呼吸机治疗急性有机磷中毒呼吸肌麻痹的临床观察

呼吸肌麻痹是急性有机磷中毒后3～5天出现的一种严重并发症。是有机磷中毒死亡的主要原因之一。目前抢救的重要措施是及时气管插管或气管切开,呼吸机机械通气。我科近3年收治有机磷中毒呼吸肌麻痹共18例,经用呼吸机治疗,疗效显著。现将护理措施介绍如下。1 重症监护 急性误服有机磷中毒患者入院后立即洗胃和导泻。安置在抢救室,派专人护理,随时观察病情变化。若出现呼吸肌麻痹的先兆如呼吸表浅,无力,甚至呼吸困难紫绀,心率快,躁动不安等缺氧表现,立即通知医师行气管插管,呼吸机辅助呼吸。如插管48小时仍无自主呼吸者给气管切开,同时应用心电     

烧伤合并吸入性损伤气管切开时机的临床研究

目的总结烧伤合并吸入性损伤气管切开术的时机选择,以提高患者治疗效果。方法选择我院于2008年7月至2013年6月收治的烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者共35例为研究对象,按患者气管切开术不同时机分为紧急组6例和预防组29例,紧急组在行气管切开术前,有明显的呼吸困难,预防组为在气管切开术前,未出现明显的通气、换气障碍患者。比较两组患者治疗前后的生命体征,气管切开术后呼吸机使用情况、气管切开时间、MODS发生率和死亡率。结果术后预防组与紧急组各项指标有统计学差异(P<0.05)。两组在气管切开时间、MODS发生率和死亡率方面有统计学意义(P<0.01),但在呼吸机使用方面无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论为了提高烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者的治疗效果,有必要根据患者具体情况,尽早行预防性气管切开术,以改善生命体征、降低MODS发生和死亡风险。     

烧伤合并吸入性损伤气管切开时机的临床研究

目的总结烧伤合并吸入性损伤气管切开术的时机选择,以提高患者治疗效果。方法选择我院于2008年7月至2013年6月收治的烧伤合并吸入性损伤急者共35例为研究对象,按患者气管切开术不同时机分为紧急组6例和预防组29例．紧急组在行气管切开术前,有明显的呼吸困难,预防组为在气管切开术前,未出现明显的通气、换气障碍患者。比较两组患者治疗前后的生命体征,气管切开术后呼吸机使用情况、气管切开时间、MODS发生率和死亡率。结果术后预防组与紧急组各项指标有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。两组在气管切开时间、MODS发生率和死亡率方面有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,但在呼吸机使用方面无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论为了提高烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者的治疗效果,有必要根据患者具体情况,尽早行预防性气管切开术,以改善生命体征、降低MODS发生和死亡风险。     

烧伤患者气管切开的临床护理体会

目的：分析烧伤患者气管切开的临床护理体会。方法回顾性分析40例行气管切开患者的临床资料,进行常规护理、刺激咳嗽、适时吸痰、气道湿化、气管导管护理及预防并发症护理。结果40例烧伤患者中,1例患者因入院时已出现严重并发症,失去治疗机会放弃治疗死亡;1例烧伤面积在80%以上,因家庭原因放弃治疗死亡;余者38例均痊愈出院,未出现并发症。结论烧伤患者气管切开的护理原则是保持呼吸道通畅,故采用正确、及时的护理措施可有效避免气道梗阻、痰痴堵塞、痰液粘稠等因素所致的呼吸不畅,降低并发症发生概率,提高患者生存质量。     

早期气管切开对重型颅脑损伤治疗的影响

目的探讨早期气管切开在救治重型颅脑损伤中的临床价值。方法回顾分析我科73例重型颅脑损伤病人，其中52例早期气管切开（时间≤2h），21例未早期切开或延迟切开（〉2h）。比较两者的预后情况。结果52例早期气管切开重型颅脑损伤的病人死亡17例，病死率32．69％，未经早期气管切开重型颅脑损伤病人死亡12例，病死率57．10％。结论对重型颅脑损伤患者估计近期不能清醒，呼吸道有梗阻，肺部痰多不易排出及合并胸部外伤者宜早期行气管切开，可减少肺部感染，提高治愈率和生存率。     

纤维支气管镜在综合ICU中的临床应用

[目的]探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)对综合ICU重症患者的应用价值.[方法]回顾总结该院ICU对93例危重患者进行238例坎纤支镜操作的经验.[结果]43例重症肺炎患者经纤支镜吸痰、支气管肺泡灌洗等治疗后症状明显改善;18例肺不张患者经纤支镜治疗后全部复张;31例行纤支镜引导下经鼻或口气管插管均一次成功;行纤支镜引导经口插入胃管5例均成功.对人工气道梗阻、气管插管或套管易位、气管插管或套管顶端贴气管壁、咯血患者的诊治也取得了明显效果.另外,还可通过细纤支镜了解气管切开患者气囊上切开伤口内出血及肉芽形成情况及冲洗气囊上潴留物.[结论]纤支镜在综合ICU重症病人抢救及气道管理中有重要价值.     

烧伤患者气管切开套管拔出的护理方法分析

目的探讨烧伤患者气管切开原因,套管拔管指征并正确拔管。方法回顾分析我科自2006年6月至2009年10月收治因烧伤患者36例气管切开套管拔出的护理方法。结果29例成功拔管,拔管后呼吸平稳,气道通畅。2例行气管切开后3～5天放弃治疗自动出院．5例因病情严重行气管切开后2～5天后死亡。护理效果满意。结论护理关系到治疗效果和患者的生命安全,严格掌握拔管指征并正确拔管,同时积极的预防感染的发生,保证术后疗效。     

气管切开术在胸腹联合伤中的诊治体会

目的:减少严重胸腹联合伤病人的并发症,提高临床治愈率.方法:严重胸腹联合伤的12例病人于伤后2～20h急诊行开腹手术,腹腔闭式引流术.结果:同时行气管切开术的8例病人治愈7例,死亡1例为合并严重颅脑损伤者.术后第2日行气管切开者2例因气道阻塞,窒息至植物状态.结论:对严重胸腹联合伤的病人,术后立即行气管切开术,有助于防止因气道阻塞而窒息,并发感染,甚至继发ARDS,放宽此类病人的气管切开指征,有助于术后气道内分泌物的清理,呼吸机的及时应用有利于提高治愈率.     

673例小儿烧伤住院患者的流行病学特征分析

我院 1991年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 10月共收治 0～ 12岁小儿烧伤患者 6 73例 ,我们对该组病例的致伤原因及病情特征等进行了回顾性分析 ,旨在提高小儿烧伤的救治水平 ,减少小儿烧伤的发生。1.资料与方法 :将致伤原因分为热力热液烫伤、火焰烧伤、化学烧伤、电烧伤及其他 5种 ,烧伤程度判定参照 1970年全国烧伤会议通过的小儿烧伤严重程度分类标准[1] ,对其构成比、致伤原因、性别比、年龄分布、季节分布、烧伤程度等进行统计学分析。2 .结果 :本组小儿烧伤 6 73例 ,占同期收治烧伤入院病人 (1947例 ) 34 .5 7% ,死亡 4例 ,占 0 .5 9%。其中男 45…     

原发性气管肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的 :探讨原发性气管肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗问题。方法 :分析 11例气管肿瘤的临床资料 ,其中 9例为手术病例 ,行气管开窗取瘤术 2例 ,气管侧壁切除肌瓣填塞修补术 1例 ,气管环行切除对端吻合术 6例。结果 :本组病例早期全部误诊 ,误诊时间 3个月～ 2年 ,手术病人均术后恢复顺利 ,无手术死亡 ,无切口感染及呼吸、循环系统严重并发症 ,随访 1～ 5年 ,4例良性肿瘤病人均存活 ,5例恶性肿瘤病人手术切除者术后生存 5年以上 1例 ,1～ 3年 2例 ,死亡 2例。结论 :应提高临床医师对原发性气管肿瘤的认识 ,外科手术治疗是提高气管肿瘤病人生存率的有效方法     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.