舟山市2002-2015年出生体重变化与不良出生结局及影响因素分析

目的 描述舟山市2002-2015年新生儿出生体重变化,分析不良出生结局的发生率及影响因素。方法 利用舟山市电子医疗数据库,收集孕产妇及新生儿的相关信息,描述新生儿出生体重和不良出生结局发生率的变化趋势,采用多元Logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果 37 141例新生儿的平均出生体重为（3 388±462） g,低出生体重儿、巨大儿、早产的发生率分别为2.34%,9.42%和3.61%;高危妊娠（OR=1.80,95%CI:1.42~2.28）是低出生体重儿的危险因素;出生季节为夏季、秋季、母亲年龄<25岁、孕前消瘦等是巨大儿的保护因素。母亲孕前超重和肥胖是巨大儿的危险因素;母亲年龄<25岁是早产发生的保护因素。母亲年龄>30岁（OR=1.38,95%CI:1.19~1.60）、冬季出生（OR=1.24,95%CI:1.06~1.45）、母亲孕前超重和肥胖、高危妊娠（OR=1.95,95%CI:1.66~2.29）等是早产的危险因素。结论 舟山市2002-2015年新生儿出生体重呈下降趋势,低出生体重儿和早产儿发生率呈上升趋势。新生儿性别、出生季节,母亲年龄、孕前体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、高危妊娠等因素影响低出生体重儿、巨大儿或早产儿的发生。     

广州市某社区2~6岁儿童超重肥胖与生命早期因素研究

分析2~6岁儿童超重肥胖与生命早期因素的关系,为预防学龄前儿童超重肥胖提供理论依据.方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,于2018年在广州市抽取1个社区的所有托幼园所922名儿童为研究对象.调查内容包括问卷调查和体格检查.采用Logistic回归分析学龄前儿童超重肥胖与生命早期因素的关系.结果 学龄前儿童超重肥胖检出率为13.4%,男童超重肥胖检出率(16.1%)高于女童(10.1%),差异有统计学意义(Z=2.69,P<0.05).学龄前儿童超重肥胖检出率在大于胎龄儿、剖宫产、出生后6月内人工喂养、母亲孕前体质量指数(BMI)超重或肥胖、母亲孕期体重增重过多组内较高(P值均<0.01).二项式Logistic回归分析显示,大于胎龄儿(OR=2.62,95%CI=1.42~4.82)、剖宫产(OR=1.59,95%CI=1.08~2.36)、出生后6月内人工喂养(OR=2.00,95%CI=1.19~3.37);母亲孕前超重或肥胖(OR=1.97,95%CI=1.08~3.58)和母亲孕期增重过多(OR=2.07,95%CI=1.26~3.39)与学龄前儿童超重肥胖呈正相关(P值均<0.05);母亲孕前消瘦(OR=0.51,95%CI=0.29~0.88)与学龄前儿童超重肥胖呈负相关(P<0.05).结论 该社区2~6岁儿童超重肥胖检出率较高,学龄前儿童超重肥胖与出生体重、分娩方式、出生后6月内喂养方式、母亲孕前BMI和母亲孕期增重等生命早期因素相关,积极有效的早期干预可预防学龄前儿童超重肥胖.     

我国6～18岁儿童青少年各类营养不良与父母BMI、身高关系探讨

目的分析儿童青少年各类营养不良与父母体重指数(BMI)、身高的关系。方法从1991—2011年8次"中国营养与健康调查"资料中选择6 950人次6～18岁儿童青少年及其父母作为研究对象,调查地点包括黑龙江、辽宁、山东、江苏、河南、湖南、湖北、广西和贵州9个省(自治区),进行8次追踪调查。调查内容包括社区调查、住户调查、膳食调查、体格测量、医学体检。对儿童青少年的生长迟缓、消瘦、营养不良和肥胖与其父母的BMI、身高的关系进行分析。结果 1991—2011年,儿童青少年生长迟缓率、消瘦率、营养不良率呈下降趋势。儿童青少年肥胖,父母超重、肥胖和身高总体呈上升趋势。广义线性模型显示,儿童青少年生长迟缓与母亲、父亲的身高及母亲的BMI有关,儿童青少年消瘦与父母BMI有关,儿童青少年营养不良与父母身高、BMI有关;儿童青少年肥胖与父亲身高有关,儿童青少年肥胖与父母超重、肥胖有关。时间延迟效应模型显示,相比母亲身高150 cm,母亲身高≥165 cm的儿童青少年生长迟缓(RR=0.2,95%CI:0.0～1.0)和营养不良(RR=0.4,95%CI:0.2～0.8)的发生风险低;相对正常体重者,父亲低体重的儿童青少年消瘦(RR=2.5,95%CI:1.5～4.3)和营养不良发生风险高(RR=2.5,95%CI:1.5～4.3),父亲超重、肥胖的儿童青少年消瘦发生风险低(RR=0.5,95%CI:0.3～0.8;RR=0.1,95%CI:0.0～0.5)、儿童青少年肥胖发生风险高(RR=2.6,95%CI:1.3～5.0;RR=4.3,95%CI:1.8～10.3);相对正常体重者,母亲低体重的儿童青少年消瘦发生风险高(RR=1.9,95%CI:1.1～3.1),母亲超重、肥胖的儿童青少年消瘦发生风险低(RR=0.6,95%CI:0.4～1.0;RR=0.7,95%CI:0.3～1.5)、儿童青少年肥胖的发生风险高(RR=2.0,95%CI:1.0～3.9;RR=6.4,95%CI:2.8～15.0)。结论儿童青少年各种营养不良与父母的身高、BMI存在一定的关系,合理的家庭营养干预有利于改善整个人群的营养状况。     

母亲养育实践与婴幼儿饮食行为对儿童超重肥胖影响的研究

目的 本研究探讨母亲养育实践与婴幼儿饮食行为对儿童超重肥胖的影响。方法 采用目的抽样法,选取徐州市2所医院及2个社区卫生服务中心的6 ~ 24月龄婴幼儿及其母亲为研究对象,母亲完成婴幼儿喂养类型和饮食行为问卷。根据儿童身长和体重,计算年龄别体质指数Z值（body mass index - for age z - score,BMIZ）,BMIZ + 2为儿童超重肥胖。采用二元logistic回归分析母亲养育实践与婴幼儿饮食行为对儿童超重肥胖的影响。结果 本研究共回收882份有效问卷,儿童超重肥胖发生率为15.65%。二元logistic回归结果表明,敏感型养育（OR = 0.234,95%CI:0.159 ~ 0.344）,饱腹反应（OR = 0.467,95%CI:0.336 ~ 0.649）和进食缓慢的饮食行为（OR = 0.737,95%CI:0.552 ~ 0.984）是儿童超重肥胖的保护因素;食物反应的饮食行为（OR = 2.369,95%CI:1.797 ~ 3.122）,限制（OR = 2.359,95%CI:1.530 ~ 3.640）和纵容型养育（OR = 1.743,95%CI:1.250 ~ 2.431）是儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论 敏感型养育,饱腹反应和进食缓慢的饮食行为降低儿童超重肥胖的发生风险;食物反应的饮食行为,限制和纵容型养育增加儿童超重肥胖的发生风险。     

西藏自治区1～5岁藏族儿童营养不良流行现状及相关因素研究

目的 了解西藏自治区1～5岁藏族儿童营养不良流行现状及相关因素。方法 采用分层、多阶段、与规模成比例的PPS方法和整群抽样相结合的抽样方法在西藏自治区抽取1 975名1～5岁儿童进行问卷调查和体格检查。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析儿童生长迟缓、低体重和消瘦的影响因素。结果 2019年西藏自治区1～5岁藏族儿童营养不良的总患病率为29.97%,其中生长迟缓率、消瘦率和低体重率分别为18.02%、4.51%和8.15%。低出生体重与儿童生长迟缓(OR=2.545,95%CI:1.626～3.983,P䥺Symbol|@@0.001)、消瘦(OR=2.522,95%CI:1.254～5.072,P=0.009)和低体重(OR=3.147,95%CI:1.860～5.324,P䥺Symbol|@@0.001)均呈现正相关；与居住地海拔䥺Symbol|@@3 500 m的儿童相比，居住地海拔≥4 500 m的儿童更易患生长迟缓(OR=2.535,95%CI:1.672～3.842,P䥺Symbol|@@0.001)和低体重(OR=2.290,95%CI:1.328～3.949,P=0....     

男生营养状况与青春期启动的关联性

探讨营养状况与男生青春期启动的关系,为促进男童身心健康发展提供参考.方法 2017年在厦门市采用整群抽样方法抽取2 724名二至六年级7~12岁男生为研究对象.通过体格检查评估研究对象的营养状况,依据Tanner分期图谱和Prader睾丸模型判定青春期发育水平,以该人群青春期启动年龄的P25划分青春发动时相.采用Logistic回归分析营养状况与青春期启动的关系.结果 男生青春期启动发生率为29.0%,青春发动时相提前率为2.9%.消瘦、正常体重、超重和肥胖男生青春期启动发生率分别为19.6%,28.7%,34.4%和31.5%.肥胖男生青春期启动年龄较早(F=3.23,P<0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示,随着体质量指数(BMI)的增加,男生青春期启动的可能性增大,青春发动时相提前风险增加.在调整混杂因素后,与正常体重男生相比,消瘦男生青春期启动的可能性降低64.0%(OR=0.36,95%CI=0.22~0.60);肥胖男生青春期启动的可能性增加78.3%(OR=1.78,95%CI=1.14~2.79),青春发动时相提前的风险增加192.9%(OR=2.93,95%CI=1.46~5.86).该关联在经济水平较低家庭中更加明显(P值均<0.05).结论 BMI与男生青春期启动呈正相关,肥胖男生青春期启动的可能性和青春发动时相提前的风险明显增加,特别是家庭经济水平较低的肥胖男生中更为明显.     

中小学生减肥行为及其与体重认知的关系

了解儿童青少年营养状况和减肥行为的流行现状,为探索体重认知与减肥行为的关联提供参考.方法 在2012年卫生公益性行业科研专项全国7个示范基地共选取53 890名中小学生为研究对象,进行体格检查和问卷调查,收集儿童青少年减肥行为与体重认知相关资料.采用多元Logistic回归分析体重认知相关变量与减肥行为的关联.结果 6~18岁儿童青少年消瘦检出率为6.9%,超重肥胖检出率为24.3%.采取过减肥行为的小学生检出率为58.5%,初中生为65.9%,高中生为60.4%.在消瘦学生群体中,体重不满不会增加减肥行为的发生(P=0.29);而认为自己偏胖会增加减肥行为的发生(OR=5.28,95%CI=2.76~ 10.12,P<0.01).在体重正常学生群体中,对自己体重不满或认为自己体重偏胖的学生更容易采取减肥行为(OR=1.09,95%CI=1.03~ 1.16,P<0.01;OR=1.57,95%CI=1.44~1.71,P<0.01).在超重肥胖的学生中,对自己体重不满和认为自己偏胖均会增加减肥行为的发生(P值均<0.01).结论 中国儿童青少年超重肥胖率和减肥行为发生率较高.体重不满是正常体重和超重肥胖学生采取减肥行为的危险因素,且认为自己偏胖是儿童青少年采取减肥行为的危险因素.     

喂养方式和早期BMI增量对1岁婴幼儿超重与肥胖的预测作用

目的探讨喂养方式和早期BMI增量与1岁婴幼儿超重和肥胖的关联。方法选取出生日期在2012年1-6月,定期进行儿童保健检查的婴幼儿作为研究对象,分别在出生、3个月、6个月、12个月对身高、体重进行测量,同时在《儿童保健管理健康检查表》上记录社会人口统计学和喂养情况等信息。最终,有完整资料的共1 113份,其中男孩590名,女孩523名。使用χ2检验、t检验、方差分析和多因素Logistic回归模型对数据进行分析。结果 1岁婴儿超重和肥胖的发生率分别为22.80%和6.20%。巨大儿、父母文化程度高、人工喂养、0-3个月和3-6个月BMI增量大的1岁超重和肥胖的检出率较高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。控制了多种混杂因素后,多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示,4个月内纯母乳喂养是1岁时婴儿超重和肥胖的保护因素（OR=0.62,95%CI：0.42-0.92）,较大的0-3个月BMI增量（OR=1.52,95%CI：1.39-1.67）和3-6个月BMI增量（OR=1.43,95%CI：1.27-1.61）是1岁婴儿超重和肥胖发生的危险因素。结论纯母乳喂养对婴幼儿超重及肥胖的发生有保护作用,而早期快速的增长是其危险因素。     

北京市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖影响因素研究

目的分析影响学龄前儿童肥胖的主要因素,为采取干预措施提供理论依据。方法采用方便样本整群抽样方法,对北京市五所幼儿园中2~7岁儿童的家长共计400名进行问卷调查和访谈。定性访谈结果采用关键词提取,进行归纳分析。根据中国学龄前儿童生长发育标准[体质指数(body mass index,BMI)≥85%为超重或肥胖]判断是否超重或肥胖;将人口学特征,家庭因素及饮食和运动行为作为自变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果儿童超重或肥胖的独立危险因素包括:儿童高出生体重(≥4 000g)(OR=31.55;95%CI:1.78~4.17,P0.001);母亲选择剖宫产(OR=4.89;95%CI:1.42~16.89,P=0.01);混合喂养(OR=25.90;95%CI:3.07~218.39,P0.001),人工喂养(OR=11.15;95%CI:1.686~73.7121,P=0.01)。保护因素包括:父亲的受教育程度高(OR=0.32;95%CI:0.12~0.89,P=0.03)、每天吃粗粮的次数多(OR=0.43;95%CI:0.21~0,87,P=0.02)、家人一起吃饭的次数多(OR=0.86;95%CI:0.75~0.98,P=0.02)。结论学龄前儿童肥胖的危险因素与父母受教育程度、对肥胖的认知及儿童的饮食运动行为有关。     

2019年秦皇岛市超重肥胖人群采取体重控制措施及影响因素分析

目的了解秦皇岛市超重肥胖人群采取体重控制措施情况,分析其影响因素。方法于2019年采用多阶段分层整群抽样法选取秦皇岛市3352名18~79岁超重肥胖者为调查对象,进行面对面问卷调查。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行χ^2检验和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果秦皇岛市超重肥胖人群采取体重控制措施率为13.9%。不同控制措施构成比例由高到低依次为控制饮食(41.3%)、控制饮食和运动组合措施(33.0%),加强运动措施(24.0%)、采取药物控制措施(1.7%)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:性别、年龄、文化程度、城乡、经济收入、高血压及血脂异常均是超重肥胖者采取体重控制措施的影响因素。女性(OR=1.646,95%CI:1.226~2.210)、≥65岁人群高年龄(与18~40岁相比,OR=1.445,95%CI:1.130~1.848)、初中及高中和大专及以上(与小学及以下相比,初中及高中OR=1.885,95%CI:1.225~2.902;大专及以上OR=1.581,95%CI:1.096~2.281)、城镇(OR=1.948,95%CI:1.579~2.403)、中等收入和高收入(与低收入相比,中等收入OR=2.276,95%CI:1.716~3.020;高收入OR=2.181,95%CI:1.617~2.941)、高血压(OR=1.500,95%CI:1.153~1.951)、血脂异常(OR=1.568,95%CI:1.096~2.281)均是超重肥胖者采取体重控制措施的影响因素,均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论秦皇岛市超重肥胖人群采取体重控制措施率较低,饮食和运动相结合的控制措施最有利于超重肥胖人群,应针对不同特征群体开展针对性干预措施。     

Prevalence and socio-demographic associations of undernutrition and obesity among preschool children in Cyprus

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of undernutrition and obesity in preschool children in Cyprus and identify possible associations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Private and public nursery schools. SUBJECTS: A representative sample (n=1412) stratified by age, gender, district and area of residence. INTERVENTIONS: Weight (kg) and height (cm) were obtained and BMI (kg/m2) was calculated. Z scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height were calculated using the cutoffs from the CDC/WHO 1978 reference. Socio-demographic associations with nutritional status were examined in a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of undernutrition (WHO definition, Z-scores <-2) was low. Specifically the prevalence of underweight was 2.3%, wasting 2.8%, and stunting 1.1%. Undernutrition was associated with a low birth weight (LBW); odds ratio (OR) for underweight 4.1 (95% CI: 1.4, 12.2), P=0.012, stunting 5.2 (95% CI: 1.1, 23.3), P=0.033, and wasting 4.2 (95% CI: 1.3, 14.3), P=0.021.The prevalence of obesity (IOTF definition) was higher than undernutrition, and increased with age: 1.3% in 2 y olds to 10.4% in 6 y olds. Overweight and obesity prevalence were higher in rural (16.1%) than urban children (12.8%; P=0.046). Obesity in preschool children was associated with paternal obesity, OR 3.24 (95% CI: 1.59, 6.61), P=0.001, and maternal obesity 3.91 (95% CI: 1.78, 8.59), P=0.001. A birth weight (BW)> or =4000 g was associated with obesity compared to a BW between 2501 and 3000 g, OR 7.63 (95% CI: 1.91, 30.52), P=0.004. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of undernutrition among preschool children in Cyprus was low but obesity prevalence was higher. Parental obesity and high BW were significantly associated with obesity while LBW was associated with undernutrition in preschool children.     

Parental tobacco use is associated with increased risk of child malnutrition in Bangladesh

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relation between parental tobacco use and malnutrition in children <5 y of age and compared expenditures on foods in households with and without tobacco use. METHODS: Tobacco use, child anthropometry, and other factors were examined in a stratified, multistage cluster sample of 77 678 households from the Bangladesh Nutrition Surveillance Project (2005-2006). Main outcome measurements were stunting, underweight, and wasting, and severe stunting, severe underweight, and severe wasting. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of household expenditures spent on food. RESULTS: The prevalence of parental tobacco use was 69.9%. Using the new World Health Organization child growth standards, prevalences of stunting, underweight, and wasting were 46.0%, 37.6%, and 12.3%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, parental tobacco use was associated with an increased risk of stunting (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.21, P < 0.0001), underweight (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.12-1.22, P < 0.0001), and wasting (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.17, P = 0.004), and severe stunting (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.10-1.23, P < 0.0001), severe underweight (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.30, P < 0.0001), and severe wasting (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.98-1.32, P = 0.09). Households with tobacco use spent proportionately less per capita on food items and other necessities. CONCLUSIONS: In Bangladesh parental tobacco use may exacerbate child malnutrition and divert household funds away from food and other necessities. Further studies with a stronger analytic approach are needed. These results suggest that tobacco control should be part of public health strategies aimed at decreasing child malnutrition in developing countries.     

北京市学龄前儿童2000—2020年营养不良及超重肥胖趋势研究

目的 了解北京市3～7岁学龄前儿童营养不良和超重肥胖率的变化情况,评价城乡儿童生长发育趋势差异。方法 数据来源于北京市2000—2020年间5次国民体质监测,共计纳入31 117名3～6岁儿童,计算生长发育指标,采用χ²检验和Cochran-Armitage趋势检验进行分析。结果 2000—2020年北京市学龄前儿童生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦率分别从1.5%、1.4%、0.9%下降到0.6%、0.6%、0.8%,超重率、肥胖率从17.1%、4.8%上升到20.1%、9.6%。2020年城乡男女童生长迟缓率和低体重率均低于1%,2010年后农村男女童肥胖率超过城市男女童,2014年后农村男女童超重率超过城市男女童。趋势检验显示2000—2020年农村儿童营养不良率下降(生长迟缓、低体重P<0.001),超重、肥胖率上升(P<0.001);城市女童呈两极化趋势,消瘦率上升(Z=2.426,P=0.015),肥胖率也呈上升趋势(Z=3.405,P=0.001)。结论 农村学龄前儿童营养不良率下降,超重肥胖率持续增高反超城市儿童,需要有效的营养政策和健康战略应对儿...     

孕前体质指数及孕期增重对新生儿出生体重影响的前瞻性队列研究

  目的   分析孕妇孕前体质指数(body mass index, BMI)及孕期增重(gestational weight gain, GWG)与新生儿出生体重的关联性, 并探究孕妇孕前及孕中体重动态变化对新生儿低出生体重(low birth weight, LBW)及巨大儿的影响。   方法   收集中国孕产妇队列·协和纳入的孕早期孕妇孕前体重, 并随访至分娩后, 收集分娩前体重及新生儿出生结局。将孕妇孕前BMI分为低体重组、正常体重组及超重/肥胖组, 将GWG分为适宜、不足及过多组。采用多因素多分类(多项)Logistic回归分析模型探讨孕前BMI及GWG与新生儿出生体重的关系。   结果   孕前BMI及GWG与子代出生体重相关(均有P < 0.05)。孕前超重/肥胖(OR=2.339, 95% CI:1.674~2.282, P < 0.001)、GWG过多(OR=1.398, 95% CI:1.188~1.978, P=0.048)显示为巨大儿的危险因素, GWG不足(OR=1.479, 95% CI:1.461~1.679, P=0.035)显示为LBW的危险因素, GWG过多会降低LBW的发生风险(OR=0.428, 95% CI:0.225~0.817, P=0.010)。低BMI-GWG不足(OR=1.335, 95% CI:1.048~2.319, P=0.048)是LBW的危险因素; 正常BMI-GWG过多(OR=1.088, 95% CI:1.016~1.675, P=0.038)和超重/肥胖-GWG过多(OR=1.498, 95% CI:1.244~2.017, P=0.046)是巨大儿的危险因素。   结论   孕前BMI及GWG是影响新生儿出生体重的重要因素, 提示女性应合理控制孕前及孕中体重变化。     

Obesity and undernutrition in sub-Saharan African immigrant and refugee children in Victoria, Australia

The study assessed the anthropometric status of 337 sub-Saharan African children aged between 3-12 years who migrated to Australia. These children were selected using a snowball sampling method stratified by age, gender and region of origin. The prevalence rates for overweight and obesity were 18.4% (95%CI: 14 - 23%) and 8.6% (95%CI: 6% -12%) respectively. The prevalence rates for the indicators of undernutrition were: wasting 4.3% (95%CI: 1.6%-9.1%), underweight 1.2% (95%CI: 0.3%-3.0%), and stunting 0.3 (95%CI: 0.0%-1.6%). Higher prevalence of overweight/obesity was associated with lower household income level, fewer siblings, lower birth weight, western African background, and single parent households (after controlling for demographic and socio-economic factors). Higher prevalence rates for underweight and wasting were associated with lower household income and shorter lengths of stay in Australia respectively. No effect was found for child's age, gender, parental education and occupation for both obesity and undernutrition indices. In conclusion, obesity and overweight are very prevalent in SSA migrant children and undernutrition, especially wasting, was also not uncommon in this target group.     

Parasite and maternal risk factors for malnutrition in preschool-age children in Belen, Peru using the new WHO Child Growth Standards

Child malnutrition, including wasting, underweight and stunting, is associated with infections, poor nutrient intake, and environmental and socio-demographic factors. Preschool-age children are especially vulnerable due to their high growth requirements. To target interventions for preschool-age children in a community of extreme poverty in Peru, we conducted a household survey between October 2005 and January 2006 to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its risk factors. Of 252 children < 5 years old, the prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting was 26.6, 28.6 and 32.1 %, respectively, based on the new WHO Child Growth Standards. Risk factors for wasting were: (1) moderate-high intensity Trichuris infection (OR 2.50; 95 % CI 1.06, 5.93); (2) hookworm infection (OR 6.67; 95 % CI 1.08, 41.05); (3) age (OR6-month 1.27; 95 % CI 1.11, 1.46); (4) maternal education (secondary incomplete) (OR 5.77; 95 % CI 2.38, 13.99); and (5) decreasing maternal BMI (OR1 kg/m2 1.12; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.23). Risk factors for underweight were: (1) moderate-high intensity Trichuris infection (OR 4.74; 95 % CI 1.99, 11.32); (2) age (OR6-month 1.22; 95 % CI 1.07, 1.38); (3) maternal education (secondary incomplete) (OR 2.92; 95 % CI 1.40, 6.12); and (4) decreasing maternal BMI (OR1 kg/m2 1.11; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.21). Risk factors for stunting were: (1) age (OR6-month 1.14; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.27) and (2) decreasing maternal height (OR1 cm 1.12; 95 % CI 1.06, 1.20). Overall, risk factors for malnutrition included both child and maternal determinants. Based on these data, locally appropriate and cost-effective dietary, de-worming and educational programmes should be targeted to mothers and preschool-age children.     

四川省5岁以下儿童营养现状分析

目的 了解四川省5岁以下儿童营养现状。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,在四川省范围内抽取8 006名5岁以下儿童,测量身高体重,用2006年WHO生长发育标准进行评价。结果 四川省5岁以下儿童生长迟缓率、低体重率、消瘦率分别为7.26%、 2.74%、2.87%。儿童超重率及肥胖率分别为12.93%、5.17%。营养不良和营养过剩水平存在城乡、性别和年龄差异。结论 四川省5岁以下儿童营养不良水平较低,营养过剩水平较高。制定不同年龄阶段相应的措施,降低儿童的营养不良和肥胖是今后营养改善工作的重点。     

广州市儿童生命早期因素与超重肥胖的关联

  目的  探讨广州市6~11岁儿童生命早期因素与超重肥胖之间的关系, 为儿童超重肥胖的预防提供科学依据。  方法  基线采用分层整群随机抽样的方法, 于2017年抽取广州市5所小学共5 172名学生作为研究对象, 进行2年的随访, 最终纳入学生3 315名。通过问卷调查收集学生的生命早期因素, 并测量基线和随访中身高和体重等指标。采用Logistic回归分析儿童生命早期因素与超重肥胖的关系。  结果  广州市6~11岁儿童超重肥胖发生率为8.7%。校正混杂因素后, Logistic回归分析显示, 母亲孕前消瘦的儿童超重肥胖发生风险比母亲孕前正常体重的儿童降低了46%(OR=0.54, 95%CI=0.38~0.76);母亲孕期增重过多的儿童超重肥胖发生风险比孕期增重正常的儿童增加了55%(OR=1.55, 95%CI=1.14~2.10);与自然分娩儿童相比, 剖宫产的儿童超重肥胖发生风险增加了30%(OR=1.30, 95%CI=1.00~1.68)(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  母亲孕期增重过多和剖宫产增加儿童超重肥胖的发生风险, 母亲孕前消瘦降低儿童超重肥胖的发生风险。     

Secondary anthropometric data analysis of the National Food Consumption Survey in South Africa: the double burden

OBJECTIVE: There is an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children worldwide, including South Africa. We investigated the prevalences of overweight, obesity, and stunting in a current generation of children (ages 12 to 108 mo), which has a high prevalence of stunting, and evaluated the determinants of both nutritional disorders. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the weight and height measurements of 12- to 108-mo-old children (weighted n = 2200, non-weighted n = 2894) during the 1999 National Food Consumption Survey in South Africa is reported. The body mass index reference percentiles recommended for use in children by the International Obesity Task Force were used to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) percentiles were used to determine the prevalence of stunting. RESULTS: Nationally, the prevalence of stunting (height-for-age < or = -2 standard deviations, NCHS 50th percentile) in these children was 19.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.49 to 21.16) and was highest in 1- to 3-y-old children (24.4%) and in children of farm workers on commercial farms (25.6%). The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity (body mass index > or = 25 kg/m(2) in 17.1%, 95% CI = 15.00 to 19.23) at the national level was nearly as high as that for stunting. Further, the types of determinants for stunting and overweight were generally similar (although directionally opposite in degree of risk conferred) and included type of housing, type of toilet in the home, fuel used in cooking, presence of a refrigerator or stove, presence of a television in the house, educational level of the caregiver, and maternal education level. An example of the directionally opposite degree of risk is exemplified by the use of paraffin as a fuel being protective against being overweight (odds ratio = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.97) but predictive of an increased risk for stunting (odds ratio = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.48). Stunting itself conferred an increased risk (odds ratio = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.48 to 2.20) of being overweight. CONCLUSION: Certain defined determinants appear to play important roles in children's nutritional outcomes in relation to stunting and to overweight and obesity.