伴与不伴精神病性症状青少年重度抑郁发作者抑郁及焦虑症状比较

目的 以重度抑郁发作青少年患者为研究对象,探讨伴与不伴精神病性症状的重度抑郁发作抑郁和焦虑症状的差异。方法 纳入2015年～2021年在深圳市康宁医院住院部就诊、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》重度抑郁发作诊断标准的青少年176例,采用儿童抑郁量表和儿童青少年多维焦虑量表进行评定。结果 伴有精神病性症状组负性情绪(t=2.039,P=0.043)、低自尊(t=2.050,P=0.042)和躯体症状(t=2.025,P=0.044)的得分均高于不伴精神病性症状组;伴有精神性症状组在负性情绪(χ²=5.550,P=0.018)、低自尊(χ²=7.540,P=0.006)、社会焦虑(χ²=7.424,P=0.006)和焦虑量表总分(χ²=5.043,P=0.025)的得分达到重度程度,相较于不伴精神病性症状组差异具有统计学意义。结论 伴有精神病症状的重度抑郁障碍的青少年相较于不伴精神病性症状的青少年更容易表现负性情绪、低自尊和躯体的症状,并且负性情绪、低自尊、社会焦虑和焦虑症状更为严重。     

双重抑郁

双重抑郁是指在心境恶劣障碍2年以上(儿童和青少年为1年),如果出现重症抑郁(Major Depression)发作,此时重症抑郁和心境恶劣障碍可同时诊断(double depression)。双重抑郁只出现于DSM诊断分类系统,ICD-10和CCMD-2-R系统则没有。 双重抑郁的诊断与心境恶劣障碍密不可分,心境恶劣障碍的基本特征是慢性抑郁心境持续2年以上,绝大多数日子是抑郁,很少有不抑郁的时候(诊断标准A);在抑郁情绪期间,至少要出现下列附加症状中的两种:食欲差或贪食,失眠或过度睡眠,精力减退或疲乏,自信心降低,注意力集中困难或难以作出决断;感到绝望(诊断标准B);在2年期间(儿童和青少年是1年),任何没有症状的时间间隔不会超过2个月(诊断标准C);在开始的2年内,没有重症抑郁的发作(诊断标准D);病人从未有过躁狂发作、混合性发作或轻躁狂发     

重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍患者抑郁发作伴随躁狂症状的临床特征

目的:了解重性抑郁障碍(MDD)或双相障碍抑郁发作患者出现躁狂症状的频率和程度。方法:对52例经简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)、符合《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSMIV)重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍抑郁发作的患者,采用情感障碍评估量表(ADE)评估患者本次抑郁发作中出现的躁狂症状。结果:52例患者中有36例重性抑郁障碍,16例为双相障碍抑郁发作。至少有1条躁狂症状的患者达86.5%(n=45),至少有3条躁狂症状的患者占32.7%(n=17),而没有任何躁狂症状的患者仅占13.5%(n=7)。结论:抑郁发作患者大多存在不同程度的躁狂症状,及时识别这些症状,对诊断与治疗有指导意义。情感障碍评估量表是一个值得应用的评估情感发作的工具。     

艾司西酞普兰治疗儿童青少年抑郁症的临床研究

艾司西酞普兰（Escitalopram）是一种异构5-羟色胺（5-HT）再摄取抑制剂。国外研究显示艾司西酞普兰治疗儿童青少年抑郁症安全有效。本研究为小样本开放试验,探讨艾司西酞普兰治疗儿童青少年抑郁症的临床疗效及安全性。1对象全部研究对象为2008年3月至2010年2月北京大学第六医院儿科住院或门诊患者。符合国际疾病分类与诊断标准（ICD-10）情感障碍抑郁发作、或双相情感障碍抑郁发作的诊断标准。     

单相与双相抑郁障碍患者临床特征的对照研究

目的比较单相与双相抑郁障碍患者的临床特征,为单相和双相抑郁障碍的鉴别诊断提供参考。方法连续入组2012年6月-2013年11月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院住院、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的单相抑郁障碍(单相组,n=72)和双相抑郁障碍(双相组,n=64)患者,收集并分析两组一般人口学资料和临床特征,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定抑郁症状。结果单相组女性及已婚患者比例均高于双相组(χ2=18.74、4.68,P0.05或0.01);双相组平均起病年龄小于单相组(t=-2.13,P=0.035);双相组性格外向者比例高于单相组(χ2=9.74,P=0.002);单相组有病前诱因者比例高于双相组(χ2=18.96,P0.01);双相组伴不典型抑郁症状者比例高于单相组(χ2=24.60,P0.01);双相组既往抑郁发作次数多于单相组(Z=-5.37,P0.01);单相组HAMD-17总评分及躯体化焦虑和食欲减退因子评分均高于双相组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.78~-2.06,P0.05或0.01)。结论单相与双相抑郁障碍患者在性别、婚姻状况、发病年龄、是否有病前诱因、是否伴不典型抑郁症状、既往发作次数及HAMD-17评分方面存在差异。     

重庆市儿童青少年焦虑抑郁发生情况调查

目的 调查重庆市儿童青少年焦虑抑郁发生情况,为儿童青少年学生心理疏导提供参考.方法 通过整群抽样选取儿童青少年学生425名,年龄范围为7～16岁,采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查量表及儿童抑郁障碍自评量表对被试进行评估.结果 ①34.6％(147/425)的青少年存在焦虑情绪,9.9％(42/425)的青少年存在抑郁情绪;5.6％(24/425)同时存在焦虑抑郁情绪,33.2％(141/425)仅有焦虑或抑郁情绪,61.2％(260/425)无情绪问题.②男性、女性间焦虑抑郁情绪分布差异具有统计学意义(x 2=12.592,P＜0.05),男性中66.1％的无任何情绪问题,25.3％仅存在焦虑情绪,5.6％仅存在抑郁情绪,3.0％存在焦虑抑郁情绪;女性中55.2％的无任何情绪问题,33.3％仅存在焦虑情绪,2.6％仅存在抑郁情绪,8.9％存在焦虑抑郁情绪.不同性别间焦虑得分差异具有统计学意义(t=4.638,P＜0.05),抑郁情绪得分差异无统计学意义(t=0.672,P＞0.05).③年龄与焦虑(r=-0.42,P＞0.05)、抑郁情绪(r=0.071,P＞0.05)间相关关系无统计学意义,焦虑情绪与抑郁情绪评分之间存在相关关系(r=0.420,P＜0.001).结论 儿童青少年焦虑抑郁发生率较高,需要给予积极心理关注.     

伴精神病性症状及童年期创伤的重度抑郁发作青少年患者执行功能情况

背景 有无精神病性症状的重度抑郁发作患者执行功能存在差异,且童年期创伤可能影响重度抑郁发作患者的执行功能,既往研究对象大多为成年抑郁发作患者,缺少对重度抑郁发作青少年患者的相关研究。目的 比较有无精神病性症状及童年期创伤的重度抑郁发作青少年患者执行功能的差异。方法 纳入2020年8月-2021年11月在深圳市康宁医院儿少精神科住院的、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）重度抑郁发作诊断标准的青少年患者共112例,同期通过公开宣传招募健康对照组27例。使用剑桥神经心理自动化成套测试（CANTAB）中的运动控制任务（MOT）、空间工作记忆（SWM）、快速视觉信息处理（RVP）三个任务评定患者的执行功能,采用儿童期创伤问卷（CTQ-SF）评定童年期创伤类型。结果 与健康对照组相比,重度抑郁发作患者MOT任务平均延迟时更长（Z=-3.407,P=0.001）,SWM任务中的组间错误反应总数更多（Z=-3.291,P=0.001）、组内错误反应总数更多（Z=-3.461,P=0.001）、双重错误反应总数更多（Z=-3.218,P=0.001）、错误反应总数更多（Z=-3.312,P...     

增强型体外反搏联合药物治疗对抑郁发作患者社会功能及疗效的影响

目的 探讨增强型体外反搏(EECP)联合药物治疗对抑郁发作患者社会功能及疗效的影响,为抑郁发作的治疗提供参考。方法 采用简单随机抽样法选取2019年5月-2020年3月在中南大学湘雅二医院精神科住院、符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》(DSM-5)抑郁障碍或双相情感障碍抑郁发作诊断标准的患者66例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为研究组(n=36)和对照组(n=30),两组均接受常规药物治疗,研究组在此基础上接受EECP干预。于治疗前后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版(HAMD-24)和席汉失能量表(SDS)分别评定患者的抑郁症状和社会功能,并比较两组的疗效。结果 治疗后,研究组及对照组HAMD-24和SDS评分均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(t=8.149、5.791、8.016、3.488,P均＜0.01),研究组SDS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.008,P＜0.01)。研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(90.63%vs. 63.33%,χ²=8.725,P＜0.05)。结论 EECP联合药物治疗可能有助于提升抑郁发作患者的社会...     

成都市儿童青少年抑郁障碍临床特征调查

目的 探讨成都市儿童青少年抑郁障碍的临床特征.方法 采用量表筛查和访谈结合的方法对成都市五城区6 ～ 16岁的4585名在校学生进行抑郁障碍调查.首先应用长处和困难问卷(strength and difficulty questionnaire,SDQ)进行筛查,筛查阳性的进一步用精神发育和健康状况评定量表(the development and well-being assessment,DAWBA)进行定式检查以明确诊断.诊断标准按照美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版.结果 SDQ筛查阳性的占50.2%(2302/4585).共检出儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者55例,重性抑郁障碍29例,恶劣心境0例,未标明的抑郁障碍26例,总的抑郁障碍患病率1.2%(55/4585).起病年龄的中位数为13岁(P25:11岁,P75:15岁),高峰年龄在15岁,占21.8%(12/55).出现频率居前3位的抑郁症状依次是情绪低落(74.5%)、易激惹(72.7%)、精力减退(72.7%).34.5%(19/55)的儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者曾经试图伤害自己或自杀.55例患者中39例过去曾有抑郁发作,占70.9%.抑郁障碍对儿童青少年的学习、社交和娱乐具有不同程度的影响,74.5%(41/55)的患者学习受影响.患者的病情有轻有重,大多数(78.2%)为轻度或中度.结论 儿童青少年抑郁障碍应受到重视,做到早发现早治疗.     

伴自伤行为的女性青少年抑郁障碍患者家庭功能与童年创伤经历的相关性

目的探索伴自伤行为的女性青少年抑郁障碍患者所感知的家庭功能健康状况与其童年创伤经历的关系,为对其进行有针对性的家庭心理干预提供参考。方法纳入符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)抑郁障碍诊断标准且伴有自伤行为的青少年女生为研究组(n=50),选取年龄和家庭结构与研究组相匹配的正常青少年女生为对照组(n=42)。采用贝克抑郁自评量表第2版(BDI-II)、家庭功能评定量表(FAD)、童年创伤问卷(CTQ)评定两组抑郁程度、家庭功能和童年创伤经历。结果除行为控制维度外,研究组FAD其余各分量表评分均高于对照组(P均0.01),CTQ总评分及各因子评分均高于对照组(P0.05或0.01)。研究组FAD中问题解决、沟通、角色、情感反应、情感介入、行为控制、总体功能评分与CTQ中躯体忽视、情感虐待、情感忽视评分均呈正相关(r=0.285～0.677,P0.05或0.01);FAD中问题解决、沟通、角色、行为控制、总体功能评分与CTQ中躯体虐待、性虐待评分均呈正相关(r=0.232～0.470,P0.05或0.01)。多重回归分析显示,情感忽视评分与家庭总体功能正向关联(β=0.318,P0.05)。结论伴自伤行为的女性青少年抑郁障碍患者所感知的家庭功能健康状况较差,可能与其童年创伤经历有关,尤其与情感忽视有关。     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

Storage of lipofuscin in neurons in mucopolysaccharidosis

Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural study was made on the brain of a 23-year-old man with Sanfilippo's syndrome. In accordance with previous reports the cortical nerve cells contained a PAS-positive lipid storage substance. This showed intense autofluorescence in UV-light and was positive with various stains for lipofuscin. The storage material appeared ultrastructurally as inclusion bodies composed of short lamellated membranes, granular material, and vacuoles. In addition, concentrically and transversely lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies were observed in the nerve cells. It is concluded that the PAS-positive lipid storage material in the neurons was composed partly of lipofuscin in addition to other lipids presumably glycosphingolipids.Supported by a grant from the Expressen Prenatal Research Foundation     

Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA-R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side-effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti-excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well-tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist presently used as an anti-dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage-dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Potent NMDA-R antagonists, such as (+)MK-801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA-R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.     

Role of vincristine in the inhibition of angiogenesis in glioblastoma

Objective: Vincristine, a microtubule-destabilizing drug, was found to exhibit anti-angiogenic effects and anti-tumoral activity. However, the precise mechanism by which vincristine inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastomas is not well understood. Our aim was to investigate whether vincristine affects vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in glioblastoma cells and determine whether it is mediated by the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α).

Methods: We investigated the expression of HIF-1α in glioblastoma tissues resected from patients and in human glioblastoma cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. In addition to an MTT assay assessing the effect of vincristine on cell proliferation and viability, the effects of vincristine on VEGF mRNA expression and HIF-1α protein were examined using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis under 1% O₂ (hypoxia).

Results: HIF-1α was expressed in the majority of glioblastoma tissues and was detected mainly in the nucleus. Strong immunoreactivity for HIF- 1 α was found often in the hypercellular zones. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α protein levels in the glioblastoma cell lines increased, primarily localizing into the nucleus similar to glioblastoma tissues. Exposure of glioblastoma cells to vincristine resulted in enrichment of the G₂-M fraction of the cell cycle, which suggests that vincristine-mediated growth inhibition of glioblastoma is correlated with mitotic inhibition. Using doses lower than those found to reduce the viability and proliferation of cells by 50% (IC₅₀), vincristine decreased both the expression of VEGF mRNA and the level of HIF-1α protein in hypoxic glioblastoma cells. In addition, following exposure to vincristine, the expression of VEGF mRNA was correlated with HIF-1α protein levels.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mechanism by which vincristine elicits an anti-angiogenic effect in glioblastomas under hypoxic conditions might be mediated, in part, by HIF-1α inhibition.     

脑电图预测痫性发作研究进展

癫痫(epilepsy)是由脑部神经元高度同步化异常放电所致的临床综合征,系神经系统的常见病,困扰着全世界约1%的人群.每次神经元的阵发性放电或短暂的脑功能异常称为痫性发作(seizures).     

Midazolam in treatment of various types of seizures in children

Midazolam is a recently developed water-soluble benzodiazepine that shares anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic and anticonvulsant actions with other members of this class. There are limited studies that midazolam can be used successfully to treat seizures in adults and children. In this study, 0.2 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) midazolam was administered to 11 children (eight boys and three girls), aged 3 days to 4 years (mean age 1.8±1.4 years), with seizures of various types. In all but one child, seizures stopped in 15 s–5 min after injection. No side effects were observed. These results suggest that IM administration of midazolam may be useful in a variety of seizures during childhood, especially in case of intravenous (IV) line problem.     

Developmental effects of in vivo and in vitro inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in neurons

The diffusible chemical messenger nitric oxide (NO) is involved in neuronal plasticity and it is, therefore, supposed to play a role in brain development. A shortage of NO during the critical period of brain maturation may theoretically have long-lasting consequences on the organization of the adult brain. We have performed in neonatal rats a chronic inhibition of the enzyme responsible for NO production, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 23, through administration of the competitive antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME). The calcium-dependent catalytic activity resulted almost completely inhibited throughout the period of treatment and it took more than 4 days after its suspension to get a full recovery. The expression of the neuronal isoform of the enzyme (nNOS), revealed by immunoblotting, was unchanged during the treatment and after it. The histochemical reaction for NADPH diaphorase was reduced at the end of the treatment and recovered in concomitance with the recovery of the catalytic NOS activity. No gross structural alterations were detected in brain morphology. The levels of three neurotransmitter-related and one astrocytic marker were unchanged in the cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex of 60-day-old rats which had been neonatally treated. A similar lack of significant effects on neurochemical brain maturation was also noticed in a parallel series of experiments, in which a short pulse of NOS inhibition was performed at a critical prenatal time of brain development, from gestational day 14 to gestational day 19. In vitro, chronic exposure of cerebellar granule cells to L-NAME (500 microM) resulted in slight decrease of surviving neurons after 8 days in culture and in better resistance to the challenge of stressful culture conditions. The present results suggest that the basic plan of brain organization can be achieved despite an almost complete NOS inhibition during the maturation period. In vitro, NOS inhibition may bring to more pronounced consequences on neuronal viability and function.     

The Burden of Agoraphobia in Worsening Quality of Life in a Community Survey in Italy

ObjectiveCurrent nosology redefined agoraphobia as an autonomous diagnosis distinct from panic disorder. We investigated the lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia, its association with other mental disorders, and its impact on the health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). MethodsCommunity survey in 2,338 randomly selected adult subjects. Participants were interviewed with the Advanced Neuropsychiatric Tools and Assessment Schedule (ANTAS), administered by clinicians. The diagnoses were based on the ICD-10 criteria. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) was used to quantify HR-QoL. ResultsIn the sample, 35 subjects met the criteria for agoraphobia (1.5%), with greater prevalence among women (2.0%) than men (0.9%): odds ratio (OR) 2.23; 95% CI: 1.0-5–2. Agoraphobia was more often seen among those with (n=26; 1.1%) than without (n=9; 0.4%) panic disorder: OR=8.3; 2.9–24.4. Co-morbidity with other mental disorders was substantial. The mean score of SF-12 in people with agoraphobia was 35.2±7.8, with similar levels of HR-QoL in people with (35.3±7.9) or without (34.8±7.3) panic disorder: ANOVA: F(1;33)=0.0; p=1.00. ConclusionOne out of seventy people may suffer from agoraphobia in their lifetime. The attributable burden in terms of HR-QoL is substantial and comparable to the one observed for chronic mental disorders such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.     

自噬参与帕金森病发病的研究进展

近年来,蛋白质的降解障碍被认为是帕金森病（Parkinson’Sdisease,PD）发病过程中的重要因素,人们已经公认泛素一蛋白酶体系统（ubiquitin--pro—teasomesystem,UPS）功能异常或衰竭能够导致细胞内异常蛋白蓄积、细胞功能障碍,甚至细胞凋亡。与此同时,蛋白降解的另一条途径——自噬-溶酶体途径（autophagy—lysosomepathway,ALP）也已成为了生命科学领域的研究热点,自噬与神经变性疾病,尤其是PD的关系日益受到人们的重视。