急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗相关认知功能损害的多模态MRI研究进展

【摘要】急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）是儿童和青少年中最常见的原发性恶性肿瘤之一。化学药物治疗使ALL患者治愈率明显提高,但化疗相关的认知功能损害（CICI）及其重要的神经系统病理生理学机制非常复杂,尚未得到充分的认识。因此,本文拟对既往ALL患者CICI可能的病理生理机制和多模态MRI研究进行综述。     

难治性强迫症的脑内^18F—FDG摄取变化及其异常脑功能环路研究

目的应用”F—FDGPET显像研究难治性强迫症脑内葡萄糖异常代谢区域,为临床诊疗提供客观的影像学依据。方法对8例难治性强迫症患者和8名健康对照者进行脑”F．FDGPET显像,利用SPM软件进行对比,分析强迫症患者葡萄糖代谢改变的脑区,并对代谢变化与Yale—Brown强迫症评定量表（Y—BOCS）评分进行相关性研究。结果难治性强迫症患者双侧额叶皮质（包括直回、眶回及扣带回）、左侧丘脑、右侧颞叶、双侧小脑葡萄糖代谢高于健康对照组（Zmax=3．45～5．80,P均〈0．001）;而双侧额叶运动区皮质及双侧顶叶（BA7）呈低代谢（Zmax=3．44～4．46,P均〈0．001）。Y—BOCS评分与双侧前扣带回皮质葡萄糖代谢呈正相关（zmax=3．77,3．48,2．97,P均〈0．01）。结论难治性强迫症患者脑内额叶一纹状体一丘脑一额叶环路葡萄糖代谢增高,同时伴随双侧额叶运动区皮质及顶叶葡萄糖代谢减低;前扣带回葡萄糖代谢状态有助于评价强迫症病情的严重程度。     

恶性骨肿瘤超声聚焦刀与介入联合治疗后影像学检查的初步研究

目的 探讨恶性骨肿瘤行高强度聚焦超声（ＨＩＦＵ）联合肿瘤供血动脉内灌注化疗和全身化疗的临床和影像学特征。材料与方法 ４３例恶性骨肿瘤患者接受ＨＩＦＵ、介入和全身化疗的联合治疗,观察临床及影像学变化,重点是肿瘤血管造遥好转、变化情况。结果 联合治疗后绝大部分患者临床指标明显改善,保肢率为９５％（４１／４３）。Ｘ线、ＣＴ检查显示７８．９％（３０／３８）的患者肿块变小,５例瘤区钙化增加;ＥＣＴ示７９％（     

轻度认知障碍患者海马的影像学研究进展

海马是学习记忆相关的重要脑区,其结构、功能的异常与轻度认知障碍（MCI）的发生发展密切相关。MRI、PET等影像学检查手段能提供海马的结构、功能与葡萄糖代谢等指标,能对早期筛查和诊断MCI提供更多的影像学支持。笔者主要综述了遗忘型MCI患者海马结构、海马的功能连接及海马葡萄糖代谢的影像学研究进展,以期发现更加敏感的影像学指标用于MCI的诊断。     

磁共振成像在精神分裂症重复经颅磁刺激中的研究进展

【摘要】重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）作为一种治疗精神分裂症（SZ）的方法,已被越来越多地应用于精神分裂症的病理生理机制及局部神经调节的研究之中。rTMS对治疗SZ的阳性症状（包括幻觉、妄想等）具有较好的疗效,而且对SZ的阴性症状也有一定改善作用。然而,如何精确定位和刺激强度的选择以及哪些SZ患者最适合rTMS治疗等问题尚未明确。运用MRI等影像学方法,从脑结构、功能和代谢等角度去探究rTMS的治疗作用机制及疗效预测,对于rTMS定位和评估治疗结果等具有重要价值。本文复习国内外相关文献,旨在就SZ患者进行rTMS治疗前后的头颅MRI研究进展进行综述,并阐述了rTMS的潜在作用机制、疗效预测手段和神经导航定位等方面的最新发现,主要进展有额叶皮层厚度的改变、左半球颞顶皮层及背外侧前额叶皮层的功能障碍与精神分裂症rTMS治疗的作用机制及疗效有关,基于MRI的神经导航定位有利于提高疗效。     

应用MR影像学技术进行神经科学前沿课题的研究

近年来多层螺旋CT、MRI和核医学[主要是正电子发射计算机体层摄影（PET）、和单光子发射计算机断层摄影（SPECT）]等医学影像学技术飞速发展，神经影像学检查不仅能直接显示颅脑组织解剖和病理等形态学改变，还能观察脑组织的扩散、灌注等生理和病理生理改变，应用MR波谱（MRS）可直接显示脑代谢情况，而脑功能MR成像（fMRI）则已经成为研究心理及认知科学的最佳工具，因而神经影像学已经发生质的飞跃。     

幕上原始神经外胚叶肿瘤的临床病理分析

目的探讨幕上神经外胚叶肿瘤的临床特点、影像学和病理组织学特征,以提高其诊断准确率。方法对我院2003年1月—2007年12月收治的6例幕上神经外胚叶肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肿瘤位于颞叶、枕叶生长各2例,额叶、侧脑室旁各1例,CT显示为稍高密度影,增强后呈不均一强化。MRI为长T1长T2信号,增强后可强化。肿瘤周围水肿明显。病理检查示瘤细胞体积小,胞浆少,多呈裸核状,纤维芯菊形团结构常见。结论SPNET好发于小儿中枢神经系统,其影像学和组织学表现有一定的特征性,影像学及临床表现相结合有助于术前与其他肿瘤鉴别,提高诊断准确性。     

阿尔茨海默病等痴呆疾病的脑功能影像学研究

痴呆类疾病可分为阿尔茨海默病（AD）、皮克病、多发性梗死性痴呆（MID）等类型。它们各具不同的临床特点,神经心理学检查对痴呆的诊断及鉴别诊断起一定作用。AD等痴呆疾病的神经影像学发展越来越迅速,其中^18F-FDGPET脑功能显像技术可以早期发现AD患者大脑皮层顶,颞叶等区域葡萄糖代谢率降低,并且左,右半球不对称。^18F-FDGPET方法还可以鉴别诊断AD与其他痴呆类疾病。     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤附6例病例分析

目的探讨胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤(DNT)的临床、病理学及影像特征,以及影像诊断和鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析6例胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤患者的临床和影像学资料,并获得6例的随访资料;男性4例,女性2例;年龄为7～38岁,平均年龄18岁,大部分以癫痫发作为主要临床表现,大部分肿瘤均位于幕上,少部分肿瘤位于幕下,以皮层为主;肿瘤细胞主要由少突胶质样细胞(OLC)、星形细胞和神经元组成,1例合并有皮质发育不良及钙化。结果胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤MRI检查的共性特征为T1低信号,T2高信号,边界清楚,影像学检查均无明显的占位效应及瘤周水肿,少部分有钙化。结论胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤是一种中枢神经系统良性神经元肿瘤,影像及病理正确诊断具有现实意义,肿瘤切除预后良好,无需放疗和化疗。     

抑郁症相关执行功能障碍的磁共振成像研究进展

抑郁症患者常合并执行功能障碍,这种认知障碍会影响其日常生活质量及预后。执行功能需要额叶皮质、边缘系统、颞顶叶、丘脑、小脑、岛叶、脑干网状系统等协同作用,相应神经回路（主要包括默认模式网络、执行控制网络、突显网络和边缘系统）及其关键区域之间连接的破坏会导致执行功能的破坏。MRI可以非侵入性地显示大脑及其神经网络的结构和功能改变,识别抑郁症相关执行功能障碍及其治疗反应的异常表现,从而评估其功能背后相关的神经机制。笔者综述了目前抑郁症相关执行功能障碍的磁共振结构成像（包括弥散张量成像、形态结构成像）及功能成像的研究进展。     

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is there a correlation between dopamine transporter density and cerebral blood flow?

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent behavioral problems in school-age children. Although the etiology remains unclear, the involvement of the dopaminergic system has been suggested by genetic studies that report an overexpression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene. In spite of these abnormalities being directly related to the decrease of dopamine (DA) in the striatum (STR), abnormalities in brain perfusion have also been observed in cortical-subcortical structures. Functional neuroimaging studies have suggested that the DA concentration may cause changes in the cerebral blood flow (CBF). The objective of our study was to evaluate the relationship between DAT density in STR and cortical-subcortical impairment in CBF. Based on the hypothesis that there is a correlation between DA availability and brain perfusion, we postulated that individuals with ADHD, with a higher DAT density in the basal ganglia, will have lower perfusion in the fronto-striatal-cerebellar networks. We used Tc-99m TRODAT-1 SPECT to measure DAT density and Tc-99m ECD SPECT to assess brain perfusion. Ten adolescents diagnosed with ADHD by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria were investigated. Analysis with Statistical Parametric Mapping 5 corrected for multiple comparisons, using small volume correction, showed a significant negative correlation between the DAT density in the STR and CBF in the cingulate gyrus, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and cerebellum (pFDR <0.01). Our findings suggest that higher DAT density in the STR was associated with a decrease in the regional CBF in the cortical and subcortical attention network.     

Semi-automatic quantification of regional cerebral perfusion in primary degenerative dementia using 99m technetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime and single photon emission tomography

A new semi-automatic method for quantifying regional cerebral uptake of 99m technetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) was used to assess single photon emission tomograms from 5 normal subjects, 14 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 14 patients with dementia of frontal lobe type and 4 patients with dementia with motor neurone disease. Uptake in both posterior cortical regions, although not in other regions, was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in Alzheimer's disease than in normal controls. Conversely in both dementia of frontal lobe type and dementia with motor neurone disease, uptake was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) compared with controls in all anterior cortical regions but not in posterior regions. Numerical findings in each disease mirrored the pattern of reduced tracer uptake previously reported by visual assessment. Nine patients were re-examined after an interval of at least 1 year. Comparison of follow-up scans with original images showed significant decreases in mid-anterior, left anterior and left posterior cortical uptake (P less than 0.01) in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in left middle, left posterior and right posterior cortical uptake (P less than 0.01) in patients with dementia of frontal lobe type. The method of quantification may be a useful adjunct to the visual assessment of single photon emission tomograms.     

Spontaneous superficial parenchymal and leptomeningeal hemorrhage in term neonates

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial hemorrhage in term neonates often results from asphyxia, obvious birth trauma, blood dyscrasia, or vascular malformation but may occur without an obvious inciting event. In this study, we review the clinical and neuroimaging features of healthy term neonates presenting with spontaneous superficial parenchymal and leptomeningeal (ie, subpial or subarachnoid) hemorrhage. METHODS: The clinical records and neuroimaging studies of seven term neonates with spontaneous superficial parenchymal and leptomeningeal hemorrhage were retrospectively reviewed. All underwent diffusion-weighted MR imaging and 6 underwent CT within 72 hours of birth. Magnetic susceptibility-weighted imaging was performed in five, MR angiography in two, and MR venography in two. Follow-up MR imaging was performed in one infant. Clinical follow-up was done in four patients. RESULTS: All neonates had normal birth weights and high 5-minute APGAR scores. All were delivered vaginally (one with forceps assistance, and one with vacuum assistance). No blood dyscrasias were noted. Within 36 hours after delivery, all neonates presented with apnea or seizures or both. Neuroimaging subsequently revealed superficial parenchymal and leptomeningeal hemorrhage. Four occurred in the anterior-inferior-lateral temporal lobe adjacent to the pterion. The remaining three were located in the parietal lobe, frontal lobe, and lateral temporal lobe under the squamosal suture. Decreased diffusion in parenchyma adjacent to the hemorrhage and overlying subcutaneous soft-tissue swelling were apparent in five patients. Susceptibility-weighted imaging showed no additional lesions. MR angiography and MR venography findings were normal. Follow-up MR imaging in one patient demonstrated encephalomalacia. Four patients with short-term clinical follow-up were neurologically normal. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous superficial parenchymal and leptomeningeal hemorrhage occurs in otherwise healthy term neonates. The hemorrhage is most often in the temporal lobe and in proximity to sutures, accompanied by overlying soft-tissue swelling and adjacent decreased diffusion. This pattern leads us to implicate local trauma with contusion or venous compression or occlusion in the development of these hemorrhages.     

成人原发性甲状腺功能减退症的脑血流灌注显像特征

目的 观察成人原发性甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)患者局部脑血流(rCBF)显像特点,以探索甲减致脑中枢神经系统损害的机制.方法 对15例正常对照组及45例甲减患者分别进行了脑SPECT显像.结果 45例成人甲减患者rCBF减低为91.11%(41/45例),正常为8.89%.20%的甲减患者脑血流灌注出现弥漫性减低,71.11%的患者出现局灶性减低.病变累及的部位主要是颞叶和额叶,其中额叶异常18例(56.25%);颞叶异常31例(96.88%);顶叶异常9例(28.13%);枕叶异常5例(15.63%),基底节异常11例(34.38%).临床甲减组双侧额叶、颞叶、顶叶、基底节及右侧枕叶rCBF明显低于对照组(P《0.01或0.05).亚临床甲减组双侧颞叶、左侧额叶及左侧基底节rCBF也明显低于对照组(P《0.01或0.05).甲减组的额叶、颞叶R/L比值与对照组比较有显著差异(P《0.01).结论 成人原发性甲减患者存在不同程度的脑血流灌注减低,这与其引起的神经精神方面症状可能密切相关,并对指导临床治疗有积极意义.     

2型糖尿病患者局部脑血流灌注与认知功能障碍的关系

目的：探讨无低血糖发作的2型糖尿病（DM）患者的局部脑血流灌注特性及其与认知功能障碍的关系。方法 符合WHO糖尿病诊断标准的中年2型DM患者11例,年龄46－59岁,对照组为11例无神经精神疾病史的健康人,年龄41－58岁,认知功能测定选用韦氏成人记忆量表（WMS）,连线测验A,威期康星卡片分类试验（WCST）,常规99Tc^m-双半胱乙酯（ECD）SPECT脑血流灌注显像,半定量分析在横断面图像7－11帧进行,结果（1）2DM组各项认知测验成绩普遍低于对照组,差异有显著性,表现在记忆量表中反映长时记忆的累加项,反映短时记忆的视觉再认项,联想学习项和总记忆商均显著低于对照组,连线测验完成时间较对照组慢;WCST成绩明显低于对照组,（2）2型DM患者存在局部脑血流灌注的减低,尤其是额叶,颞叶和顶叶。（3）2型DM患者的脑血流灌注显像右额叶局部脑血流（rCBF)值分别与WMS中的累加项,理解项呈正比相关,与WCST中的坚持性错误（％）成负相关;右颞叶rCBF值与韦氏记忆量表中的背数项呈正相关,结论 （1）血糖控制较好,无反复低血糖发作的2型DM患者仍然存在中枢神经系统损害,临床表现为记忆力,注意力减退,推断判断及概括能力下降等认训技能损害,（2）2型DM患者存在不同程度的额,颞,顶叶血流灌注减低,并且额颞叶的血流灌注与记忆力,判断力,概括力,思维的灵活性有相关关系。     

Neuroimaging in pediatric leukemia and lymphoma: differential diagnosis.

Recent advances in therapy for pediatric hematologic neoplasms have greatly improved the prognosis but have resulted in an increased incidence of associated complications and toxic effects. The main neuroimaging features in pediatric patients with leukemia or lymphoma treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy were retrospectively reviewed. To simplify the approach and facilitate differential diagnosis, the neuroimaging features have been classified into three main categories: central nervous system manifestations of primary disease, side effects of therapeutic procedures (radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation), and complications due to immunosuppression, particularly infections. Manifestations of primary disease include cerebrovascular complications (hemorrhage, cerebral infarction) and central nervous system involvement (infiltration of the meninges, parenchyma, bone marrow, orbit, and spine). Effects of radiation therapy include white matter disease, mineralizing microangiopathy, parenchymal brain volume loss, radiation-induced cryptic vascular malformations, and second neoplasms. Effects of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation include hemorrhage, dural venous thrombosis, white matter disease, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, and anterior lumbosacral radiculopathy. Both the underlying malignancy and antineoplastic therapy can cause immunosuppression. Fungi are the most frequent causal microorganisms in immunosuppressed patients with infection. Familiarity with the imaging findings is essential for proper diagnosis of neurologic symptoms in pediatric patients with oncohematologic disease.     

Semi-automatic quantification of regional cerebral perfusion in primary degenerative dementia using 99m technetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime and single photon emission tomography

A new semi-automatic method for quantifying regional cerebral uptake of 99m technetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (^99mTc-HMPAO) was used to assess single photon emission tomograms from 5 normal subjects, 14 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 14 patients with dementia of frontal lobe type and 4 patients with dementia with motor neurone disease. Uptake in both posterior cortical regions, although not in other regions, was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in Alzheimer's disease than in normal controls. Conversely in both dementia of frontal lobe type and dementia with motor neurone disease, uptake was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) compared with controls in all anterior cortical regions but not in posterior regions. Numerical findings in each disease mirrored the pattern of reduced tracer uptake previously reported by visual assessment. Nine patients were re-examined after an interval of at least 1 year. Comparison of follow-up scans with original images showed significant decreases in mid-anterior, left anterior and left posterior cortical uptake (P < 0.01) in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in left middle, left posterior and right posterior cortical uptake (P < 0.01) in patients with dementia of frontal lobe type. The method of quantification may be a useful adjunct to the visual assessment of single photon emission tomograms.     

fMRI成像技术在OSAHS患者中的临床价值研究

目的 采用fMRI图像处理技术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS） 患者神经影像学进行研究,运用ReHo法探索患者脑功能及结构变化。方法 选取 2021 年 1 月-2022 年 12 月厦门市海沧医院就诊的 20 例OSAHS患者作为研究对象,另选同期来院体检的健康志愿者 20 例作为健康对照组,分析比较两组受试者的一般情况并对两组患者进行睡眠监测,同时进行fMRI检查,并运用ReHo法对各组及两组间受试者睡眠前后脑区功能改变情况进行比较。 结果 两组受试者一般情况资料差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,健康对照组AHI（2.35±1.27）低于OSAHS组（32.93±14.90）,最低SpO2值（88.25±3.01）高于OSAHS组（67.25±8.06）,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。健康人群睡眠后ReHo增强脑区有左右侧颞下回、左右侧前扣带回、右侧杏仁核、右侧海马,减弱脑区有左右侧前额叶、左右顶叶。OSAHS患者睡眠后ReHo增强脑区有左右侧颞下回、右侧脑干,减弱脑区有右侧额中回、两侧额上回及右侧顶下小叶。与健康对照组对比,在OSAHS组中,增强脑区有左右侧小脑后叶、右侧脑干,减弱脑区有右侧额中回、左侧顶下小叶、两侧额上回。结论 OSAHS患者的多个脑区ReHo值均有变化,说明间断性缺氧对患者的脑功能产生了一定影响。     

五例艾滋病患者~(99)Tc~m-ECD脑SPECT显像

目的　观察艾滋病 (AIDS)患者局部脑血流 (rCBF)的变化。方法　对 5例男性AIDS患者 (IV期 )进行了99Tcm 双半胱乙酯 (ECD)脑血流灌注显像 ,半定量测定rCBF。 16例性别、年龄匹配的健康者作正常对照。结果　 1例有痴呆临床表现的AIDS患者存在双侧额、顶、颞叶和基底节及左侧丘脑rCBF低灌注 ,4例无痴呆临床表现的AIDS患者亦出现双侧额、顶叶rCBF低灌注。AIDS组患者双侧额、顶、颞叶、基底节和丘脑以及直回和桥脑rCBF明显低于对照组。结论　AIDS患者存在脑皮层和皮层下rCBF减少     

帕金森病脑18F-FDG PET显像临床研究

目的：探讨帕金森病（PD）患者18F－脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET脑代谢显像的影像学特征及其临床意义。方法：静脉注射18F－FDG后行脑断层显像，获得33例PD患者及32例正常人纹状体，丘脑，黑质，顶叶，颞叶，额叶，枕叶，海马单位面积放射性计数与小脑计数的比值（Rcl/cb)，并与MRI进行对照。结果：正常人脑PET显像可见大脑各叶，基底节，丘脑，中脑及小脑放射性分布均匀对称。PD患者的PET异常率为96．97％，MRI异常率为30．30％，PD患者黑质，纹状体，丘脑及大脑半球各叶代谢低于正常人，差异有非常显著性（P＜0．001），并与症状严重程度有关，症状重侧肢体对侧脑半球的黑质，纹状体，丘脑及额叶代谢较另侧降低，PD患者PET显像特征：非对称性黑质（93．94％），纹状体（69．70％），丘脑（36．36％）代谢减低，非对称性纹状体或丘脑代 谢轻度增高，占15．15％，非对称性大脑各叶代谢下降，其中以颞叶（51．52％），额叶（39．39％），海马（45．46％）为著，非对称性额叶，颞叶，海马代谢轻度增高占9．09％，结论：在除外脑内结构特异性损害基础上，18F－FDG，PET发现单侧或不对称性双侧黑质，经纹体，丘脑代谢减低或轻度增高有助PD的早期诊断。