Impact of Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality on Life Expectancy in China

Objective To evaluate the impact of cerebrovascular disease mortality on life expectancy （LE） in China in 2010 compared with 2005, and to identify the high-risk population （age, sex, and region） where cerebrovascular disease mortality has had a major impact on LE. Methods LE and cause-eliminated LE were calculated by using standard life tables which used adjusted mortality data from the Death Surveillance Data Sets in 2005 and 2010 from the National Disease Surveillance System. Decomposition was used to quantitate the impact of cerebrovascular disease in different age groups. Results LE in China was 73.24 years in 2010, which was higher in women and urban residents compared with men and rural residents. The loss of LE caused by cerebrovascular disease mortality was 2.26 years, which was higher in men and rural residents compared with women and urban residents. More than 30% of the loss of LE were attributed to premature death from cerebrovascular disease in people aged 〈65 years. Compared with 2005, LE in 2010 increased by 0.92 years. The reduction of cerebrovascular disease mortality in urban residents contributed 0.45 years to the increase of LE, but the increase of cerebrovascular disease mortality caused a 0.12-year loss of LE in rural residents. Conclusion Cerebrovascular disease mortality had a major impact on LE in China, with a significant difference between urban and rural residents. LE is likely to be further increased by reducing cerebrovascular disease mortality, and special attention should be paid to reducing premature deaths in people aged 〈65 years.     

Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in China Calls for The Implementation of Expert Patient Program with Traditional Chinese Medical Interventions

Chronic kidney disease was closely related with unhealthy lifestyle;therefore a strategy focused both on daily life and medical process,like the Expert Patients Program,was of great value in the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease.In China,however,obstacles still existed in the process of implementing the program.Adding traditional Chinese medical interventions to the program assisted both patients and physicians to understand and to accept this new trend in management of chronic disease better.The combination with traditional Chinese medical interventions showed a solution for successfully implementing the Expert Patients Program and provided a new strategy for prevention and control of chronic kidney disease.     

Kidney disease in China: recent progress and prospects

Kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem.The prevalence of end-stage renal disease （ESRD）, a final outcome of kidney disease, has increased progressively in the past decades and has emerged as a great burden to the healthcare system in China. Glomerulonephritis is still the most common cause of ESRD in China. However, the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension are increasing dramatically. There are modifiable risk factors for the development of progressive renal dysfunction. The challenge is to identify the disease and deliver effective therapies at the right time with the right tools. In the last two years,     

Phosphorylated neurofilament epitopes in the achromasic neurons of corticonigral degeneration.

By employing monoclonal phosphorylated neurofilaments antibody, we studied the abnormally pale-staining neurons in 3 cases of corticonigral degeneration by the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. For comparison, the central chromatolysis in anterior horn cells secondary to cervical spine fracture and "ballooned" neurons in a case of Pick's disease and a case of Alzheimer's disease were studied with similar procedure. Achromasic neurons in the case of corticonigral degeneration and ballooned neurons in Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease showed positive immunostaining, while neurons with central chromatolysis secondary to axonal injury did not. Our observations show that the achromasic neurons in corticonigral degeneration contain phosphorylated neurofilaments which share common antigenic characteristics with ballooned neurons in Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The absence of positive immunostaining in reactive central chromatolysis suggests that despite the similarities in appearance with the usual histopathologic stains this cytoplasmic change is pathogenetically different from that in the other neuronal disorders mentioned above.

     

Quantification of plasma DNA as a screening tool for lung cancer

Background Recent studies suggest that circulating DNA may be a potential tumor marker for lung cancer, but most of these studies are conducted between healthy controls and lung cancer patients, with few or no benign lung disease patients included. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of plasma DNA quantification in discriminating lung cancer from the healthy and benign lung disease.Methods Plasma DNA was extracted with a QIAamp DNA Blood Midi kit and quantified by a PicoGreen dsDNA quantitation kit in 44 healthy individuals, 36 benign lung disease patients and 67 lung cancer patients. Discrimination power was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Plasma DNA values were significantly increased in lung cancer patients, especially in those with metastases, and in benign lung disease patients compared with that in the healthy individuals (P＜0.001, respectively). The values in lung cancer patients were significantly increased compared with that in the benign lung disease patients (P＜0.001). The area under the curve was 0.96 ［95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92-0.99］ for the healthy versus lung cancer, 0.73 (95% CI 0.64-0.83) for lung cancer versus benign lung disease, and 0.86 (95% CI 0.80-0.91) for lung cancer versus the healthy and benign lung disease.Conclusions Plasma DNA quantification has a strong power to discriminate lung cancer from the healthy and from the healthy and benign lung disease, less power to discriminate lung cancer from benign lung disease. Plasma DNA quantification may be useful as a screening tool for lung cancer.     

Decreased Plasma MANF Levels are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a multifactorial disease caused by both genetic and environmental factors.Although many genes have been reported to be involved in T2DM,much is still unknown about other genes that are involved in the disease and its progression.Therefore,the exploration of new factors plays a pivotal role in the development of new methods and strategies to prevent this chronic disease.     

Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Associated with the aging of our world population is a sharp increase in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease,which not only poses a significant health issue but also presents a serious social problem.Although pharmacological treatments were developed based on existing hypotheses,the disease pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated.Given the complexity of Alzheimer’s disease,Chinese herbal medicine appears to have therapeutic potential for Alzheimer’s disease through multi-target and multi-pathway approach at cellular and molecular levels and holistic adjustment of the body at organ system levels.Recently,a significant breakthrough has been made in the research of Chinese medicine for Alzheimer’s disease.In this article,we review the experimental research progress in understanding how Chinese medicine could be used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.     

Pharmacological intervention of hypertension in proteinuric chronic kidney disease： how and what？

Chronic kidney disease （CKD） is a significant interactive disease in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease with major morbidity consequences and high costs to the healthcare system. The prevalence of end stage renal disease （ESRD）, a f＇mal outcome of CKD, has increased progressively in the past decades in both developing and developed countries. It is now appreciated that the majority of patients with CKD have a chronic decline of renal function over years before renal replacement therapy is required. This non-specific process continues even when the initial insult is no longer present and has been called progression of CKD.     

Coexistence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease in the same patient

In the recent 10 years, an important step forward on the studies of prion disease is the findings of three cases in which there were concomitant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Table).1-4 Since then the concept that CJD or AD is an independent and different disease in entity has been changed. We found a patient who clinically demonstrated a slowly progressive dementia of 12-year duration and neuropathologically suffered from both AD and CJD.     

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGXC R,ELATIONSHIP OF SELENIUIVI AND KESHAN DISEASE

The distribution of Keshan disease has its own endemic characteristics. It shows a belt- like regional disfribution throughout the country and a focal distribution within the affected belt. The disease is generally found in hilly and mountairious country and nonsalted areas, Sometimes there are "safety islands" surrounded by affected areas. These endcmic epidemiologic characteristics a.re consistent with the hair Se level ot t:he local people and the Se contents of their staple grains. AlI affected areas are relatively Se poor. For various reasons, Se is believed to play an important role irt the etiology of Keshan dis- ease. First, its occurrence is invariably as- sociated with a lower hair Se contciit o~ the population, usually below O.lZ ppm. Wherever the level exceeded 0.2 ppm the district is free from this disease. Second, resultsP of urinary Se loading tests and whole blootl glutathione peroxidase activity measurements reveal that the populations in the affected areas a.re in a Se poor status. Third, s;odium selenite supple- mentation is effective in preventing Keshan disease. Absence of correlation between the seasonal prevalence of Keshan disease and tl土e variations in hair Se contents suggest that in adclition to Se there may be other factors including biologic agents. The interrelationships which may be present among the pathogenic factors of the disease are discussed.     

增强型体外反搏治疗动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病以慢性动脉粥样硬化为特征,可导致冠状动脉疾病、缺血性脑卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作及外周动脉疾病等,严重影响了人类健康。增强型体外反搏是一种安全、有效的无创性机械辅助循环方法,本综述将从危险因素、临床应用及机制几个方面探讨增强型体外反搏在动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病防治方面的研究进展。     

疾病与文化的关系探讨

疾病不仅仅只是人生理上的一种表现,还与人所处地域文化密切相关。本文从疾病的产生、存在和其对文化的影响3个方面阐述了疾病与文化的关系,认为疾病体验的产生来源于文化,疾病存在过程与文化密切相关,同时疾病对于文化也有正面的影响,由此提出了对待疾病的正确观点,即应以更加广阔的视角治疗和评价疾病,树立理性的疾病观。     

“治未病”理论在慢性肾脏病防治中的应用

慢性肾脏病（CKD）是临床常见多发病,也是严重危害人类健康的重要疾病。《内经》中＂治未病＂的实质包括未病先防、既病防变和病后防复。概而言之,就是预防疾病的发生和发展,防患于未然。即未病之时,固护正气,预防疾病的发生;已病之时,防止疾病传变;病情缓解之时,预防复发。分别从未病先防、既病防变、病后防复几个方面来论述《内经》中＂治未病＂理论在慢性肾脏病防治中的应用。     

叶天士络病理论研究

叶天士<临证指南医案>集中体现了叶天士目的络病思想.从<临证指南医案>中可以看到,叶天士将其广泛应用于中医各种病证目的辨治过程中.<临证指南医案>中目的络病病位广,病程长短不一,病因病机多种多样,具有独到目的治疗用药特色.可见,叶天士已总结出比较完善目的络病理论.叶天士对中医学目的发展作出了不可磨灭目的贡献.     

从风、痰论治肾脏病的理论与实践

肾脏病在中国的发病率逐年攀升，肾脏病的治疗是目前医学研究的热点与难点之一，而中医药对于肾脏病的治疗具有一定优势。长期以来，从风邪论治肾脏病已经达成一定共识，而对痰邪与肾脏病的关注略显不足。肾脏病的发生发展与风、痰密切相关，风邪、痰邪既是肾脏病的发病因素，又可作为病理产物影响肾脏病的预后。文章结合西医的研究进展与临床实践总结，试述从风、痰论治肾脏病的临证思路与治疗体会，以期为制定肾脏病的中医诊疗方案提供借鉴与参考。     

Parkinson's disease and anxiety

There has been a recent surge of interest in the subject of anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease. Up to 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease experience clinically significant anxiety. This anxiety may be a psychological reaction to the stress of the illness or may be related to the neurochemical changes of the disease itself. Antiparkinsonian drugs may have a role in the pathogenesis of the anxiety. The anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease patients appear to be clustered in the panic disorder, phobic disorder, and generalised anxiety disorder areas. The degree of comorbidity between anxiety and depression in patients with Parkinson's disease is in excess of that found in patients without the disease and anxiety in combination with depression may represent a specific depressive subtype in Parkinson's disease. As yet, there is no trial evidence as to the treatment of anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease.     

单纯疱疹病毒感染与女性生殖道黏膜及口腔黏膜疾病发病关系的试验研究

目的：探讨单纯疱疹病毒感染与女性生殖道黏膜及口腔黏膜疾病的发病关系。方法：用多聚酶链反应(PCR)对33例口腔黏膜病患者和女性生殖道黏膜病患者病变局部涂抹标本进行了单独疱疹病毒DNA(HSV DHA)的检测。结果：其阳性检出率分别为85．7％和89．5％，总阳性率为87．5％，并且HSV感染口腔黏膜和女性生殖道黏膜的阳性感染率相接近，在二者间无显著性差异。结论：表明HSV感染与口腔黏膜疾病及女性生殖道黏膜疾病的发病有密切关系，HSV感染可能是引起黏膜疾病的一个触发因素。     

从羊瘙痒症到疯牛病——朊病毒发现史

从1730年人们发现羊瘙痒症开始,克-雅氏症、库鲁病、疯牛病等一系列疾病随之出现.在库鲁病的研究中,美国科学家盖达塞克发现其病原体不具有DNA或RNA特性,并因此获得了1976年的诺贝尔生理学医学奖.其后,另一位美国科学家普鲁塞纳在进一步研究中,发现了以蛋白质为遗传媒介的新型病毒--朊病毒,并因此获得了1997年诺贝尔生理学医学奖.朊病毒的发现是生命科学研究中的重大事件,为人类战胜羊瘙痒症、克-雅氏症、库鲁病和疯牛病等一系列疾病奠定了理论基础.     

从羊瘙痒症到疯牛病——朊病毒发现史

从1730年人们发现羊瘙痒症开始,克-雅氏症、库鲁病、疯牛病等一系列疾病随之出现.在库鲁病的研究中,美国科学家盖达塞克发现其病原体不具有DNA或RNA特性,并因此获得了1976年的诺贝尔生理学医学奖.其后,另一位美国科学家普鲁塞纳在进一步研究中,发现了以蛋白质为遗传媒介的新型病毒--朊病毒,并因此获得了1997年诺贝尔生理学医学奖.朊病毒的发现是生命科学研究中的重大事件,为人类战胜羊瘙痒症、克-雅氏症、库鲁病和疯牛病等一系列疾病奠定了理论基础.     

从羊瘙痒症到疯牛病——朊病毒发现史

从1730年人们发现羊瘙痒症开始,克-雅氏症、库鲁病、疯牛病等一系列疾病随之出现.在库鲁病的研究中,美国科学家盖达塞克发现其病原体不具有DNA或RNA特性,并因此获得了1976年的诺贝尔生理学医学奖.其后,另一位美国科学家普鲁塞纳在进一步研究中,发现了以蛋白质为遗传媒介的新型病毒--朊病毒,并因此获得了1997年诺贝尔生理学医学奖.朊病毒的发现是生命科学研究中的重大事件,为人类战胜羊瘙痒症、克-雅氏症、库鲁病和疯牛病等一系列疾病奠定了理论基础.