ABCD2量表用于短暂性脑缺血发作患者短期预后评估价值

目的 研究ABCD2量表对短暂性脑缺血发作患者短期(7 d)内进展为脑梗死风险的预测价值.方法 短暂性脑缺血发作患者60例,依据ABCD2量表评分将患者分为低危组(0～3分)14例,中危组(4～5分)36例和高危组(6～7分)10例,观察各组7d内脑梗死发生率.结果 低危、中危和高危组脑梗死发生率分别为7.14％,22.2％和70.0％,3组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ABCD2量表可用于预测短暂性脑缺血短期内进展为脑梗死的风险,评分越高的患者其短期内进展为脑梗死的风险越高.     

低分子肝素钙对短暂性脑缺血微栓子的干预作用

目的观察低分子肝素钙对短暂性脑缺血发作的疗效。方法入选患者90例，随机分为低分子肝素钙和常规治疗组，低分子肝素钙治疗组43例给予低分子肝素钙6150IU皮下注射，每12h一次，常规治疗组给予肠溶阿司匹林100mg，每天一次，两组患者均常规给予活血化瘀、扩张脑血管、脑保护药治疗，10d为1个疗程。结果治疗组和对照组1d内短暂性脑缺血发作控制率分别为66．67％和53．84％，3d内短暂性脑缺血发作控制率分别为91．67％和76．92％，10d内短暂性脑缺血发作控制率分别为95．83％和88．45％，治疗期间治疗组发生脑梗死1例，对照组3例，发生率分别为4．16％和11．53％。半年内短暂性脑缺血发作复发率分别为8．33％和15．38％。脑梗死发生率分别为4．16％和19．23％。两组疗效比较低分子肝素钙治疗组明显高于常规治疗组。治疗期间两组患者均未发生脑出血，治疗前后查凝血酶原时间无明显变化。结论低分子肝素钙对短暂性脑缺血发作的微栓子起到了很好的干预作用。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者抑郁状况调查

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作患者抑郁的发生状况及其相关影响因素,为临床早期干预提供依据。方法对312例短暂性脑缺血发作患者采用抑郁自评量表筛查抑郁发生率,采用汉密顿抑郁量表评定抑郁严重程度。结果短暂性脑缺血发作患者抑郁发生率达37．82％,其中轻度抑郁占61．02％,中度占26．27％,重度占12．71％;年龄越大、文化程度越高、家庭关系不和睦、经济状况困难的短暂性脑缺血发作患者抑郁发生率越高。抑郁自评量表总均分与短暂性脑缺血发作次数呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论短暂性腩缺血发作后抑郁发生与患者年龄、家庭关系、个性、短暂性脑缺血发作次数等多种因素有关,在临床早期干预中应对引起抑郁产生的多种因素进行干预。     

磁共振血管造影在脑血管病诊断中的应用价值

目的研究磁共振血管造影(MRA)在脑血管病诊断中的应用价值。方法将入住我院的60例脑血管病患者分为3组,分别为脑梗死组25例,短暂性脑缺血组25例,蛛网膜下腔出血组10例。对3组患者分别行数字减影血管造影法(DSA)与磁共振血管造影法(MRA)检测。结果 MRA:脑梗死组中待查血管100根,检出率83%;短暂性脑缺血组中待查血管100根,检出率81%;蛛网膜下腔出血组检出率70%。DSA:脑梗死组中待查血管100根,检出率91%;短暂性脑缺血组中待查血管100根,检出率87%;蛛网膜下腔出血组检出率80%。经比较,MRA与DSA在脑梗死患者、短暂性脑缺血、蛛网膜下腔出血三种脑血管疾病诊断中的诊断率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论磁共振血管造影(MRA)可以作为一种脑血管疾病诊断中的方法加以推广。     

银杏叶提取物治疗短暂性脑缺血发作的疗效观察

短暂性脑缺血发作在临床脑卒中患者中较多发，但其临床表现轻微，常伴有头晕、一过性失语、黑蠓或一过性肢体活动不灵Hill MD等研究发现，短暂性脑缺血发作后3个月和1年内脑梗死的发生率分别是9．5％和14．5％。所以，积极采取有效的治疗措施，可能降低短暂性脑缺血的发作频率，减少本病发展为脑梗死的风险。作者白2010年11月至2011年11月采用银杏叶提取物治疗短暂性脑缺血发作，临床疗效满意，现报道如下。     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与短暂性脑缺血发作关系的研究

目的:探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与短暂性脑缺血发作的关系.方法:短暂性脑缺血发作患者123例行颈动脉CT血管造影检查,观察其颈动脉粥样斑块的形成状况,并与正常对照组比较.结果:短暂性脑缺血发作组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率、不稳定性斑块发生率及颈动脉狭窄率高于正常对照组(P<0.01);颈总动脉分叉处粥样斑块的发生率及血管狭窄率高于颈内动脉起始部、椎动脉处、颈总动脉处(P<0.01).结论:颈动脉粥样硬化与短暂性脑缺血发作有密切关系.     

后循环脑梗死与椎动脉优势的相关性研究

目的探讨椎动脉优势与后循环血管供应部位脑梗死的相关性及其后循环脑梗死的危险因素分析。方法选取保定市第一医院住院治疗符合本研究标准的急性脑梗死患者。回顾性分析所收集患者的性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、高同型半胱氨酸血症、既往短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)史等资料,研究后循环脑梗死患者与椎动脉优势的相关性,应用Logistic回归分析得出后循环脑梗死的独立危险因素。结果椎动脉优势是后循环脑梗死发生的危险因素,且椎动脉优势组中基底动脉(BA)分区及小脑后动脉(PICA)分区的梗死发生率明显高于对照组。椎动脉优势、高同型半胱氨酸血症、既往TIA史均是后循环脑梗死的独立危险因素。结论椎动脉优势患者更易发生后循环PICA区和BA供血区梗死。有效防治高同型半胱氨酸血症以及TIA发作,对改善后循环脑梗死复发可能具有一定意义。     

症状性颈内动脉闭塞的临床表现和短期随访

目的 探讨症状性颈内动脉(ICA)闭塞的临床表现和短期预后。方法 从802例住院的缺血性脑血管痛患者中使用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查中发现21例ICA闭塞患者，分析他们的临床和影像学表现，并进行短期随访。结果 症状性ICA闭塞占住院缺血性脑血管病患者的2．6％，其中短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)占14％，脑梗死为86％；影像学检查发现皮层下、分水岭性、皮层和大面积脑梗死分别占43％、23．8％、14％、9．5％。平均随访2l.7个月，总脑血管事件发生率为31．6％，年脑血管事件发生率为17．5％，卒中发生率为15．8％，年卒中率为8．7％。结论 症状性ICA闭塞临床表现多种多样，以皮层下和分水岭性脑梗死多见。即使药物治疗，闭塞后仍有较高的卒中发生率。     

头颅CT血管造影联合磁共振血管造影对短暂性脑缺血发作后卒中的预测价值

目的观察头颅CT血管造影(CTA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)及两者联合应用对短暂性脑缺血发作后卒中的预测价值。方法选取收治的101例短暂性脑缺血患者为研究对象,入院时均接受头颅CTA与MRA检查,观察患者入院时的颅内动脉狭窄情况,并记录患者缺血发作后卒中发生情况。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线得到曲线下面积(AUC),检验各影像学方法单独与联合应用预测短暂性脑缺血发作后卒中的价值。结果经诊断,101例患者在住院治疗1周内发生缺血发作后卒中的患者15例;经CTA、MRA结果显示,住院7 d内发生卒中的短暂性脑缺血患者颈动脉狭窄程度、颈动脉狭窄率均高于未发生卒中的患者,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); CTA、MRA单独与两者联合检查检出的狭窄患者卒中发生率高于未检出狭窄者,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); ROC曲线结果显示,CTA、MRA单独检查与两者联合检查在预测短暂性脑缺血发作后卒中的AUC分别为0. 875、0. 897、0. 900,且联合检查的AUC值较单独检查的预测价值高。结论入院时头颅CTA与MRA检查短暂性脑出血患者动脉狭窄情况可用于缺血发作后卒中风险预测,而联合检查的预测价值更高。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者认知功能与脑血流量改变

背景：有实验表明短暂性脑缺血发作后可遗留一定的认知功能障碍，提出脑血流量及其分布与认知活动关系密切的假说.目的：观察短暂性脑缺血发作患者的认知功能改变，验证其与脑血流灌注的关系。设计：病例一对照实验。单位：解放军兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院老年病科，神经电生理室、核磁室。对象：选择2002—01／2003—06在解放军兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院老年病科住院和门诊的短暂性脑缺血发作患者35例，均为男性，右利手，年龄45—78岁，平均（68．1&;#177;8．4）岁。对照组33例，为同期本院健康体检者。男性，均为右利手，年龄45～77岁，平均（67．8&;#177;8．6）岁。方法：应用事件相关电位、老年认知功能量表[包括定向、识记、广度、回忆1（有无联系）、长记忆、动物名、划销与计算、分类与类同、临摹、语言和回忆2（有无关系）等11项内容，根据原始分查不同年龄组的T分转换表．消除年龄因素的影响；再根据受试者的教育水平查教育T’分表，消除教育因素的影响；这样就可根据T’分及百分位水平对受试者的认知功能进行评估，得分越低，认知功能越差1对两组对象进行检测评估，并对短暂性脑缺血发作患者进行磁共振血管成像检查。主要观察指标：①事件相关电位检测结果。②老年认知功能量表检查结果。③脑血管磁共振血管成像检查结果：结果：35例短暂性脑缺血发作患者，33例正常体检者，均进入结果分析。①事件相关电位检测结果：短暂性脑缺血发作患者的P300潜伏期明显长于对照组[（336．2&;#177;34．2）ms，（311．3&;#177;44．2）ms，t=5．9453，P〈0．05]。②老年认知功能量表检查结果：短暂性脑缺血发作组广度、回忆1、长记忆、动物名，计算，回忆2评分均低于对照组[（39．7&;#177;11．9），（47．4&;#177;12．0）分；（54.5&;#177;14．8），（61．8&;#177;14．5）分：（61．1&;#177;78）．（64．7&;#177;1．7）分；（59．4&;#177;11．0），（64．7&;#177;8．8）分；（50．0&;#177;14．7），（58．1&;#177;14．2）分；（44．6&;#177;15．4），（53．2&;#177;17.8）分．t=4．151 0-7．2928，P〈0．05～0．011。③脑血管磁共振血管成像检查结果：短暂性脑缺血发作组33例（94％，33／35）脑动脉有异常改变，主要表现为狭窄和闭塞。其中椎动脉广泛性狭窄占54％（19／35）；大脑前动脉（双侧）、中动脉（双侧）、后动脉（双侧）狭窄和闭塞的分别为40％（28／70）、59％（41／70）、47％（33／70）；基底动脉和颈内动脉（双侧）狭窄和闭塞的分别为5．71％（2／35），5．71％（4／70）.结论：①短暂性脑缺血发作患者P300潜伏期明显延长，并有多种认知功能障碍，尤以记忆损害突出。②磁共振血管成像显示脑动脉狭窄和闭塞，提示短暂性脑缺血发作患者有持久的脑血流低灌注与此密切相关认知功能损害.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.