输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管结石合并息肉(附75例报告)

目的 探讨输尿管镜钬激光技术对输尿管结石合并息肉的治疗效果.方法 2007年9月～ 2012年4月,对75例输尿管结石合并息肉行输尿管镜钬激光治疗.结石位于输尿管上段18例,中段38例,下段19例;结石长径0.6 ～1.7 cm,平均1.1 cm.术中50例息肉未行任何处理,10例息肉仅限于结石表面烧灼,切除息肉15例并送病检.结果 69例一次碎石成功;3例结石上移至肾盂术后1周体外冲击波碎石治疗;2例输尿管上段扭曲折叠进镜失败改经皮肾镜术:1例术中输尿管穿孔出血改开放取石.手术时间20～ 95 min,平均43 min.术后住院时间2～10 d,平均5d.67例术后随访6～12个月,B超或静脉肾盂造影检查64例肾积水消失,输尿管通畅,未见明显结石残留,3例输尿管狭窄,均为术中处理息肉者.结论 输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管中下段结石合并息肉具有良好的疗效,不影响手术视野和碎石操作的息肉无需处理.     

F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石治疗小儿输尿管结石

目的 探讨F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石治疗小儿输尿管结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年6月至2015年9月收治的29例采用F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石治疗的小儿输尿管结石的临床资料.结果 28例行输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石成功,l例因进镜失败改开放手术取石.手术时间30～80min,平均46min,2例输尿管上段结石术中部分较大结石碎片冲入肾盂,术后行体外碎石排出.术后1例出现发热,予抗感染治疗后体温下降.术后血尿2～4d消失,4～7d出院.术后4周复查CT未见明显结石残留,肾积水恢复正常或已明显改善.结论 F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗小儿输尿管结石,成功率高,并发症少,疗效满意,是治疗小儿输尿管结石的良好方法.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石52例报告

目的:探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床效果.方法:采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石患者52例,其中双侧输尿管上段结石2例,共计左侧30例侧,右侧24例侧.结石大小(0.4～1.7)cm×(0.6～2.0)cm.结果:手术成功率98.1%,平均手术时间约28 min(17～65 min).1例侧因输尿管口狭窄进镜困难改行开放手术.术后1个月复查,一次性碎石排净率为90.6%,5例侧有结石残留患者保留双J管行ESWL治疗,结石排出.术后3个月复查,所有患者患侧肾积水均明显减轻.结论:在熟练掌握输尿管镜操作技术的前提下,采用输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石是一种安全、有效的方法.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石(附358例报告)

目的:探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石的有效性和安全性.方法:分析2002年4月～2007年5月输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石358例患者临床资料,对碎石率、排石率和并发症等进行统计分析.结果:共行367例次输尿管镜钬激光碎石,一次碎石成功率为93.2%(342/367),输尿管上段与中、下段结石一次碎石成功率分别为87%(94/108)、95.7%(248/259);平均手术时间36 min,平均碎石时间14 min;结石移位改行ESWL 8例,输尿管镜未窥见结石改行微创经皮肾镜取石6例,改开放手术取石6例;碎石过程中黏膜撕裂4例、黏膜下假道形成6例,输尿管穿孔6例;24例术后发热(体温＞38.5℃,持续2天以上),3例出现感染性休克;术后住院2～4天;1个月后拔除双J管,复查B超、KUB、IVP,结石排净率96.4%(354/367),肾盂积水由(3.8±0.6)cm降至(1.4±0.4)cm(P＜0.01);4例出现输尿管狭窄.结论:输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石疗效确切、安全,是治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石,尤其是中、下段肉芽包裹输尿管结石的有效微创手段.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石(附76例报告)

目的探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的安全性和有效性。方法2006年1～12月,应用经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石76例,将结石击碎成直径<2mm,结石区息肉用钬激光汽化切割,术后常规放置双J管2～4周。结果66例(87%)单次碎石成功,术后4周结石排净率97%(64/66)。术中3例结石移位,1例结石入肾盂碎石成功,2例术后行ESWL治愈。3例因操作不当造成输尿管穿孔改开放手术。5例远端输尿管明显扭曲改开放手术。全组术后住院时间3～6d。结论经输尿管镜钬激光碎石是一种治疗输尿管结石安全,高效,创伤小,恢复快的方法。     

基层医院输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的综合疗效分析

目的探讨基层医院输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的综合疗效、影响因素及安全性。方法回顾性分析2010年6月至2013年12月间采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石104例的临床资料,其中输尿管上段结石22例,中、下段结石82例。结果97例一期碎石成功,总体碎石清石成功率为93．2％（97／104）,其中上段结石的一期清石率为86．3％（19／22）,中、下段结石为97．6％（80／82）。手术时间为12～105min,平均（44．5±21,7）min,术后平均3～7d,平均（4．5±1。5）d。3例结石术中返回肾盂,术后改体外冲击波碎石治疗;4例因输尿管严重扭曲置镜失败,改开放手术;4例输尿管穿孔,置双J管1个月后痊愈,无输尿管撕脱、断裂等严重并发症,12例术后出现泌尿系感染。术后随访1～12个月,平均4个月,1个月内结石排净率为100％。结论在基层医院开展输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全、疗效可靠。     

输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管中上段结石143例报告

目的探讨经尿道输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管中上段结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析143例输尿管中上段结石的临床资料,其中单侧121例侧,双侧22例侧,结石长径0.6-2.3 cm。结果手术成功率90.3%,7例侧改开放手术,31例侧有大于0.5cm残石上移入肾盂,平均手术时间36 min（15-85 min）。术后3月复查,结石排净率为82.5%,肾积水不同程度好转。结论经尿道输尿管镜钬激光手术治疗输尿管中上段结石安全、有效。     

单通道经皮肾镜取石术结合输尿管软镜治疗鹿角状肾结石

目的:探讨单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石的手术效果.方法:单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石96例.结石大小2.9cm×3.4 cm～3.8 cm×5.5 cm,平均3.5 cm×4.2 cm.结果:96例均采用单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石,一期手术平均手术时间为118 min;结石清除率为82.3%(79/96),二期手术平均手术时间为55 min,结石总清除率92.7%(89/96).7例患者残留结石,大小0.3～1.0 cm,其中5例术后1个月接受ES-WL治疗.术后随访7例残留结石患者2～6个月,结石清除5例.结论:单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石具有手术时间短、结石清除率高、创伤小、并发症少、周围脏器损伤风险小等优点,可作为鹿角状肾结石的治疗方法.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石(附104例报告)

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法 2010年6月~2013年12月对104例输尿管结石(输尿管上段结石22例,中、下段结石82例)行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石,钬激光能量1.0~1.5 J,脉冲频率10~15Hz,采用蚕食法,从结石周边向中央行碎石治疗,将结石粉碎成直径3 mm颗粒。结果 97例一次碎石成功,成功率93.3%(97/104),其中上段结石碎石成功率77.3%(17/22),中、下段结石为97.6%(80/82)。3例结石冲回肾盂,改体外冲击波碎石治疗;4例因输尿管严重扭曲置镜失败,改开放手术。手术时间12~105 min,(44.5±21.7)min。术后住院时间3~7 d,(4.5±1.5)d。4例输尿管小穿孔,置双J管1个月后痊愈,无一例出现输尿管撕裂等较为严重的并发症;12例发生泌尿系感染与发热。97例随访1~12个月,平均4个月,术后1个月内结石全部排净。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全,疗效可靠。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石72例报告

目的 探讨钬激光联合输尿管镜技术治疗输尿管结石的临床效果.方法 2004年4～11月采用美国科医人公司LUMENIS POWER Suite 100 W钬激光及Circom MRO输尿管镜对72例输尿管结石进行碎石治疗.经尿道输尿管镜直视下到达结石部位,采用钬激光腔内碎石治疗.结果 手术时间14～83min,平均28 min.3例失败由于位于输尿管上段的结石移至肾脏,一次碎石成功率95.8%(69/72),其中上段结石成功率92.1%(35/38)、中下段结石成功率100%(34/34).术中输尿管穿孔3例(4.2%)、结石移动9例(12.5%)、血尿72例(100%);术后腰痛45例(62.5%)、血尿72例(100%)、泌尿系感染5例(6.9%),无输尿管狭窄发生.术后第1天KUB检查无结石率86.1%(62/72),余7例均于2周内排净.术后住院2～5d,平均3d.49例术后3个月复查B超或静脉尿路造影,均未发现输尿管狭窄,28例肾积水减轻(1.4±0.5)cm、21例肾积水消失.结论 钬激光联合输尿管镜技术治疗输尿管结石临床疗效好、并发症少.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.