中青年原发性高血压代谢状态研究

目的研究中青年原发性高血压患者血糖、血脂、血尿酸等代谢状态。方法对69例（研究组）中青年原发性高血压患者检测空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2h胰岛素（2bINS），进行口服糖耐量试验（OGTT）、胰岛素释放试验，检测血脂、血尿酸（UA），评估患者的代谢状态。并与正常对照组（41例）比较。结果研究组患者FPG、2hPG、FINS与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01、P〈0．05、P〈0．05）；血总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、UA与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。OGTT后2hPG7．8-11．1mmol／L的患者占19％。结论中青年原发性高血压部分患者在FPG正常时可能已经出现OGTT减低、空腹胰岛素水平升高，存在胰岛素抵抗；建议早做OGTT，对同时出现血脂、UA代谢紊乱者，应进行早期干预。     

空腹血糖受损患者胰岛素抵抗状况的再评价

目的:研究切点调整后空腹血糖受损患者的胰岛素抵抗。方法:62例健康志愿者根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果分为正常糖耐量(NGT)组16例,单纯空腹血糖受损(IFG)组26例,伴糖耐量异常的空腹血糖受损(CGT)组15例。测定空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹C肽(FCp)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)以及口服葡萄糖耐量试验2h血糖(PPG)、胰岛素(PINS)、C肽(PCp)。用HOMA指数计算胰岛素敏感性和β细胞功能。结果:与NGT纽相比IFG与CGT组的HOMA-IR升高(P<0．05)。各组间HOMAβ无显著差异。结论:空腹血糖受损患者,无论其是否伴有糖耐量异常,均存在胰岛素抵抗状态。     

阿卡波糖＋生活方式干预治疗糖调节受损的疗效观察

目的观察阿卡波糖＋生活方式干预治疗糖调节受损（IGR）患者的疗效。方法将142例IGR患者随机分为观察组与对照组2组,每组71例。对照组给予生活方式干预治疗,观察组给予生活方式＋阿卡波糖干预治疗,治疗1年后,观察2组的临床疗效;比较2组干预治疗前后体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比、空腹血糖（FPG）、糖耐量试验（OGTT）后2 h血糖（OGTT-2h PG）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、OGTT实验后2 h胰岛素（OGTT-2 h INS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（Homa IR）、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）及肝肾功能的变化。结果对照组与观察组糖尿病年转化率分别为8.4%、4.2%,正常葡萄糖耐量（NGT）逆转率分别为16.9%、71.8%,2组相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组干预治疗后FPG、OGTT-2h PG、TC、TG、FINS、OGTT-2h INS、ISI及HomaIR均明显下降,与治疗前及对照组治疗后相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论对于IGR给予生活方式干预的同时辅以阿卡波糖干预是一种更积极、更有效,且安全、依从性好的措施。阿卡波糖不仅对单纯性糖耐量受损（I-IGT）有效,对单纯性空腹血糖异常（I-IFG）、混合性糖调节受损（CGI）也有效,CGI较其它两亚型更易转为糖尿病。     

冠心病伴胰岛素抵抗患者血脂与纤维蛋白原和血小板聚集率的关系

目的：探讨冠心病伴胰岛素抵抗（IR）患者血脂、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、血小板聚集率（PAGM）之间的相关性并与单纯冠心病患者进行比较。方法：将糖耐量正常的118例冠心病患者,根据空腹胰岛素（FINS）〉25 mU/L或餐后胰岛素（PINS）/餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）〉0.5 mg/dl为胰岛素抵抗组（IR组）76例;低于此值为非胰岛素抵抗组（non-IR组）42例。检测其空腹血糖（FPG）、FINS、2hPG、PINS、FIB、PAGM并且计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）两组进行比较。结果：IR组高血压发病率、TG明显高于non-IR组,高密度脂蛋白-C（HDL-C）明显降低（P〈0.05）,IR组FINS、PINS、HOMA-IR、FIB、PAGM较non-IR组明显升高（P〈0.01）,HOMA-IR与TG、FIB、PAGM呈正相关（r=0.52、0.58、0.55,P〈0.01）与HDL-C呈负相关（r=-0.48,P〈0.01）。结论：表明冠心病伴IR患者除血糖外与糖尿病患者拥有相似的生化特征,IR似处于核心地位,是多种代谢异常和心血管疾病的致病基础。检测INS、FIB、PAGM对急性冠脉事件的近期、预后有较强的预测价值。     

2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝临床分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血脂代谢紊乱及胰岛素抵抗（IR）与脂肪肝发病的关系。方法：对我院2005/2007年住院的2型糖尿病患者,根据有无合并脂肪肝分为脂肪肝组和非脂肪肝组,进行空腹血胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（PBG）测定,进行胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）计算,并进行分析。结果：合并脂肪肝组TG、FINS、LDL、ISI较无合并脂肪肝组升高（P均〈0.05）,而TC、HDL、FBG、PBG两组差别无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论：2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝组血脂代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗更明显。     

2型糖尿病患者心脑血管并发症与胰岛素抵抗及血脂的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者心脑血管并发症与血糖、血压、血脂、胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 将286例2型糖尿病患者按有无合并心脑血管并发症进行分组，观察空腹血耱（FBG）、餐后血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后胰岛素（PINS）、空腹C肽、餐后C肽及血脂水平，并计算胰岛素抵抗指数（IR）、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI），分析这些参数与心脑血管并发症的关系。结果 2型糖尿病合并心脑血管并发症组患者年龄较大、血压较高，体质指数（BMI）、FINS、PINS、空腹及餐后C肽、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、载脂蛋白E（ApoE）、IR均显著升高，ISI显著下降，与2型糖尿病无心脑血管并发症组相比，差异有显著性。而FBG、PBG、HbA1c、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、载脂蛋白A（ApoA）、载脂蛋白B（ApoB）差异则无显著性。结论 胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常、血压升高是2型糖尿病合并心脑血管并发症的危险因素，参与心脑血管并发症的发生发展。     

糖尿病患者血清胰岛素、性激素与脂质变化相互关系的探讨

目的 为探讨非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（NIDDM）患者血清脂质、胰岛素与性激素变化异常间的关系。方法 检测了40例50岁以上NIDDM患者血清雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（T）水平及胰岛素、脂质和空腹血糖的变化，并与健康对照组比较，观察Ⅱ型糖尿病患者性激素与脂质、胰岛素和空腹血糖的关系。结果 发现男性患者E升高，E2／T比值显著增高；女性患者E2降低，B／T显著降低，伴高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗。B／T与空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）呈正相关，与总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）呈负相关；T与HDL—C呈正相关，与甘油三酯（TG）呈负相关。结论 提示NIDDM患者存在严重的性激素失调、脂代谢紊乱及胰岛素抵抗。     

盐酸吡格列酮对磺脲类和双胍类药物联合治疗失效的2型糖尿病患者的疗效观察

目的观察盐酸吡格列酮对磺脲类和双胍类药物联合治疗而血糖仍未控制的2型糖尿病患者的降糖作用。方法采用随机双盲、安慰剂平行对照研究。45例符合入选条件的患者随机分入吡格列酮组或安慰剂组,为期12周双盲期治疗。试验开始和结束日测定患者空腹血糖(FPG)、血清胰岛素(FINS)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)以及标准餐后2h血糖(PG2h)和胰岛素(INS2h)。胰岛素敏感性采用HOMA-model公式评价。结果在基线时吡格列酮组和安慰剂组患者的平均年龄、病程、体重指数、血压、FPG、PG2h、FINS、INS2h、HbA1c和血脂差异无显著性。12周时吡格列酮组的FPG平均下降幅度显著大于安慰剂组[分别为(-1.94±1.24)mmol/L和(-1.15±1.22)mmol/L,P<0.05]。吡格列酮组12周时PG2h、HbA1c、TG、TC和HDL-C均较治疗前显著下降,但组间比较只有PG2h存在显著差异。吡格列酮组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)显著低于安慰剂组(1.30±0.90与2.55±1.61,P<0.01)。结论盐酸吡格列酮可改善磺脲类和双胍类药物联合治疗血糖仍未达标的2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平,提高胰岛素敏感性。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者C-反应蛋白的影响

目的观察罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）前后血清高敏C-反应蛋白（hsCRP）的变化。方法采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照方法将120例已经合用磺脲类和双胍类药物的T2DM随机分为安慰剂组和罗格列酮组，治疗12周。结果安慰剂组治疗后，糖化血红蛋白明显下降，其他指标均无显著变化。罗格列酮组患者治疗12周后与基线比较空腹血糖，餐后2h血糖，糖化血红蛋白，胰岛素抵抗指数（IRI），hsCRP均明显下降。结论罗格列酮在治疗T2DM时，除了改善患者的胰岛素抵抗，降低血糖，还具有明显的抗炎症作用，使hsCRP下降。     

罗格列酮联合卡托普利治疗早期糖尿病肾病的疗效分析

【目的】探讨罗格列酮联合卡托普利治疗早期糖尿病肾病（DN）的疗效。[方法]入住本院的DN患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,在给予降糖药二甲双胍控制血糖后,分别给予罗格列酮联合卡托普利治疗及单纯卡托普利治疗,观察两组治疗后空腹血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—D）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、尿微量蛋白（mAlb）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）变化。【结果】两组患者治疗后mAlb、FPG、TC、LDLC、SBP、DBP均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0．05）;观察组mAlb、FPG下降较对照组更为显著（P〈0．05）。对照组和观察组在治疗中分别出现1例和2例双下肢踝部轻度水肿。【结论】罗格列酮联合卡托普利治疗早期DN疗效较好,且使用安全。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.