显露喉返神经在甲状腺手术中预防喉返神经损伤的作用

目的探讨甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经对预防喉返神经损伤的作用。方法回顾分析372例甲状腺手术病例资料，显露喉返神经组215例，未显露喉返神经组157例。结果显露组喉返神经损伤1例，发生在甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术；未显露组损伤6例，主要发生在甲状腺次全切除和腺叶切除术。显露组发生喉返神经损伤的几率显著低于未显露组（P〈0．05）。结论甲状腺次全切除、腺叶切除术和甲状腺癌根治术术中常规显露喉返神经能预防喉返神经损伤。     

显露喉返神经的甲状腺手术574例

目的　探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经 (RLN )显露的方法和在预防喉返神经损伤中的作用。方法　近 5年来 ,我院对 5 74例 (10 10侧 )甲状腺切除术患者在术中显露喉返神经 ,然后再行甲状腺的次全切除术和甲状腺叶全切除术。结果　显露喉返神经甲状腺切除术喉返神经损伤 3例 ,其中暂时性损伤 1例 ,永久性损伤 2例 ,损伤率为 0 .3 0 %。结论　甲状腺切除术中显露喉返神经可以降低喉返神经损伤的发生率 ,特别是在甲状腺叶全切手术时。喉返神经显露必须遵循规范化操作原则 ,首先在甲状腺下极甲状腺下动脉周围寻找喉返神经 ,如有困难可在喉返神经入喉处寻找喉返神经 ,亦可以在颈动脉鞘迷走神经附近寻找喉返神经。     

经乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术经中间入路显露喉返神经的体会

目的探讨全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术常规经中间入路手术路径显露喉返神经,达到预防术中喉返神经损伤的效果。从而提供一种新的显露喉返神经的方法。方法采取全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺中间入路的手术方法完成甲状腺手术154例,术中共显露喉返神经205条。结果1例甲状腺癌手术和1例再次甲状腺手术后出现轻度喉返神经麻痹症状,分别于1、3个月后恢复,无永久损伤。术后平均住院时间5.5d（4~8d）。结论中间入路新手术路径使腔镜下甲状腺的手术操作更加容易,降低了甲状腺手术难度,并且可以作为一种安全的喉返神经显露方法。     

显露喉返神经的甲状腺手术172例

探讨降低喉返神经损伤率，减少术前未能确诊的甲状腺癌追加二次手术率。常规显露喉返神经的l72例甲状腺手术，除6例(占2．9％)未能顺利找到，其余166例(占97．1％)均顺利找到喉返神经，并且无损伤.甲状腺手术显露喉返神经切实可行，并且明显地降低了喉返神经的损伤率和减少了术前未能确诊的甲状腺癌患者增加二次手术率。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经的保护

目的:通过分析甲状腺手术引起喉返神经损伤的原因,探讨手术中保护喉返神经的措施。方法:回顾性分析手术治疗的189例甲状腺肿瘤患者的临床资料,对于甲状腺单纯肿瘤剜除或甲状腺部分切除,术中不显露喉返神经;对于甲状腺腺叶切除、甲状腺癌根治术或甲状腺再次手术,术中均显露喉返神经,于环甲关节后下方约0.5cm处(即喉返神经入喉处)寻找喉返神经。结果:5例患者术后出现单侧的喉返神经损伤,其中暂时性损伤1例;长期性损伤4例,其中3例术中未显露喉返神经,1例术中显露喉返神经颈段全程。4例长期性损伤患者继续随访3~6个月,有3例患者声带功能逐渐恢复,1例术中未显露喉返神经患者声带仍然固定。结论:甲状腺手术中是否显露喉返神经应以肿瘤大小及手术方式而异,但不强求全程显露喉返神经。于环甲关节后下方约0.5cm处较易找到喉返神经,视野清晰,手术更安全可靠。     

腔镜甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露与保护策略和经验

【摘要】 目的 探讨腔镜甲状腺手术中喉返神经暴露技巧与保护策略。方法 回顾性分析广州市白云区中医医院于2011年6月至2015年5月间施行的93例腔镜甲状腺手术病例资料,根据不同诊断分别进行甲状腺大部分切除术、甲状腺次全切除术、甲状腺腺叶切除术加峡部切除术或颈部淋巴结清扫术,术中采用气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉及甲状软骨下角三个径路暴露喉返神经,总结显露成功率及观察手术并发症。结果〓本组全部病例均成功显露喉返神经,共计117例次,其中左侧喉返神经32例次,右侧喉返神经37例次,双侧喉返神经合计48例次,其中经气管食管沟径路显露喉返神经57例,占48.71%;经甲状腺下动脉径路显露48例,占41.03%;其余12例经甲状软骨下角径路显露,占10.26%。术后并发喉返神经暂时性麻痹3例,无喉返神经永久性损伤病例。结论〓腔镜甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经需掌握正确的解剖入路和技巧,遵循主动显露、严格保护的原则。     

腔镜甲状腺切除术中喉返神经的显露

目的探讨腔镜甲状腺切除术中喉返神经的显露技巧,避免因显露而造成的喉返神经医源性损伤。方法2011年4月～2012年4月,行胸乳晕人路腔镜下甲状腺切除术17例。于乳腺前皮下置入troear,注入CO2（压力6mmHg）建立操作空间,用超声刀显露喉返神经。结果17例均顺利完成喉返神经显露,其中7例行腔镜双侧甲状腺腺叶手术（6例双侧叶结节和1例甲状腺癌）,5例行一侧甲状腺叶切除术（一侧腺叶多发结节）,5例行一侧腺叶次全切除术。喉返神经主干位于甲状腺下动脉之前、之后和动脉分叉之间的比例分别为17．6％（3／17）、47．1％（8／17）和35．3％（6／17）,术后未见声音嘶哑等发生。结论尽管甲状腺下动脉与喉返神经的关系不固定,应用甲状腺囊外解剖和上翻技术,在切除腺体的同时可以显露喉返神经,减少喉返神经损伤。     

显露喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的临床作用

目的探讨甲状腺手术时显露喉返神经(RLN)对预防RLN损伤的作用。方法回顾分析因甲状腺疾病行手术治疗的528例患者临床资料,按术中是否显露喉返神经分为显露组和未显露组。结果显露喉返神经组202例,发生暂时性喉返神经损伤2例,无永久性损伤。未显露喉返神经组326例,发生暂时性喉返神经损伤8例,永久性损伤1例。显露喉返神经组中RLN损伤发生率(0.99%)明显低于未显露喉返神经组(2.76%)(P0.01)结论甲状腺手术时是否显露喉返神经应根据具体情况决定,有选择地显露喉返神经可明显降低喉返神经损伤发生率。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的预防

目的 探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的预防方法。方法 分析1990－2000年收治的986例各类甲状腺手术。术中采用如下措施：（1）良好的手术野显露；（2）主动解剖、显微喉返神经；（3）良性肿瘤采用腺体内切除：（4）如局部解剖不清，Ⅱ期手术时间利用Zuckerkandl结节寻找定位喉返神经；（5）避免大块结扎与缝扎，以免喉返神经受压或牵拉成角；（6）使用电刀时注意避免热力灼伤。结果 986例仅有4例在术后发生暂时声带麻痹，发生率0．4％（4／986），但均在8个月内恢复。结论 良好的手术野显露便于手术的进行，可减少术中及可能导致喉反神经损伤的盲目钳夹与结扎、缝扎。喉返神经的主动解剖与显露在甲状腺次全切除与全切除要中可有效避免其损伤。术者应谨记残留的腺体背面即可能有喉反神经通过，缝合及电灼时应倍加注意。     

甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经的意义

目的　探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露的方法和利弊。方法　对 2148 例甲状腺切除术患者分两组进行前瞻性研究,其中术中显露喉返神经936例,不显露喉返神经1212例。结果　显露喉返神经术式者喉返神经损伤2例,损伤率为0 21%。不显露喉返神经术式者喉返神经损伤5例,损伤率为0 41%。两者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0 05)。结论　甲状腺全切除术中显露喉返神经可以降低喉返神经损伤的发生率。术中应先在甲状腺下动脉周围寻找喉返神经,然后在喉返神经入喉处或颈动脉鞘迷走神经附近寻找喉返神经。     

甲状腺术中喉返神经解剖显露的临床意义

目的 探讨甲状腺术中喉返神经(RLN)的解剖特点及探查方法,以减少神经损伤.方法 回顾性分析327例甲状腺手术的临床资料.常规显露RLN 242例(293条),不显露RLN 85例,并对RLN解剖特点、损伤情况和预防进行分析.结果 显露RLN者暂时性损伤率为1.65%(4/242),无永久性损伤;未显露者暂时性损伤率为8.23%(7/85),永久性损损伤率为2.35%(2/85),两组暂时性损伤率之间和永久性损伤率之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).67.23%(197/293)的RLN在入喉前分为前后两支,61.09%(179/293)的RLN位于甲状腺下动脉的深面,31.39%(92/293)位于动脉的浅面,4.09%(12/293)穿行于动脉的分叉处,4.13%(10/293)与动脉无关,"非返性喉下神经"的发生率为0.68%(2/293).结论 RLN的行程过程中解剖关系较为复杂,甲状腺手术中有计划地显露RLN可以预防其损伤.     

甲状腺术中解剖喉返神经783例

目的：探讨甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经对防止喉返神经损伤的价值。方法：对783例甲状腺手术病例,术中解剖喉返神经405例,不解剖喉返神经378例,观察术后喉返神经损伤情况。结果：解剖喉返神经组喉返神经暂时性损伤2例,损伤率0.49%,无永久性损伤病例。不解剖喉返神经组喉返神经损伤11例,损伤率2.91%,其中永久性损伤6例,暂时性损伤5例。结论：甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经,能显著减少喉返神经的损伤,是预防其损伤的有效方法。     

腔镜甲状腺手术喉返神经的显露技巧

目的:探讨腔镜甲状腺手术中喉返神经的显露技巧。方法:回顾分析56例腔镜甲状腺近全/全切除术的临床资料,总结腔镜手术中喉返神经的显露入路及方法。结果:53例手术获得成功,3例因术中冰冻病理报告为甲状腺乳头状癌而中转开放行患侧颈部淋巴结改良清扫术。手术时间平均125.3 min,其中23例经腺体下极入路,20例经峡部向气管食管沟入路;13例经甲状软骨下角入路。术后住院期间及出院后3个月随访,患者均无声音嘶哑。结论:腔镜甲状腺手术中剖显喉返神经是安全、可行的,可避免喉返神经损伤。     

甲状腺手术行喉返神经解剖显露的临床分析

目的探讨甲状腺术中喉返神经的解剖及显露的临床意义,以减少喉返神经损伤。方法回顾性分析965例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,所有手术均在全嘛下进行并常规显露喉返神经,手术切除范围由病变情况决定,并对喉返神经解剖特点、损伤情况进行分析。结果共解剖显露喉返神经1052条,其中右侧721条,左侧331条,包括双侧87条;采用上方入路解剖86条,侧方661条,下方305条;右侧喉返神经位于气管食管沟内走行者461条,偏离者260条;左侧位于气管食管沟内走行者285条,偏离者46条;喉返神经入喉前有分支者687条（65．3％）,未分支直接人喉者365条（34．7％）;喉不返神经2条;解剖神经平均用时（6．7±0．54）min;术后神经暂时性损伤11例,永久性损伤2例,均于6个月后对侧声带代偿,嘶哑改善。结论熟悉喉返神经的解剖,灵活运用不同的解剖入路,常规解剖显露神经,是避免喉返神经损伤的有效方法。     

Does Extralaryngeal Branching Have An Impact on the Rate of Postoperative Transient or Permanent Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy?

Background  This prospective study assessed the prevalence of the extralaryngeal branching of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and its impact on the incidence of postoperative transient or permanent RLN palsy. Methods  Total or hemithyroidectomy was performed in 115 patients, with a total of 195 RLNs displayed. The RLN extralaryngeal branches were routinely identified and preserved. The postoperative course of each patient was evaluated. Outcomes of patients with and without branching RLN were compared. Results  In all, 36 of 195 (18.5%) nerves showed extralaryngeal branching: 27 cases (25.5%) on the right and 9 on the left side (10.1%; p = 0.0088).Trifurcation of the RLN was identified in two dissections (1%). Bilateral bifurcations were observed in 3 of 80 (3.7%) patients. We reported four (2.1%) unilateral permanent RLN palsies, eight cases of unilateral transient nerve palsy (4.1%), and one bilateral transient RLN injury (0.6%). The comparative analysis of postoperative outcomes between branched and nonbranched RLNs revealed that the anatomical variation was more frequently associated both with unilateral permanent RLN palsy (relative risk, 13.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–123.73; p = 0.0204) and unilateral transient RLN palsy (relative risk, 7.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.84–29.4; p = 0.0061). The only case of bilateral transient RLN injury was associated with a nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve. Conclusions  Branched RLNs represent a risk factor both for transient and permanent nerve palsy after surgery. Awareness of this anatomical variation and its routine investigation are essential during thyroid surgery to limit its relevant impact on postoperative RLN injury rate.     

甲状腺手术区喉返神经及其分支的应用解剖研究

目的　为甲状腺手术中对喉返神经的定位和保护提供解剖学基础。　方法　解剖50具（100侧）人颈部尸体标本。在甲状腺手术区对喉返神经及其分支进行定位观测。　结果　（1）喉返神经分支按其分布范围可分为喉支和喉外支,前者在入喉前多分为前支、后支。（2）87.0%的喉返神经分支呈树枝状,称树枝型（多支型）;13.0%喉返神经分支与分支或分支与交感神经链间吻合成袢状,称喉返神经袢。（3）59.8%的喉返神经分支发出部位在甲状腺下极平面以上,距甲状腺下极（10.1±7.2）?mm;8.5%的分支发出部位与甲状腺下极相平齐;31.7%在其平面以下,与之距离为（8.6±5.5）mm。（4）右喉返神经50.0%在甲状腺下动脉之前,22.0%在其之后,14.0%在动脉分支之间穿过,14.0%神经分支与动脉分支相互夹持;左喉返神经56.0%在动脉之后,14.0%在其之前,16.0%在动脉分支之间穿过,14.0%神经分支与动脉分支相互夹持。　结论　在甲状腺手术中,结扎甲状腺下动脉前,应仔细分离、单独结扎该动脉,以免损伤喉返神经和（或）其分支。     

A device for the intraoperative identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in piglets

The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is one of the most frequently injured nerves in head and neck surgery. Routine identification of the RLN during thyroid surgery has reduced the injury rate from 10% to less than 4%. Difficulty in identification of the RLN contributes to this surgical morbidity. Devices previously used for intraoperative identification of the RLN have failed to achieve the simplicity and reliability necessary for clinical use. This animal study uses a simple double-ballooned endotracheal tube and pressure transducer system, which assists intraoperative RLN identification through nerve stimulation and graphic documentation of vocal fold (VF) motion. Iatrogenic injury is demonstrated by a dampened stimulation-pressure tracing. The RLNs of three piglets were injured and examined, and the degree of injury was correlated with perioperative nerve stimulation patterns. The piglet proved to be an adequate model for laryngeal research. An FDA-approved multi-institutional prospective human study using this system of identification of the RLN is in progress.     

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after thyroidectomy with routine identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RLNP) after thyroidectomy with routine identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during the operation. METHODS: The present study was confined to 521 patients, 348 total lobectomies and 178 total thyroidectomies, treated by the same surgeon. Temporary and permanent RLNP rates were analyzed for patient groups with stratification of primary operation for benign thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, Graves' disease, and reoperation. Measurement of the RLNP rate was based on the number of nerves at risk. Twenty-six RLNs in 20 thyroid cancer patients with intentional sacrifice were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: Forty RLNs (40 patients) developed postoperative RLNP. Complete recovery of RLN function was documented for 35 of the 37 patients (94.6%) whose RLN integrity had been ensured intraoperatively. Recovery from temporary RLNP ranged from 3 days to 4 months (mean, 30.7 days). Overall incidence of temporary and permanent RLNP was 5.1% and 0.9%, respectively. The rates of temporary/permanent RLNP were 4.0/0.2%, 2.0/0.7%, 12.0/1.1%, and 10.8/8.1% for groups classified according to benign thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, Graves' disease, and reoperation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Operations for thyroid cancer, Graves' disease, and recurrent goiter demonstrated significantly higher RLNP rates. Invasion of RLN was identified in 19.4% of patients with thyroid cancer. Postoperatively, the RLN recovered in most of the patients without documented nerve damage during the operation. Total lobectomy with routine RLN identification is recommended as a basic procedure in thyroid operations.     

甲状腺癌根治术中发生喉返神经损伤的因素分析

目的对甲状腺癌根治术中发生喉返神经损伤的因素进行调查并分析。方法回顾性分析2010年7月至2015年7月725例甲状腺癌根治术患者临床资料,考察术中发生喉返神经损伤的危险因素。采用SPSS19.0软件分析,性别、麻醉方式、病变性质、是否显露喉返神经、手术次数、手术范围、喉返神经分离方式及操作原则等计数资料的单因素分析采用χ~2检验,多因素分析采用Logistic分析,相关性分析采用Logistic回归分析。P0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果 725例手术中发生喉返神经损伤28例,发生率3.86%。单因素分析显示多次手术、广泛性手术、术中不显露及非精细化被膜解剖患者喉返神经损伤发生率显著升高(χ~2=7.425、4.657、5.091、4.591,P0.05)。多因素分析显示,非精细化被膜解剖、多次手术、广泛性手术是喉返神经损伤发生的独立危险因素。结论精细化被膜解剖和缩小手术范围有助于降低喉返神经损伤发生率,多次手术术中操作应当更加注意避免损伤。