2～7岁小于胎龄儿血清瘦素水平与生长关系的研究

【目的】检测小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age，SGA）2-7岁阶段血清瘦素，探讨其与SGA生长的关系。【方法】采用放射免疫法测定60例2～7岁SGA和40例2～7岁适于胎龄儿（appropriate for gestational age，AGA）血清瘦素水平。【结果】①SGA组儿童的血清瘦素水平明娃低于AGA组（P〈0．001）；②血清瘦紊水平与体重、身长、年龄、体质指数呈正相关；③无论是SGA组，还是AGA组，女童血清瘦素水平显著高于同组的男童（P〈0．05）。【结论】瘦素参与2～7岁儿童的生长过程，并可作为评价此阶段儿童营养状况的指标。     

早产小于胎龄儿发育特征研究

【目的】探讨早产小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)生长发育特征,为今后对早产儿进行有效干预提供依据。【方法】将胎龄在206-258 d的早产儿按体重进行胎龄评估,分为SGA组(出生体重小于同胎龄出生体重P10)45例,适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)组76例,对照组200例(正常足月儿)。三组均于出生后定期接受体格发育监测和52项神经运动检查,并进行相应干预指导。在1-2岁间做智力(CDCC)检查。【结果】早产SGA儿体重在3-6月时与其他两组差异有显著性,9-12个月与早产AGA儿体重差异缩小,但仍与足月儿有差异。早产SGA儿52项神经运动检查部分指标异常率明显高于其他两组。早产儿智能发育指数(mental development index,MDI)与足月儿差异有显著性,早产儿两组之间差异不大。早产儿贫血发生率高。【结论】早产SGA儿1岁以内的体格生长发育具有快速追赶特征,6个月后仍能保持较快的追赶速度。但1岁以内体重落后危险仍较大,神经运动发育也落后。早产儿2岁以内MDI较低,应该针对性地进行干预指导。     

早期血浆蛋白质量对新生儿营养评价

【目的】 通过对新生儿血浆蛋白测定结果分析,探讨生后早期血浆蛋白质量对新生儿营养状况评估价值。 【方法】 选取120例新生儿为研究对象,分以下四组:早产小于胎龄儿组(small for gestational age, SGA)30例,早产适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age, AGA)组30例,足月小于胎龄儿组30例,足月适于胎龄儿组30例。所有研究对象生后24 h 内静脉采血测定血浆蛋白进行比较分析。 【结果】 1)SGA组血浆前白蛋白质量(serum protein mass/prealbumin, SPM/PA)显著低于AGA组;2)早产儿AGA组白蛋白(albumin, ALB)低于足月儿AGA组;3)早产儿组前白蛋白(prealbumin, PA)及SPM/PA均低于足月儿组。上述差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 【结论】 1)新生儿早期SPM/PA是评价新生儿营养状况的重要指标;2)SPM/PA还可作为评定胎龄,区分适于胎龄儿和小于胎龄儿的有效指标。     

大于胎龄儿体格发育的纵向研究

【目的】动态观察大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age,LGA)体格发育的特点,给予医学干预,降低肥胖发生率,也为进一步制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据。【方法】将研究对象于0~2岁期间定时监测体重、身高,通过体质指数(body mass index,BMI)衡量营养状况,计算肥胖率。【结果】LGA儿各时点的BMI值高于适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)(P<0.05),变化规律一致,但LGA儿峰值提前,肥胖率增高(P<0.01),干预后,LGA儿1年后的BMI值接近AGA儿(P>0.05),峰值延迟,肥胖率下降。【结论】LGA儿肥胖发生率高,生后立即给予干预,体格发育可达正常水平,降低肥胖率。     

小于胎龄儿发病相关危险因素分析

【目的】分析小于胎龄(small for gestational age,SGA)儿发病的相关危险因素,为临床防治提供参考。【方法】采用1∶2配对的病例对照研究方法,选取本院2005年1月～2006年12月出生的240例单胎活产SGA儿及同期出生的相同胎龄的适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)480例,应用Logistic回归分析方法,对其影响因素进行分析。【结果】多元回归分析显示:妊娠高血压综合症、既往异常妊娠史、母亲文化程度低、孕期被动吸烟与SGA发生有关联,其OR值分别为5.65、2.83、3.53、4.71。【结论】妊娠高血压综合症、既往异常妊娠史、母亲文化程度低、孕期被动吸烟,是SGA发生的危险因素,应从孕期保健做起,避免或减少SGA的发生。     

表皮生长因子、抗心磷脂抗体与胎儿生长发育的关系

【目的】测定母血、脐血表皮生长因子(epidermal growthfactor,EGF)与脐血抗心磷脂抗体(anticardiolip-in antibodies,ACA)水平与胎儿生长发育的关系。【方法】收集小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)组(18例)、适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)组(20例)、大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age,LGA)组(17例)的脐血5ml及其母产后第2d肘静脉血2ml,酶联免疫法测EGF、ACA-IgG和ACA-Ig M。【结果】①SGA组脐血EGF含量显著高于AGA组、LGA组(P<0.05),胎儿出生体重与胎儿自身EGF水平呈现明显负相关(r=-0.573,P<0.001),胎儿出生身长与胎儿自身EGF水平呈现负相关(r=-0.343,P<0.05);②SGA组母血EGF含量明显低于AGA组、LGA组,胎儿出生体重与母亲血EGF水平呈现正相关(r=0.391,P<0.05),胎儿出生身长与母亲血EGF水平无相关(r=0.264,P>0.05);③母血与脐血EGF水平差异无显著性(P>0.05);④新生儿ACA-IgG阳性与宫内生长迟缓(intrauterine growth retardation,I UGR)、胎膜早破、宫内窘迫的发生有关。【结论】胎儿体重与母血和胎儿EGF水平变化有关,胎儿身长与胎儿EGF水平变化有关,证实EGF对胎儿的调节作用;脐血ACA-IgG与I UGR的发生有关。     

鸢尾素水平与亚洲人新生儿体重关系的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析法系统评价鸢尾素(irisin)水平与亚洲人新生儿体重的关系。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane图书馆、Embase及中国知网、万方数据库等文献数据库,收集关于irisin水平与新生儿体重相关的文献,按照纳排标准筛选,提取所需数据并用RevMan 5.3统计软件进行Meta分析。结果 最终筛选出2014～2021年发表的10篇高质量文献,共1 184例参与者,5项研究基于中国,4项研究基于土耳其,1项研究基于巴基斯坦;Meta分析结果显示：(1)irisin水平。(1)小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age infant, SGA)、适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age, AGA)组。总体：SGA组：脐血irisin水平低于AGA组,不同样本量、国家研究中的SGA组脐血irisin水平均低于AGA组;(2)大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age infant, LGA)组、AGA组。总体：LGA组脐血irisin水平高于AGA组;>100样本量的研究中LGA组脐...     

小于胎龄儿与生长激素治疗

小于胎龄(small for gestational age,SGA)儿是指出生时体重指数为适于胎龄(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)儿平均体重的第10百分位以下,或低于适于胎龄儿平均体重2个标准差(s)的新生儿,其成年后易出现身材矮小.近年来,生长激素 (growth hormone,GH)用于治疗小于胎龄儿取得较好效果,本文对此综述如下.     

小于胎龄儿出生后早期追赶生长与血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平的相关性分析

[目的]探讨小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)生后早期的追赶生长与IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平的相关性。[方法]采用前瞻性研究方法,比较41名SGA与65名适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)出生及3个月龄时的体格测量值与IGF-1、IGFBP-3的关系以及SGA的追赶生长与上述指标的相关性。[结果]SGA3月龄时IGF-1、IGFBP-3值均高于AGA;SGA的追赶生长与IGF-1、IGFBP-3值明显正相关(P﹤0.05)。在34名SGA中21名出现了追赶生长,其IGF-1、IGFBP-3值均显著高于未追赶组。[结论]SGA早期的追赶生长与IGF-1、IGF-BP-3水平密切相关,IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平低,可能会导致生长迟缓。     

闸北区小于胎龄儿体格发育情况分析

【目的】 通过对全区婴幼儿体格发育情况调查,了解小于胎龄儿(small for gestational,SGA)发生、发育情况。 【方法】 以回顾性调查及现况调查混合队列方式进行,收集情况记录在案。 【结果】 共调查8 829例,SGA发生率为4.67%,单胎早产SGA占54%,双胎早产SGA占62%。 【结论】 关注母亲营养,加强孕期保健,减少SGA的发生率,并关注SGA生后的营养干预。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.