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件。结果:新疆产血苋黄酮类化合物提取的最佳条件为:乙醇浓度60%,提取温度75℃,料液比1∶40,提取时间120 min,在最佳条件下总黄酮提取率为6.46%。结论:该优选工艺具有提取率高、操作简便、成本低等特点。     

超声波处理法提取蓍草总黄酮的研究

目的:对比研究超声波处理法与加热回流法提取蓍草总黄酮效率.方法:采用单因素比较与正交优选最佳提取方法.结果:超声波处理法与加热回流法在同等条件下,超声波处理提取蓍草总黄酮提取率高于回流提取法.结论:40倍体积的60%乙醇,超声提取30min为蓍草总黄酮提取率最佳条件,超声处理时间与乙醇浓度同等重要因素,大于溶剂量因素.     

叶子花中总黄酮提取方法研究

目的:优选叶子花中总黄酮提取工艺。方法:设计正交实验,采用水浴和超声波分别对叶子花中总黄酮提取方法进行了研究。结果:水浴法的最佳提取工艺条件为:40%乙醇,液固比60∶1,90℃水浴回流3 h。超声波法最佳提取工艺条件为:40%乙醇,液固比20∶1,超声30 min。结论:以本工艺提取黄酮,保证了较高的黄酮含量,优化了叶子花中总黄酮的提取工艺。     

正交设计优选鱼腥草总黄酮提取工艺

目的:优选出鱼腥草总黄酮最佳提取工艺。方法:以总黄酮含量为指标采用正交设计的方法研究总黄酮提取工艺。结果:鱼腥草在以60%浓度的乙醇为提取液,料液比为1∶25,超声波功率为600 W的条件下提取30 min,提取总黄酮最高。结论:此方法提取鱼腥草总黄酮工艺稳定、可靠,是鱼腥草中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。     

银杏叶超声波提取工艺研究

目的银杏叶中总黄酮的提取工艺研究。方法采用超声波对银杏叶进行提取并进行正交实验优化提取工艺,以总黄酮为评价指标,用分光光度法进行测定;并与索氏提取法进行比较。结果选取了在功率80%条件下,超声提取30m in,用10倍的溶酶提取一次为最佳工艺条件。结论超声提取的提取率提高了约1.5倍,超声波的功率对提取率的影响最大,超声时间次之。     

响应面分析法优化白苏中总黄酮的超声提取工艺

目的:确定白苏总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。方法:以白苏总黄酮提取率为指标,采用响应面分析法优化超声提取工艺条件,考察乙醇浓度、固液比、提取次数等三因素对白苏总黄酮提取率的影响。结果:白苏总黄酮最佳提取工艺条件为,加60%乙醇超声提取4次,每次18 min,固液比为1∶15,总黄酮提取率为24.65 mg/g。结论:超声法对白苏总黄酮有较好的提取作用,工艺简单,易于工业化大生产。     

超声波提取嘉菊总黄酮的工艺研究

目的对超声波提取嘉菊总黄酮的工艺条件及参数进行优化。方法采用L9(34)正交设计,以嘉菊总黄酮的含量为考察指标,考察溶剂用量、溶剂浓度、超声时间及提取次数对提取率的影响。结果最佳提取工艺:10倍70%乙醇、超声4次,30 min/次。结论采用超声波提取嘉菊总黄酮工艺简易,可行,对进一步的工艺开发有较好的参考价值。     

女贞子超声波提取工艺研究

目的：研究女贞子总黄酮的提取工艺。方法：采用超声波对女贞子进行提取并进行正交实验优化提取工艺,以总黄酮为评价指标,用分光光度法进行测定;并与索氏提取法进行比较。结果：在功率80%条件下,超声提取30min,用10倍的溶酶提取一次为最佳工艺条件。结论：超声提取的提取率提高了约1.6倍,超声波的功率对提取率的影响最大,超声时间次之。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Experimental study on anti-inflammatory activity of a TCM recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, Patchouli Oil and Zedoary Turmeric Oil in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Chrysanthemum indicum (Compositae) Linné, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and Curcuma wenyujin (Zingiberaceae) Y. H. Chen et C. Ling are three of the extensively used herbal remedies among traditional Chinese medicines for the purpose of anti-inflammation. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recipe named CPZ consisting extracts of the above three herbs, has shown noteworthy anti-influenza activity, which is closely related to its anti-inflammatory feature.

Aim of this study

To investigated the anti-inflammtory activity of CPZ in vivo for a further exploration of the recipe's anti-inflammatory properties.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory property of CPZ on acute inflammation was evaluated by inflammatory models of dimethylbenzene (DMB)-induced ear vasodilatation and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability enhancement in mice, as well as the carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, in which inflammation-related cytokine including prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) in the edematous paw tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, effect of CPZ on chronic inflammation was observed through granuloma formation in rats subjected to cotton pellet implantation.

Results

CPZ (340, 170, and 85 mg/kg for mice, p.o.) not only decreased the DMB-induced ear vasodilatation but also attenuated capillary permeability under acetic acid challenge in mice. And the significant inhibition on carrageenan-induced paw edema was observed. Further more, the ELISA results showed that CPZ (170, 85, and 42.5 mg/kg for rats, p.o.) could up-regulate the level of IL-1β in the edema paw tissue of rats significantly while down-regulate that of PGE₂, but no apparent effect on TNF-α or NO was observed in the test. Besides, CPZ had a certain degree of restraining effect on the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats and the highest dose of 170 mg/kg even showed a significant suppression on it.

Conclusion

The above results indicated that CPZ possessed a potent anti-inflammatory activity, which is indicated to be closely associated with its regulation on IL-1β and PGE₂ thereby mediating the inflammatory response acting at an appropriate level.     

Regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism of TZQ-F,a new kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Aim of the study

Based on the recipe of the traditional anti-diabetic formula TZQ, we developed TZQ-F, a new formula including 8 fractions isolated from Red Paeony root, Mulberry leaf, Lotus leaf, Danshen root and Hawthorn leaf with a good quality assurance. The study was aimed at fraction preparation and effects of the fractions on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.

Materials and methods

The active fractions were obtained by macroporous resin, ion-exchange resin and polyamide resin column chromatographies. HPLC analyses were used for quality control. In vitro mechanism study included DPPH radical scavenging, AGEs formation inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition and lipase inhibition, and rats on high-fat diet were used for in vivo study.

Results

In vitro mechanism study showed that among the 8 fractions, three of them had inhibition effects on intestinal disaccharase, three with inhibition effects on lipase, and five with effects of free radical scavenging. In vivo study showed that after 4 weeks of treatment, TZQ-F significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol, TG, glucose, LDL-C and HDL-C in rats on high-fat diet. Consistent with the in vitro and in vivo results, histology study demonstrated that TZQ-F alleviated hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet.

Conclusions

TZQ-F possesses the potential regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.     

虫草属EST-SSR标记系统的建立研究

目的:通过球孢虫草、蛹虫草EST设计EST-SSR引物,建立虫草属EST-SSR标记系统.方法:从NCBI公共数据库下载获得虫草EST,利用Sequece Seiners 1.2软件去除冗余序列并设计引物,进行PAGE电泳.结果:通过去除EST总序列中低质量的和冗余的序列后,得到全长为2 953 173 bp的4 556条无冗余球孢虫草EST.从中发掘出718个EST-SSR,分布于616条EST中,出现频率是15.8％.平均分布频率是每4 096 bp出现1个,三核苷酸重复序列有419个,是出现最多的重复类型.蛹虫草EST去冗余后得到1 363条无冗余EST,共含有1 117个EST-SSR,出现频率为81.95％,出现最多的重复类型是A核苷酸重复.根据球孢虫草EST-SSR序列,设计合成50对引物,有扩增产物的引物为34对,占总设计引物数的68％.根据蛹虫草EST-SSR,设计合成40对引物,有扩增产物的引物为39对,占总设计引物数的97.5％.基于SSR标记进行聚类分析,7种虫草无性型均能分开,且分为4支.结论:虫草属EST-SSR出现频率较高、类型较丰富、多态性潜能较高,具有较高的利用价值.球孢虫草和蛹虫草EST开发的SSR标记在虫草属有较好的转移性与通用性,可以很好的应用于虫草种间遗传关系的研究.应用虫草物种EST建立分子标记是一条简便而又有效的途径.