6种中药制剂治疗急性脑梗死的成本-效果分析

目的：运用药物经济学的方法对在我院应用的6种中药注射液进行成本-效果分析。方法：271例急性脑梗死患者依据药物治疗方案不同分为6组，即血塞通组、舒血宁组、苦碟子组、疏血通组、川芎嗪组、丹红组，分别观察疗效，并运用药物经济学的方法进行成本-效果分析。结果：疏血通组的成本为3 419.90元，总有效率最高（91.84%），6组间增量成本-效果最低。因此疏血通组是较为合理、经济的方案。     

6种中药制剂治疗急性脑梗死的成本-效果分析

目的：运用药物经济学的方法对在我院应用的6种中药注射液进行成本-效果分析。方法：271例急性脑梗死患者依据药物治疗方案不同分为6组，即血塞通组、舒血宁组、苦碟子组、疏血通组、川芎嗪组、丹红组，分别观察疗效，并运用药物经济学的方法进行成本-效果分析。结果：疏血通组的成本为3 419.90元，总有效率最高（91.84%），6组间增量成本-效果最低。因此疏血通组是较为合理、经济的方案。     

6种中药制剂治疗急性脑梗死的成本-效果分析

目的：运用药物经济学的方法对在我院应用的6种中药注射液进行成本-效果分析。方法：271例急性脑梗死患者依据药物治疗方案不同分为6组，即血塞通组、舒血宁组、苦碟子组、疏血通组、川芎嗪组、丹红组，分别观察疗效，并运用药物经济学的方法进行成本-效果分析。结果：疏血通组的成本为3 419.90元，总有效率最高（91.84%），6组间增量成本-效果最低。因此疏血通组是较为合理、经济的方案。     

6种中药制剂治疗急性脑梗死的成本-效果分析

目的：运用药物经济学的方法对在我院应用的6种中药注射液进行成本-效果分析。方法：271例急性脑梗死患者依据药物治疗方案不同分为6组,即血塞通组、舒血宁组、苦碟子组、疏血通组、川芎嗪组、丹红组,分别观察疗效,并运用药物经济学的方法进行成本-效果分析。结果：疏血通组的成本为3 419.90元,总有效率最高（91.84%）,6组间增量成本-效果最低。因此疏血通组是较为合理、经济的方案。     

副伤寒甲三种治疗方案的成本-效果分析

目的：探讨不同药物治疗方案对同一疾病产生的效果。方法：运用药物经济学成本-效果分析法对3种治疗副伤寒甲方案进行回顾性分析评价。结果：注射用盐酸左氧氟沙星 注射用美洛西林钠（A组）治疗成本为2706.21元，成本-效果比为27.06；头孢噻肟钠（B组）治疗成本为1575.00元，成本-效果比为16.84％；注射用氨苄西林钠舒巴坦（C组）治疗成本为1969.68元，成本-效果比为20.26％。结论：三种治疗方案中以头孢噻肟钠组（B组）为最佳治疗方案。     

两种中药注射剂治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的成本效果分析

目的：观察中药注射剂血栓通与疏血通对于糖尿病周围神经病变（DNP）的疗效,并进行药物经济学评价。方法：收集符合纳入标准的DNP患者,随机分为A、B、C三组。在常规治疗基础上,分别给予前列地尔、血栓通与疏血通注射液。给药前后进行神经功能评分,检测其肌电图,比较三种药物的疗效,并进行成本-效果分析。结果：三组药物治疗DNP总有效率分别为90.48％、86.49%、89.74%,疗效比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。药物治疗后三组患者感觉神经传导速度（SCV）、运动神经传导速度（MCV）均明显提高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。成本-效果分析显示,三组成本效果比（C/E）分别为19.03、8.01、21.06;以B组方案为参照,A、C组的增量成本-效果比（ΔC/ΔE）分别为257.89、368.31。结论：现有证据表明,血栓通注射液与疏血通注射液治疗DNP的疗效相当,而血栓通的药物经济学价值高于前列地尔与疏血通,敏感度分析支持该结论。     

4种药物治疗方案治疗急性脑梗死的成本-效果分析

目的研究四组脑梗死药物治疗方案的经济效果。方法将180例急性脑梗死患者均衡各组间影响因素后分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四组,即丁咯地尔组(Ⅰ)、奥扎格雷钠组(Ⅱ)、疏血通组(Ⅲ)和长春西汀组(Ⅳ)。运用药物经济学方法进行成本-效果分析。结果4种方案成本分别为6219.70、7129.7、5891.8、5123.4元;有效率分别为84.70%、88.37%、91.50%、75.0%;成本-效果比分别为73.43、80.68、64.39、60.21;以方案Ⅳ为参照的增值成本效果比分别为113.02、150.06、46.57。结论Ⅲ组方案为最佳方案。     

治疗急性盆腔炎三种方案的药物经济学分析

目的：对3种治疗急性盆腔炎的方案进行药物经济学分析。方法：采用回顾性研究和成本-效果分析法，对青霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星配伍甲硝唑静脉给药治疗急性盆腔炎的3种方案进行药物经济学评价。结果：甲硝唑配伍左氧氟沙星组治疗方案成本-效果比值最低，有效率高，为优选方案。结论：药物经济学在优化治疗方案、指导临床合理用药方面具有重要作用。     

两种预防肾移植术后早期急性排斥反应治疗方案的成本-效果分析

目的：探讨不同药物治疗方案对同一种疾病产生的经济效果。方法：运用药物经济学成本-效果分析方法对我院146例肾移植患者，分别采用硫唑嘌呤组和霉酚酸酯组预防肾移植术后早期急性排斥反应治疗方案进行回顾性的分析评价。结果：霉酚酸酯组为最佳治疗方案。结论：通过分析说明，药物经济学在优化治疗方案，提高社会效益和经济效益方面具有重要作用。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星及司氟沙星治疗沙门氏菌感染的成本-效果分析

目的：对盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液、司氟沙星片两种药物治疗沙门氏菌感染的成本-效果进行分析。方法：运用药物经济学成本-效果分析法对两种沙门氏菌感染的治疗方案进行回顾性分析评价。结果：盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液组与司氟沙星片组相比，虽成本较高，但较安全。结论：在治疗沙门氏菌感染方面．盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液组具有较好的安全性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.