直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺分析

目的：探讨直肠超声引导下（TRUS）经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的价值。方法：对491例PSA〉4ng／ml、直肠指检异常或B超发现异常回声的病例行经会阴前列腺标准六点穿刺活检术,同时对可疑回声区随机增加穿刺点,并与病理结果对照分析。结果：穿刺活检证实为前列腺癌190例,阳性率38．70％。结论：TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺准确率高,并发症少且轻,是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法。     

超声引导下穿刺活检对前列腺外腺低回声结节的研究

目的 通过经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下的前列腺定点穿刺活检研究前列腺外腺低回声结节的性质。方法 42例患者因TRUS发现前列腺外腺低回声结节而疑患前列腺癌，行TRUS引导下结节定点穿刺活检，每个结节分别在纵向和横向上各穿刺1针。在双盲情况下进行病理诊断。结果 42例前列腺外腺低回声结节定点穿刺标本病理诊断前列腺增生症22例，占52．4％，前列腺癌20例，占47.6％。结论 TRUS发现的前列腺外腺低回声结节，除了前列腺癌之外，还包括良性增生结节，最终确诊有赖于病理学检查。     

前列腺穿刺活检联合血清前列腺特异抗原在前列腺癌诊断中的意义

目的探讨经直肠前列腺穿刺活检与血清前列腺特异抗原联合检测在前列腺癌诊断中的价值。方法对61例经直肠指检阳性，和（或）总前列腺特异抗原≥10ug／L，和（或）游离前列腺特异抗原/总前列腺特异抗原〈0．25的可疑前列腺癌患者，在超声引导下经直肠前列腺多点穿刺活检。结果61例中，前列腺活检病理检查诊断为前列腺癌25例（40．98％），良性前列腺增生36例（59．02％）。其中，游离前列腺特异抗原／总前列腺特异抗原〈0．20的患者中前列腺癌检出8例（8／13，占61．54％）。结论总前列腺特异抗原≥10ug／L，特别是游离前列腺特异抗原／总前列腺特异抗原〈0．20对前列腺癌的诊断比前列腺穿刺活检更为敏感，两者联合检测对临床诊治具有更重要的价值和意义。     

经直肠腔内超声检查在诊断前列腺疾病中的价值分析

目的：探讨经直肠腔内超声检查在诊断前列腺疾病中的价值。方法：选择临床拟诊的前列腺疾病61例,分别采用经直肠腔内超声及经腹超声对前列腺组织进行观察,并将其检查结果与穿刺活检或术后病理结果相比较。结果：穿刺活检或术后病理检查证实前列腺癌4例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断3例,经腹超声诊断0例;病理检查证实前列腺巨大囊肿16例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断16例,经腹超声诊断6例;病理检查证实前列腺重度增生伴钙化18例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断17例,经腹超声诊断9例;病理检查证实前列腺严重钙化23例中,经直肠腔内超声诊断23例,经腹超声诊断18例。经直肠腔内超声检查对前列腺癌、前列腺囊肿、前列腺增生合并钙化、前列腺钙化的诊断准确率均显著高于经腹部超声检查（P〈0.05）。结论：经直肠腔内超声检查对前列腺疾病的诊断价值优于经腹超声。     

经直肠超声引导穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌价值分析

目的：探讨经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检（TPB）对前列腺癌（PCa）的诊断价值。方法：选择经常规临床检查拟诊可疑PCa者77例,在直肠超声引导下行TPB,与筛查PC．常用检查方法的活检阳性率进行比较,并对不同PSA值所对应的病理活检阳性率进行分析。结果：经穿刺后送病理检查,共检出Pca25例（32．5％）,良性前列腺增生（BPH）52例（67．5％）;血清PSA异常50例活检阳性率为44．oN,经腹超声（us）阳性36例为27．8％,直肠指检（DRE）阳性32例为21．9％;血清T-PSA〉10μg／L且F-PSA/-PSA〈0．25者13例,活检阳性率为53．8％。结论：经直肠超声引导TPB对PCa的诊断价值较高,但应合理选择适应证。     

直肠指检和经直肠超声检查对血清前列腺特异抗原≤4ng／ml的前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨直肠指检（digitalrectalexamination,DRE）和经直肠超声检查（transrectalultrasonography,TRUS）对血清前列腺特异抗原（prostatespecificantigen,PSA）≤4ng／ml的前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法对112例血清PSA≤4ng／ml而DRE或（和）TRUS异常的男性患者进行了TRUS引导的前列腺系统10针＋可疑区穿刺活检。根据血清PSA范围将病例分成0～0．9ng／ml,1．0～1．9ng／ml,2．0—2．9ng／ml和3．0～4．0ng／ml4组。结果112例病例中有14例被诊断为前列腺癌,检出率为12．5％。4组中：检出前列腺癌病例分别为0、2、5、7例。血清PSA在0—1．9ng／ml和2．0—4．0ng／ml范围：DRE异常患者中前列腺癌检出率分别为5％和21．1％（P〈0．05）;TRUS异常患者中前列腺癌检出率分别为2．4％和28．6％（P〈0．05）。在14例前列腺癌患者中有4例仅被TRUS发现,并且这4例PSA值均在2．0～4．0ng／ml范围内。结论血清PSA〈2rig／ml时,除非DRE高度异常,患前列腺癌风险低,不需行前列腺穿刺活检。血清PSA在2．0—4．0ng／ml,应行TRUS检查,以提高前列腺癌检出敏感性。     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的:探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值。材料和方法:对36例临床肛门指检、前列腺特异抗原及经直肠超声三项检查之一异常者行经直肠超声检查,并行超声引导下穿刺活检。穿刺部位选择在可疑的前列腺癌结节,再结合6点穿刺法对其它部位进行穿刺。结果:19例前列腺癌,超声发现结节11例,9例位于外腺或内外腺交界处;17例前列腺增生,超声发现结节9例,7例结节位于内腺。结论:对可疑前列腺癌病例行经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检是一种快速有效的诊断技术。     

多种超声模式在引导前列腺穿刺活检的临床应用

前列腺癌是男性生殖系统肿瘤,在我国的发病率及检出率也明显升高。目前．经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasound,TRUS）引导前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺癌的主要检查手段。     

经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导下改良6点(6+X)前列腺穿刺活检术在前列腺癌诊断中的临床应用价值.方法 对2013年7月-2015年7月在锦州医科大学附属第一医院就诊的224例临床疑似前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.所有患者均进行了经直肠超声引导下改良6点前列腺穿刺活检术及手术治疗,将穿刺诊断结果与术后病理结果进行比较.结果 224例疑似前列腺癌患者中,129例经直肠超声引导下改良6点前列腺穿刺术诊断为前列腺癌,90例诊断为前列腺增生,此219例诊断结果与术后病理相符,另5例穿刺活检诊断为前列腺增生而术后病理证实为前列腺癌.穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为96.3％、100.0％、97.8％,传统的6针法前列腺穿刺术的诊断准确率为93.3％(209/224),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检对于前列腺癌的诊断是一种安全可靠的辅助诊断方法,且改良6点比传统的6针法前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的准确率更高.     

超声引导下前列腺穿刺择点研究进展

前列腺癌是西方发达国家老年男性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,近年来,我国前列腺癌发病率呈明显上升趋势。目前经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasound ,TRUS）引导下前列腺穿刺活检术是诊断前列腺癌的主要手段。本文主要就穿刺点的选择及几种先进的技术等作一综述。     

Value of contrast-enhanced sonographic micro flow imaging for prostate cancer detection with t-PSA level of 4-10ng/mL

Objectives

To compare the efficiency of contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic micro flow imaging (MFI) with conventional transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in detecting prostate cancer with serum total prostate-specific antigen (t-PSA) of 4.0–10.0 ng/mL. To evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic MFI in detecting prostate cancer with t-PSA in diagnostic gray zone.

Methods

47 patients with t-PSA 4.0–10.0 ng/mL underwent gray scale, power Doppler TRUS and MFI examinations before ultrasound guided biopsies. Biopsies were performed at twelve sites in the base, the mid-gland and the apex of the prostate in each patient, when there was no abnormal ultrasound finding. When an abnormality was present at MFI, the biopsy specimen from the corresponding site was directed toward the abnormal finding. With histological results of prostate biopsy as reference standards, we assessed the cancer detection of these three methods.

Results

564 specimens were collected in this study, in which 101 were prostate cancer confirmed histologically. 152 of 564 specimens were demonstrated abnormal on MFI images, in which 71 were malignant and 81 were benign confirmed histologically. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for MFI in detecting prostate caner were 70.3%, 82.5%, 80.3%, 46.7% and 92.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and NPV for MFI were significantly better than gray scale (38.6%, 86.9%) and power Doppler (32.7%, 86.0%) (P < 0.001) TRUS.

Conclusions

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic MFI could significantly improve the detection rate of prostate cancer with t-PSA in diagnostic gray zone (4–10 ng/mL) than conventional ultrasound.     

腹腔镜探头经直肠超声引导下行经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术的初步探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜线阵探头在经直肠超声引导下行经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术中的应用价值。方法对因前列腺直肠指检发现结节、血清PSA水平高于正常值(如PSA>4μg/L)、超声或其他影像学检查发现前列腺占位病变、发现转移癌,怀疑原发灶在前列腺的72例疑似前列腺癌患者,将腹腔镜线阵探头前方涂抹较多超声耦合剂外套避孕套后放入直肠内行经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术,分析其临床资料和声像图表现。结果 (1)本组72例均取材满意,经病理证实前列腺癌24例;前列腺增生41例;前列腺炎4例;不典型增生3例。(2)腹腔镜探头经直肠检查刺激小、易接受,可清晰显示直肠壁、前列腺(尤其外腺)及其周围组织结构的声像图。(3)腹腔镜线阵探头经直肠超声引导下的穿刺活检术可清晰显示穿刺针针尖的位置及穿刺活检的动态过程。结论在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术中运用腹腔镜线阵探头经直肠超声引导是一种易被患者接受的、既能提高前列腺病灶、穿刺针针尖及针道超声显示的清晰度,又能有效减少穿刺活检术盲目性的方法。     

Detection of prostate cancer with three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound: correlation with biopsy results

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Methods

A total of 112 patients with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or a positive digital rectal examination were evaluated using three-dimensional greyscale transrectal ultrasound (3D-GS TRUS) and three-dimensional power Doppler sonography (3D-PDS). Target biopsies were obtained together with 12 core systematic biopsies. Pathological results were correlated with the imaging data.

Results

Cancers were detected in 269 biopsy sites from 41 patients. 229 sites of cancer were depicted by 3D-GS TRUS and 213 sites were depicted by 3D-PDS. 30 sites were missed by both 3D-GS TRUS and 3D-PDS. Abnormal prostate images depicted by 3D-GS TRUS and 3D-PDS were associated with lesions with a Gleason score of 6.9 or higher.

Conclusion

The detection rates of prostate cancer were significantly improved with 3D-GS TRUS and 3D-PDS on serum PSA levels >10 ng ml^–1 or 20 ng ml^–1. 3D-GS TRUS and 3D-PDS may improve the biopsy yield by determining appropriate sites for target and systematic biopsies. The abnormalities detected by 3D ultrasound were associated with moderate- and high-grade prostate cancers. However, based on the number of false-negative TRUS results, the use of systematic prostate biopsies should not be eliminated.Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in older males. Previous autopsy studies have shown that one-third of males over 50 years old have latent cancer, yet only 10% develop clinically significant carcinomas during their lifetime [1]. The exact mechanism mediating the progression of microfocal cancers into symptomatic forms of the disease has not been elucidated. Since prostate cancers demonstrate remarkably heterogeneous behaviours ranging from slow-growing lesions to aggressive tumours that metastasise rapidly [2], the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancers is very challenging. The current methods of screening for prostate cancer include measuring serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) scanning and biopsy. However, controversy surrounds which screening method is the most clinically significant for detecting lesions.Since approximately 20–50% of prostate cancers are invisible by greyscale (GS) TRUS [3], GS TRUS has limited value for detection of prostate cancer [4,5]. In addition, 35% of lesions missed by GS TRUS are moderate- or high-grade tumours [6]. Colour Doppler ultrasound, as an important adjunct to GS TRUS, could improve detection of prostate cancer, although in one study 16% of cases with clinically significant cancer were still missed by this method [7].Three-dimensional (3D) TRUS is a relatively new imaging modality. Preliminary studies have shown improved cancer detection with 3D TRUS when compared with two-dimensional TRUS [8,9]. However, it is still unknown which malignant lesions may be detected by 3D TRUS. Furthermore, 3D TRUS has not been analysed in correlation with the site-specific biopsy pathological results.The purpose of this study was to assess the role of 3D-GS TRUS and 3D power Doppler sonography (3D-PDS) in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. This study correlated 3D-GS TRUS and 3D-PDS data with biopsy pathological results using a site-by-site analysis that included target and systematic biopsies.     

New ultrasound technologies for the diagnostics of prostate cancer

CLINICAL/METHODOLOGICAL ISSUE: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. The diagnosis is based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy. These techniques have considerable limitations, which result in unnecessary biopsies. Furthermore the biopsies are associated with morbidity and costs. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: Standard gray-scale ultrasound has a low sensitivity and specificity for prostate cancer detection. METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: New ultrasound technologies, including color- and power Doppler ultrasound, contrast enhanced US and real-time sonoelastography have shown to improve prostate cancer diagnosis. PERFORMANCE: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound has shown a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 95%), a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.8% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 88.8% for prostate cancer detection. Real-time sonoelastography has shown a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 81% and NPV of 91% for prostate cancer diagnosis. ACHIEVEMENTS: Most studies show that these new ultrasound modalities demonstrate a 1.5 to 2.5 times higher detection of prostate cancer per biopsy specimen compared with systematic biopsy. Multicenter studies results are at present lacking but are, however ongoing. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: In patients with suspected prostate cancer (elevated PSA, suspicious DRE) these new ultrasound techniques should be used. These techniques can detect prostate cancer and allow a targeted biopsy approach.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate with spectroscopic imaging using a surface coil. Initial clinical experience

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in the detection and localisation of prostate cancer, prospectively compared with histopathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRSI were performed on 39 patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels greater than 4 ng/ml and suspicious findings at trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS). All patients underwent a TRUS ten-core biopsy within 30 days according to a subdivision of the prostate into octants. All studies were interpreted by a dedicated radiologist who reported the areas of interest as normal, equivocal or suspicious on MRI. At MRSI, cancer was defined as possible if the ratio of choline plus creatine to citrate exceeded mean normal peripheral zone values by two standard deviations (SD) or as definite if that ratio exceeded the normal value by three SD. MRI and MRSI findings were spatially correlated with findings obtained from individual biopsy sites. RESULTS: MRI and MRSI alone had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and diagnostic accuracy in the detection of prostate cancer equal to 85%, 75%; 53%, 89%; 65%, 88%; 77%, 74%; and 69%, 79%, respectively. These values were 70%, 89%, 88%, 74% and 79% when MRI and MRSI were combined. Site-by-site analysis of MRI and MRSI findings and biopsy results yielded no significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of MRSI and MRI provides a significantly higher specificity in the detection of tumours as compared with MRI alone and can be recommended as a problem-solving modality before biopsy in patients with high PSA levels and suspicious TRUS.     

MRI-经直肠超声融合靶向穿刺对有临床意义前列腺癌的检出价值

目的探讨MRI-经直肠超声(TRUS)融合靶向穿刺对有临床意义前列腺癌(PCa)的检出价值。方法前瞻性收集2015年9月至2017年6月苏州大学附属第一医院临床疑诊的PCa患者168例。对多参数MRI(mpMRI)上的可疑病灶进行第二版前列腺图像报告和数据系统(PI-RADS V2)评分。所有患者均行TRUS引导下前列腺系统穿刺,其中108例PI-RAD V2评分≥3分的患者行MRI-TRUS融合靶向穿刺。以穿刺病理结果为金标准,采用χ2检验比较两种穿刺方法对PCa及有临床意义癌的检出率。结果168例中,PCa患者86例101个病灶,非PCa患者82例91个病灶。TRUS系统穿刺检出PCa 78例(46.43%,78/168),MRI-TRUS靶向穿刺检出PCa 63例(58.33%,63/108),二者间差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.73,P=0.035)。168例患者共穿刺2300针,其中经MRI-TRUS靶向穿刺的单针阳性率(51.76%,147/284)高于TRUS系统穿刺(19.64%,396/2016),差异有统计学意义(χ2=142.38,P<0.05)。在所有穿刺阳性病灶中,MRI-TRUS靶向穿刺阳性率(68.69%,147/214)高于TRUS系统穿刺组(38.37%,396/1032),差异有统计学意义(χ2=66.27,P<0.05)。MRI-TRUS靶向穿刺组检出有临床意义PCa占所有阳性病例穿刺针数的69.74%(106/152),TRUS系统穿刺检出有临床意义PCa为54.50%(351/644),两组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.67,P<0.05)。结论MRI-TRUS靶向穿刺与PI-RADS V2相结合较系统穿刺可有效提高前列腺的穿刺阳性率,并且能够提高有临床意义PCa的检出率。     

Transrectal sonography in prostate evaluation

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent newly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in men. With the continued use of prostate-specific antigen screening, there has been a dramatic rise in the number of prostate biopsied performed. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is an essential tool used for detecting prostate pathology and performing prostate biopsies. This article review the indications and principles of TRUS of the prostate, the technique of TRUS, and controversies pertaining to prostate core biopsy.     

The role of three dimensional transrectal ultrasonography (3-D TRUS) and power Doppler sonography in prostatic lesions evaluation

Aim of work

To evaluate the role of three dimensional (3D), two dimensional (2D) as well as power Doppler transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in diagnosis of different prostatic lesions.

Patients and methods

2-D TRUS, power Doppler and Transrectal 3-D US were performed for 100 patients between April 2009 and April 2010. All patients had been examined clinically with digital rectal examination (DRE) and had serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level (total and free). Patient age ranges from 42 to 67 years and the mean age was 55 years. TRUS guided biopsies were done for 77 cases showing any of the followings: abnormal focal lesion with ultrasound, abnormal vascularity with power Doppler exam, abnormal DRE, elevated serum total PSA >4 ng/ml or when the percent-free PSA is 10% or less in an outpatient setting. The results were recorded and analyzed.

Results

3-D TRUS was more sensitive, specific and more accurate than 2-D TRUS in detecting prostate cancer as it showed estimated sensitivity 78.9% and specificity 94.8% with total accuracy 90.9% with respect to an estimated sensitivity 63.1%, specificity 86.2% and total accuracy 80.5% with 2-D TRUS and was more accurate than 2-D ultrasound in identifying the capsular breaks with an estimated sensitivity 80% with respect to 40% with 2-D TRUS.Power Doppler showed 84.2% sensitivity in detecting prostatic cancer and was of 100% sensitivity in detecting prostatitis. 3-D TRUS was more accurate in estimating the volume of adenoma in cases of BPH with an estimated error not more than +6% with respect to an estimated error not more than +18% for 2-D TRUS.

Conclusion

3-D transrectal ultrasound and power Doppler sonography have specific diagnostic capabilities which added significantly to the ultrasound in detecting and staging of prostatic cancer and in the planning for management .They proved highly valuable in the diagnosis of prostatitis and 3-D TRUS was more accurate than 2-D TRUS in estimating the volume of adenomas in patients with BPH.