硝酸甘油加黄芪注射液治疗心功能不全疗效观察

目的：探讨硝酸甘油加黄芪注射液治疗心功能不全的临床疗效。方法：心功能不全患者７０ 例,随机分为观察组（用硝酸甘油加黄芪注射液治疗）４２ 例和对照组（用利尿剂加洋地黄制剂治疗）２８ 例。应用 Ｎ Ｃ Ｃ Ｏ Ｍ３ Ｒ Ｔ 型心功能测定仪观察心脏指数（ Ｃ Ｉ）、每搏指数（ Ｓ Ｉ）、舒张末期指数（ Ｅ Ｄ Ｉ）、体循环阻力指数（ Ｓ Ｖ Ｒ Ｉ）、左心做功指数（ Ｌ Ｃ Ｗ Ｉ）、射血分数（ Ｅ Ｆ）、平均动脉压（ Ｍ Ａ Ｐ）、心率（ Ｈ Ｒ）及症状、体征等治疗前后的变化。结果：观察组临床症状、体征明显改善,与对照组比较差异显著, Ｐ＜ ０００５。观察组 Ｃ Ｉ、 Ｓ Ｉ、 Ｌ Ｃ Ｗ Ｉ、 Ｅ Ｆ均明显增加, Ｅ Ｄ Ｉ、 Ｍ Ａ Ｐ、 Ｓ Ｖ Ｒ Ｉ均显著降低,２ 组治疗后比较差异显著（ Ｐ＜ ００５, Ｐ＜ ００１ 或 Ｐ＜ ０００１）。结论：硝酸甘油加黄芪注射液治疗心功能不全疗效优于小剂量洋地黄制剂加利尿剂。     

重症感染患者应激激素和细胞因子与能量消耗的关系

目的：确立能反映能量代谢应激程度的有效指标,为营养支持时的能量补充量提供参考依据。方法：同步测定重症感染患者静息能量消耗（ＲＥＥ）、应激激素、细胞因子〔包括肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）、白介素 ６（ＩＬ６）〕水平,并作疾病严重度评分（ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ）和感染严重度评分（ＳＳＳ）。将患者分为高代谢（ＲＥＥ／ＨＢ≥１１０％ ）及正常代谢（ＲＥＥ／ＨＢ＜ １１０％ ）２组,分析各指标与能量消耗变化的相关程度。结果：虽然感染组患者的ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ ６、糖皮质激素和Ｃ 反应蛋白（ＣＲＰ）水平及ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ、ＳＳＳ评分均明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜ ０．０５）,但只有ＩＬ ６、糖皮质激素和ＣＲＰ与能量消耗间存在密切关系（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。结论：疾病种类及严重度评分不能判断患者是否存在能量代谢的应激,ＣＲＰ、ＩＬ ６ 和糖皮质激素是预测感染患者能量消耗变化的有效指标     

实验性膝骨性关节炎的彩色多普勒研究

本文对６只纯种新西兰大白兔的实验性膝骨性关节炎作了彩色多普勒血流显像（ＣＤＦＩ）研究，比较兔健患侧股动脉的阻力指数（ＲＩ）、搏动指数（ＰＩ）、收缩期峰值速度（ＰＳＶ）、舒张末期流速（ＥＤＶ）及加速度（ＡＣＣ）。结果表明：与健侧相比，患侧的ＰＳＶ、ＥＤＶ和ＡＣＣ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＲＩ则显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示：ＣＤＦＩ作为一种无创的检查方法有助于膝骨性关节炎的诊断     

高压氧、体外反搏和颈椎牵引联合应用对PTCCS患者诱发电位的影响

目的　探讨联合应用高压氧（ＨＢＯ）、体外反搏（ＥＣＰ）和颈椎牵引（ＣＶＴ）对颅脑一颈椎损伤后综合征（ＰＴＣＣＳ）患者诱发电位影响。方法选择ＰＴＣＣＳ患者４０例,随机分为综合组（２０例）和对照组（２０例）。两组均予一般性药物治疗。综合组同时采用ＨＢＯ、ＥＣＰ和ＣＶＴ疗法;对照组则加用脑细胞赋活剂。对治疗后视觉诱发电位（ＶＥＰ）和脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）的主要指标进行对比分析。结果治疗后,与对照组比较,综合ＶＥＰ的Ｐ１波ＰＬ值（ｍｓ）、ＢＡＥＰ的Ｉ波ＰＬ值（ｍｓ）显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．００１２ Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＢＡＥＰ．１－Ｖ波ＩＰＬ值（ｍｓ）亦见明显缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明综合组疗效明显优于对照组。结论应用“颅颈兼治”的原则和方法,是使ＰＴＣＣＳ患者进一步获得康复的有效途径。     

镇心痛口服液对缺血性心脏病患者心功能及血液流变学的影响

目的：探讨镇心痛口服液对缺血性心脏病患者心功能及血液流变学的影响。方法：６４例缺血性心脏病患者口服镇心痛口服液治疗３０天。用电脑超声仪观察治疗前后患者心功能：射血分数（ＥＦ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、心脏指数（ＣＩ）、左室舒张末期容积（ＬＶＥＤＶ）和左室收缩末期容积（ＬＶＥＳＶ）；血液流变学观察全血高、低切比粘度、血浆比粘度、红细胞压积及纤维蛋白原的变化。结果：ＥＦ治疗后较治疗前显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＣＯ、ＣＩ升高（Ｐ均＜０．０５），ＬＶＥＳＶ、ＬＶＥＤＶ降低（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；全血高切比粘度、血浆比粘度、纤维蛋白原均非常显著下降（Ｐ均＜０．０１），全血低切比粘度、红细胞压积均明显下降（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。结论：镇心痛口服液对缺血性心脏病患者的心功能及血液流变学具有明显改善作用。     

冠心病患者冠脉血流储备变化的临床意义

用食管多普勒超声心动图研究２０例正常人，３７例冠心病患者的冠脉血流储备（ＣＦＲ）。在左冠状动脉主于分枝处用脉冲多普勒测定舒张期最大血流速度（ＰＤＶ）和收缩期最大血流速度（ＰＳＶ）。以潘生丁静注后和静息时的ＰＤＶ比率（Ｄ／ＲＰＤＶ）和ＰＳＶ比率（Ｄ／ＲＰＳＶ）作为ＣＦＲ指标（Ｉｌｉｃｅｔｏ氏法）。结果发现冠心病患者Ｄ／ＲＰＤＶ，Ｄ／ＲＰＳＶ分别为１．５６±０．４１，１．４３±０．３０较正常人２．５９±０．７０，２．３８±０．５８明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０１），冠心病患者３２／３７（８６．５％）例Ｄ／ＲＰＤＶ，Ｄ／ＲＰＳＶ＜２．０，正常人仅１／２０（５％）例＜２．０；ＣＦＲ下降对冠心病的检出率除了运动ＳＰＥＣＴ心肌断层显像外均较其它无创检查法高。这些资料表明：经食管多普勒超声心动图可检出冠心病患者的ＣＦＲ有明显减退，ＣＦＲ下降可作为检出冠心病的一种无创性敏感检查方法。     

超声心动图评价房间隔缺损患者左心室收缩功能

用超声心动图检测２８例继发孔型房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）患者及４０例正常人左心室收缩功能（ＬＶＳＦ）。结果表明：ＡＳＤ患者左室射血分值（ＬＶＥＦ）、短轴缩短分数（ＬＶＦＳ）、每搏量（ＳＶ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、主动脉瓣口血流速度（ＡＶ）、速度时间积分（ＡＶＩ）均较正常人明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１～０．０５），左室射血前期（ＬＰＥＰ）延长（Ｐ＜０．０１）、射血时间（ＬＶＥＴ）缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＬＰＥＰ／ＬＶＥＴ增大（Ｐ＜０．０１），且ＬＶＥＦ、ＬＶＦＳ、ＳＶ、ＣＯ、ＡＶ、ＡＶＩ与肺／体循环量比值（Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ）呈中度负相关（ｒ＝－０．３９～－０．７８，Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论认为：ＡＳＤ患者ＬＶＳＦ存在一定程度的减退，并推测其机理可能与ＡＳＤ患者因右室容量超荷所致的左室扩张性降低、舒张末容积减小、室间隔运动异常及左室几何形态改变等有关     

二维多普勒超声对缺血性心肌病左室重构变化的研究

目的对缺血性心肌病（ＩＣＭ）患者的左室重构（ＬＶＲ）病理生理变化进行分析研究。方法应用ＨＰ ７７０２０ＡＣ型彩色多普勒血流显像仪（探头频率３．５ＭＨｚ）分别对５６例ＩＣＭ患者和５０例正常对照组进行分析评价。结果显示ＩＣＭ组的各项指标与正常组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）。ＩＣＭ组的ＬＶＥＤｄ、ＥＤＶ、ＥＳＶ、ＥＳＳ、ＰＶＡ、ＬＡＴ、ＬＡＦ显著增大，ＥＦ、ＣＯ、ＬＶＳＣＩ、ＭＶＣＦ、ＰＶＥ、ＰＦＲ及ＰＶＡ／ＰＶＥ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）。结论认为ＩＣＭ病人ＬＶＲ的主要病因与心肌缺血引起的梗塞区膨展、左室扩张、容量负荷及室壁应力的增加有关，而ＥＳＶ、ＥＤＶ及ＥＦ可作为了解ＩＣＭ远期预后的最佳指标     

彩色多普勒超声心动图对心肌梗塞经PTCA前后心功能变化的临床研究

本文对２２例陈旧性或近期心肌梗塞患者于ＰＴＣＡ术前１～２天，术后１周，用彩色多普勒超声心动图测定心功能，并对手术成功者随访１月。结果表明：术后１周及１月，左室整体及局部收缩功能有显著改善，主动脉瓣口血流速度峰值（ＰＦＶ）、主动脉瓣口血流速度时间积分（ＴＶＩ）、左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ），分别提高了２５．０２％（Ｐ＜０．０５），１５．６３％（Ｐ＜０．０５），１２．８８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。室壁节段运动指数（ＷＭＳＩ）降低了９．６４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。一个月后，ＰＦＶ提高了１２．４４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＴＶＩ提高了１３．２２％（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＬＶＥＦ提高了２９．６７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。舒张功能改善不明显，左房功能没有改善。此外，ＰＴＣＡ可改善左室重构。同术前相比，左室缩末容积（ＥＳＶ）、左室舒末容积（ＥＤＶ），分别降低了３３．３６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、２４．６３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。一个月后，左室重构未继续发展。结论：陈旧性或近期心肌梗塞行ＰＴＣＡ可提高左室收缩功能并改善左室重构     

重型颅脑伤患者红细胞免疫功能与脂质过氧化物、超氧化物歧化酶的相关性研究

探讨颅脑伤患者红细胞免疫功能改变与超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）的关系。检测３０例重型颅脑伤患者红细胞免疫功能及ＳＯＤ、血清ＬＰＯ变化。结果：红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环率（ＲＣ３ｂＲＲ）及红细胞免疫粘附促进率（ＲＦＥＲ）均明显降低（Ｐ均＜０．０１），红细胞免疫复合物花环率（ＲＩ－ＣＲ）及红细胞免疫抑制率（ＲＦＩＲ）则明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；红细胞ＳＯＤ活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清中ＬＰＯ则明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＲＣ３ｂＲＲ与ＲＦＥＲ及ＳＯＤ呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）；与ＲＦＩＲ及ＬＰＯ则呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者认为：重型颅脑伤患者红细胞免疫功能降低，机体防御能力下降，易发生感染等并发症；应用ＳＯＤ等药对提高治愈率、促进康复有意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."