TTE结合cTTE在卵圆孔未闭介入治疗中的应用

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图（TTE）结合经胸超声心动图右心声学造影（cTTE）在卵圆孔未闭（PFO）介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 入选我院90例行介入封堵治疗的PFO患者,年龄（40±15）岁。用TTE、cTTE及食管超声心动图（TEE）评估、检测及随访。结果 90例PFO患者,TTE或TEE检查符合简单型PFO 52例（58%）、复杂型PFO 38例（42%）。术前cTTE检查,38例（42%）于静息状态下检出右向左分流（RLS）,其中少量24例(27%)、中量11例(12%)和大量3例(3%),Valsalva动作除8例（9%）为中量RLS外,余均为大量RLS。Valsalva动作后大量RLS检出率明显高于静息状态（P<0.01）。52例简单型PFO患者均用PFO封堵器,其中18/25 mm、30/30 mm和25/35 mm封堵器各用38例（73%）、6例（12%）和8例（15%）,18/25 mm封堵器使用率明显高于30/30 mm和25/35 mm封堵器（P<0.01）。38例复杂型PFO患者,37例用单封堵器,其中30/30 mm和25/35 mmPFO封堵器分别为16例（42%）和17例（45%）、房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵器4例（11%）。1例PFO并发ASD的患者,孔间距为20 mm,应用18/18 mm和25/35 mm双封堵器。术后cTTE随访:3个月、半年、1年完全堵闭率（无RLS）分别为40%、67%和74%。术后1年残余RLS为23例,其中22例(96%)微泡出现时间超过5个心动周期。结论 TTE结合cTTE在PFO封堵术前病例筛查、术中指导封堵器选择及术后疗效评价中均有着不可或缺的作用,对保证PFO封堵治疗成功具有重要价值。     

两种不同封堵器对不明原因脑卒中合并大量右向左分流患者卵圆孔未闭的疗效对比

目的:对比两种不同封堵器对不明原因脑卒中(CS)合并大量右向左分流(RLS)患者卵圆孔未闭(PFO)封堵治疗的疗效。方法:2013-05至2016-08期间连续入选CS合并大量RLS的123例PFO患者,应用Cardi-O-fix PFO封堵器(Cardi-O-fix PFO封堵器组,80例)或Amplatzer PFO封堵器(Amplatzer PFO封堵器组,43例)行经皮PFO介入封堵术。所有患者先行影像学检查并经3位经验丰富的神经内科专家明确CS的诊断,然后经胸超声心动图及右心声学造影诊断PFO及大量RLS。回顾患者的基线特征、临床症状、手术及随访数据,观察两种封堵器封堵治疗的疗效。结果:术后两组各有1例发生阵发性心房颤动,Cardi-O-fix PFO封堵器组1例术后出现腹股沟血肿。随访期间两组无复发性脑卒中及死亡事件发生。两组各随访时期残余分流的差异无统计学意义。结论:在预防脑卒中复发方面,PFO介入封堵可为CS伴大量RLS的PFO患者带来获益。Cardi-O-fix PFO封堵器与Amplatzer PFO封堵器在安全性和有效性方面相似。     

卵圆孔未闭并发小房间隔缺损的介入治疗

目的 评价卵圆孔未闭（PFO）并发小房间隔缺损（ASD）介入治疗的有效性和安全性。方法 PFO并发小ASD患者18（男7,女11）例,其中不明原因卒中6例,偏头痛12例, 年龄21~58（36±13）岁,均行介入治疗。结果18例PFO并发小ASD患者,PFO直径2~4（2.7±0.8）mm,ASD直径3~5（4.0±0.9）mm,10例两孔间距离<7 mm,5例8~12 mm,3例>12 mm。15例患者置入单封堵器,3例置入双封堵器。术前经胸超声心动图声学造影（cTTE）静息状态均有右向左分流（RLS）,Valsalva动作（VM）后大量RLS。术后18例患者静息状态下均无RLS,15例置入单封堵器者术后:1个月VM后均为大量RLS,3个月11例为少~中量RLS及4例为大量RLS,6个月4例为大量RLS,其余11例无RLS。3例置入双封堵器者术后1个月VM后为大量RLS、3个月为中量RLS,而6个月均无RLS。6例不明原因脑卒中患者复查头颅MRI无新发梗死病灶。12例偏头痛患者,封堵术后6个月1例无明显改善,11例患者症状消失或明显减轻。HIT-6评分较术前明显减少〔(66±10)分 vs.(42±10)分,P<0.01〕。结论介入治疗PFO并发小ASD是一种安全有效的方法,但短期内仍有部分患者存在RLS,尤其是置入单封堵器者。     

卵圆孔未闭并发不明原因脑卒中患者封堵治疗的疗效和安全性

目的:探讨封堵治疗卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)并发不明原因缺血性脑卒中患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法:26例缺血性脑卒中患者,均经头颅CT或磁共振成像(MRI)证实有脑梗死病灶,排除其他脑梗死原因,如主动脉和脑血管病变,及左心系统疾病等。经颅多普勒超声(TCD)声学造影判断有右向左分流,经胸超声心动图(TTE)和(或)经食管超声心动图(TEE)证实为PFO或PFO并发房间隔瘤。所有患者均行PFO封堵治疗。结果:26例患者,静息超声测量PFO大小为1.0~4.6(2.8±1.2)mm,其中5例PFO并发房间隔瘤。TCD声学造影分流量Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级以上11例。24例封堵成功,技术成功率为92%,所用封堵器18 mm 6个、25 mm7个、30 mm 8个及35 mm 3个。未成功病例2例,主要原因为导丝无法到达左房。术后随访6个月~1年,TTE检查未见封堵器移位及心房水平残余分流,TCD声学造影检查均无右向左分流,所有患者无再发缺血性脑梗死。结论:经导管封堵PFO是一种安全有效的治疗方法,可有效减少缺血性脑卒中的再发生。     

TTE联合右心声学造影筛查PFO的价值及介入封堵治疗中期疗效

目的 应用经胸超声心动图（transthoracic-echocardiography,TTE）及经胸右心声学造影（contrast transthoracic-echocardiography,cTTE）筛查隐源性卒中、不明原因晕厥及偏头痛患者中卵圆孔未闭（patent foramen ovale,PFO）的检出率及经皮介入封堵治疗PFO的中期疗效。 方法 选取167例临床诊断为隐源性卒中、不明原因晕厥及偏头痛的患者,均行TTE检查及cTTE检查,根据微气泡右向左分流（the right-to-left shunt,RLS）数量进行量化分级,分为I级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级。选取Ⅲ级RLS患者22例,右心选择性造影证实为PFO并根据形态选择合适封堵器行封堵治疗,术后1、3、6个月门诊及电话随访,术后6个月行cTTE复查。 结果 167例患者行cTTE,静息状态下RLS有67例（40.1%）,Valsalva动作后RLS有85例（50.9%）,其中I级分流23例（13.8%）,Ⅱ级分流12例（7.2%）,Ⅲ级分流50例（29.9%）。在3种不同疾病中,隐源性卒中并发PFO检出率为43.5%;不明原因晕厥并发PFO检出率68.0%;偏头痛并发PFO检出率为47.9%;22例行PFO封堵患者,随访6个月,临床症状改善,无并发症,复查cTTE均未见残余分流。 结论 TTE联合cTTE是筛查PFO重要的无创检查手段;两者结合对隐源性卒中、不明原因晕厥及偏头痛并发PFO有较高的检出率。介入封堵治疗PFO能有效预防隐源性卒中、晕厥再发、明显减轻偏头痛症状。     

超声测量卵圆孔未闭直径与球囊伸展径的比较

目的 比较卵圆孔未闭（PFO）大小的判断方法。方法 47例PFO患者,年龄9~68（42±17）岁。经食管超声心动图（TEE）测量大小,经胸超声心动图声学造影（cTTE）测量右向左分流量（RLS）及球囊导管测量PFO伸展径（BSD）。结果 cTTE静息状态下PFO无RLS组TEE测量PFO大小为（3±1）mm,有RLS的大小为（5±1）mm,有RLS组PFO直径明显大于无RLS组（P<0.01）。TEE 测量PFO最大径为（4±1）mm,球囊测量伸展径为（9±4）mm,伸展径明显大于TEE最大径（P<0.01）,两者显著相关（r=0.98,P<0.01）。简单型PFO的TEE测量最大径,与球囊测量伸展径非常接近,相关程度更好,复杂型PFO的TEE测量值明显小于BSD,相关程度较低。结论 cTTE静息状态下RLS分流量越多,PFO的TEE裂隙越大;TEE测量PFO最大径明显小于其伸展径;TEE结合cTTE静息有无RLS有助于判断大型PFO。     

房间隔缺损或卵圆孔未闭合并房间隔瘤介入封堵治疗临床经验

目的探讨采用超声心动图指导下导丝参比封堵器选择策略及特殊类型房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵器治疗房间隔瘤(ASA)合并ASD/复杂型卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月在兰州大学第一医院行经导管介入封堵治疗的ASA合并ASD/PFO患者。所有患者均于术中加硬导丝通过ASD/PFO建立轨道后使用经胸超声心动图多切面判断ASD各缘回声强度及边缘组织压迫与导丝的关系,据此进行封堵器类型及型号选择,均置入特制小腰大盘型ASD封堵器。于术后1个月及6个月进行随访,以超声心动图评估房室腔变化及心功能、心包积液及器械表面血栓,动态心电图评价房性心律失常,门诊随诊评估有无再发脑梗死。结果共纳入29例患者,其中ASA合并ASD 22例(22/29),ASA合并PFO 7例(7/29),平均年龄(46.97±13.53)岁,其中女性22例(22/29)。所有患者均一次封堵成功,无二次封堵器更换。22例ASD患者使用封堵器直径为6～24mm;7例PFO患者中5例使用腰部直径6mm特制小腰大盘型ASD封堵器,2例使用腰部直径8mm特制小腰大盘型ASD封堵器。双孔及多孔型ASA合并ASD9例(9/29),最大缺损孔径为5～12 mm;5例患者封堵器释放即刻存在残余分流,均为ASA合并多孔型ASD患者,平均残余分流为(2.20±0.84)mm,2例患者术后6个月随访时残余分流消失。所有患者术前、术后1个月及6个月左心房内径、右心房内径和右心室前后径均未见明显变化,左心室射血分数均未受到影响(均P0.05);无器械相关血栓、心脏压缩及脑梗死发生,1例患者术后34 h新发阵发性心房颤动。结论 ASA合并ASD/PFO患者采用超声心动图指导下导丝参比封堵器选择策略提高了封堵器选择准确率,特制小腰大盘型ASD封堵器可最大限度覆盖ASA、重整房间隔,避免多个封堵器置入,具有安全性及有效性。     

脑卒中患者经导管封堵卵圆孔临床资料分析

目的:探讨经导管封堵卵圆孔未闭(PFO),预防脑部矛盾栓塞并评价其疗效。方法:本组共6例,年龄16～67岁,均经临床经胸超声心动图或经食道超声心动图检查,证实为PFO合并右向左分流患者。6例术前均有缺血性脑梗死。患者选用PFO封堵器经导管置入,进行介入治疗。结果:本组封堵成功率为100%。所有患者均能成功置入并释放封堵器。术后1个月、3个月及6个月行经胸超声心动图检查,未见封堵器移位。术后未有脑卒中事件。结论:经导管封堵PFO是一种较有效的介入治疗方法,可用于预防由于DFO导的致脑部矛盾栓塞。     

充分Valsalva动作在超声心动图声学造影诊断单纯卵圆孔未闭中的作用

目的 对比分析经胸超声心动图声学造影（contrast transthoracic echocardiography, c TTE）辅以标准Valsalva动作（Valsalva maneuver, VM）与cTTE辅以充分的VM对卵圆孔未闭（patent foramen ovale, PFO）患者的诊断价值。方法 拟对2019年9月至2021年9月联勤保障部队第九六〇医院137例临床怀疑存在PFO、经胸超声心动图检查阴性的患者行cTTE检查。患者行静息状态下cTTE后,再先后辅以标准VM与辅以充分的VM,对比分析这两种方法对PFO右向左分流（right to left shunt, RLS）的检出结果及超声特点。结果 137例患者中,排除静息状态下c TTE左心微气泡大量（Ⅲ级）3例、肺循环RLS 2例,最终132例纳入研究对象。标准VM后c TTE检出PFO-RLS 67例（67/132,50.7%）、充分的VM后cTTE检出PFO-RLS 87例（87/132,65.9%）,20例患者仅在辅以充分的VM后检出。充分的VM组检出率（65.9%）明显高于标准VM组（50.7%）,且差...     

卵圆孔未闭封堵器在儿童多孔型房间隔缺损封堵治疗中的研究

目的:总结卵圆孔未闭(PFO)封堵器介入治疗儿童多孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)的疗效和经验。方法:对2017年1月至2018年11月,我院采用PFO封堵器进行介入封堵治疗儿童多孔型ASD的患儿共40例进行总结,术前经临床及经胸超声心动图诊断,术中心导管结合经胸超声心动图及术后随访,观察术后右心房前后径,左右径,右心室内径变化,观察封堵器位置,有无残余分流情况及并发症。结果:所有患儿均成功置入PFO封堵器,所有患儿术后未发现明显心律失常。术后封堵器位置良好,未出现移位,未出现心脏穿孔、封堵器脱落以及栓塞等不良反应。术后1、3、6个月行经胸超声心动图检查测量患儿右心房前后径,左右径,右心室内径,较术前均明显缩小,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后即刻封堵行经胸超声心动图显示39例完全闭合,1例术后6个月仍有少量残余分流,但对血流动力学无影响。结论:PFO封堵器对于封堵儿童多孔型ASD,具有封堵器效率较高,短期疗效可靠的特点,在把握适应证的前提下具有较好的封堵效果。     

Interventional closure with Amplatzer PFO occluder of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical cerebral embolism

Percutaneous transcatheter closure has been proposed as an alternative to surgical closure or long-term anticoagulation in patients with presumed paradoxical embolism and patent foramen ovale (PFO). We report our mid-term results of 55 consecutive symptomatic patients (mean age: 47 years, range: 20-79) who underwent percutaneous transcatheter closure of PFO after at least one event of cerebral ischemia; 16 (29%) patients had at least one transient ischemic attack and 39 (71%) patients at least one embolic stroke. Multiple embolic events had occurred in 6 (11%) patients. Percutaneous transcatheter closure was technically successful in all 55 patients (100%). For the majority of patients, an Amplatzer PFO occluder measuring 25 mm in diameter (n=49) or an Amplatzer PFO occluder measuring 35 mm in diameter (n=6) was used. Complete occlusion by color Doppler and transesophageal contrast echocardiography investigation was achieved in 96% at follow-up 3-6 months after implantation; only 2 patients had a trivial residual shunt at follow-up. Mean fluoroscopy time was 6.7 minutes (range: 1.7-47.1), and in-hospital follow-up was uneventful except for 1 patient who developed a cardiac tamponade requiring uneventful and successful needle pericardiocentesis. At a mean follow-up of 19 months (range: 3-32) no recurrent embolic neurological events was observed. Transcatheter closure of PFO with Amplatzer PFO occluder devices is a safe and effective therapy for patients with previous paradoxical embolism and aneurysmatic or nonaneurysmatic PFO. Percutaneous closure is associated with a high success rate, low incidence of hospital complications, and freedom of cerebral ischemia events.     

Closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with orthodeoxia-platypnea using the amplatzer devices.

We present a series of four patients with orthodeoxia-platypnea who underwent successful transcatheter closure of their patent foramen ovale using the Amplatzer devices (Amplatzer septal occluder/Amplatzer PFO occluder). The average saturation increased from 81% to 96% with complete resolution of symptoms. The Amplatzer devices are safe and effective treatment options for patients with orthodeoxia-platypnea.     

Transthoracic echocardiography guidance during percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale

Background: Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been increasingly performed for several indications; mostly due to cryptogenic stroke. In this study we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) guidance during percutaneous closure of PFO in using the Amplatzer and Occlutech Figulla PFO occluder devices. Methods: Between October 2005 and March 2011, 139 patients (74 male, mean age: 40.4 ± 10.3) underwent transcatheter PFO closure. In all patients transesophageal echocardiography performed subsequently to diagnose, assess the size and evaluate for suitability of the defect for percutaneous closure. During the procedure fluoroscopy and TTE were used for guidance. Results: Among 139 patients, Amplatzer PFO occluder was used in 74 patients and in 65 of them Occlutech Figulla device was selected for occlusion. The indications for PFO closure were ischemic stroke in 98 (70.5%), recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in 40 (28.7%), peripheral embolism in 1 (0.8%) of the patients. In all patients, percutaneous intervention was performed successfully under TTE guidance. There have been no neurologic (recurrent strokes or TIAs) and cardiovascular complications during the immediate and long‐term follow‐up period (2–67 months, median 29). There was significant difference between the mean fluoroscopic time from the beginning which is 8.6 ± 3.4 min in the former versus 3.4 ± 1.9 min in the latter (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study confirms the efficacy and safety of TTE guidance during percutaneous closure of PFO, which shortens the procedural time and obviates the need for general anesthesia or endotracheal intubation. (Echocardiography 2011;28:1074‐1080)     

Single centre experience with GORE-HELEX septal occluder for closure of PFO

Several devices are available for percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure. Over the past 3 years our planned treatment strategy of PFO closure has been routine use of the GORE-HELEX septal occluder device, followed by 6 months of aspirin therapy. We present the safety and feasibility of routinely using this device for all patients undergoing percutaneous PFO closure, with 3-month transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) follow up. In total, 75 adult patients (44.0+/-11.7 years; 45.3% male) were referred for PFO closure during the study period. All patients underwent echocardiography prior to PFO closure. In 5 patients no PFO was found, and 1 patient had an atrial secundum defect closed using the Amplatzer septal occluder. Of the 69 remaining patients with PFO, 68/69 (98.6%) underwent closure with the GORE-HELEX device. Six of 69 cases required device retrieval and 5 of 6 were replaced successfully with a second GORE-HELEX device. One of the 6, a large PFO associated with atrial septal aneurysm, was replaced using the Amplatzer septal occluder. There were no major complications. At 3-month follow up, 65/68 (95.6%) had no residual shunt on TTE, and 3 patients had small residual shunts thought to be related to incomplete endothelialisation at 3 months. In conclusion, percutaneous PFO closure using the GORE-HELEX septal occluder device is safe and feasible, with no major peri-procedural complications and excellent short-term results at 3-month follow up.     

Patent foramen ovale closure in patients with cryptogenic thrombo-embolic events using the Cardia PFO occluder.

AIMS: We report our experience with three generations of the Cardia patent foramen ovale (PFO) occluder in patients with cryptogenic thrombo-embolic events (TE). METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2004, interventional PFO closure was attempted in 403 patients. Prior to PFO closure, 605 TE occurred, translating into an annual incidence of 3.1%. PFO closure was successful in all patients. Peri-procedural complications occurred in eight patients (2.0%). At 6 months follow-up, residual shunt was present in 10.8% of patients. Transient thrombi developed on 10 devices (predominantly generation II) and asymptomatic wire fractures were detected in 14 cases (generation I and II). The annual incidence of recurrent TE was 2.0% (n=13). Atrial septal aneurysm and prior device-related thrombus formation were identified as predictors of recurrent TE. CONCLUSION: Owing to technical improvements and modified adjunctive pharmacotherapy, the rate of thrombus formation has declined and wire fractures are virtually absent in generation III devices. The overall rate of recurrent TE is reduced by transcatheter PFO closure with the Cardia PFO occluder, and seems comparable to recurrence rates reported for other devices used for this purpose.     

Cardiac perforation following transcatheter PFO closure.

From December 1998 to August 2001, transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) with an Amplatzer PFO occluder has been successfully performed in our center in 102 patients without severe complications. We are reporting the first known case of cardiac perforation by an Amplatzer PFO occluder.     

卵圆孔未闭封堵术治疗偏头痛的临床疗效

目的 通过比较卵圆孔未闭（patent foramen ovale,PFO）封堵前后患者偏头痛症状改善程度,评估PFO封堵术治疗偏头痛的有效性和安全性。方法 纳入2012年5月~2013年6月就诊并同期行经皮PFO封堵术的偏头痛患者。PFO封堵术后≥6个月电话或门诊随访,进行HIT-6量表评分,并记录偏头痛症状(包括发病频率、天数、程度)。比较封堵术前后偏头痛症状以及偏头痛对生活质量的影响变化。结果 32例PFO并发偏头痛患者,年龄14~59(37.00±12.26)岁,其中男14例,女18例。随访显示封堵术后偏头痛患者的HIT-6评分显著减少（P<0.05）,术后偏头痛对生活质量的影响明显降低; 偏头痛平均发作频率明显下降（P<0.05）,头痛程度明显减轻（P<0.05）。结论 PFO封堵术安全性高,可有效改善偏头痛症状及对生活质量的影响。